Aspectos ecológicos y uso del hábitat de Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae), en un agrosistema de la Península de Paria, Venezuela
Ecological aspects and habitat use of Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae), in an agroforestry system of Paria Peninsula, Venezuela
Keywords:
abundance, cocoa agroforestry system, habitat preference
Abstract
Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855), is a small lizard (maximum snout-vent length 41 mm), widely distributed in South America, where its abundance has increased in disturbed areas or with secondary vegetation. For this reasons, some ecological aspects and habitat use of this species in the Paria Peninsula, Venezuela, were studied between 2014 and 2017. The abundance of males, females and juveniles was quantified, in addition to comparing the activity pattern with respect to trunk diameter, location at ground level and roughness of the trees present in a cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry system. 1,596 specimens were counted, where 727 were males (45.55%), 829 females (51.94%) and 40 juveniles (2.51%). Of the total number of quantified specimens, 99% were observed only in trees, 90% showed a preference for cocoa trees. Likewise, 56% of the individual specimens showed a preference for trees with a trunk diameter between 30 and 50 cm, and more than 75% were sighted at average heights above the ground between 20 and 60 cm. The regression analysis showed that the abundance of adults and juveniles was positively related to the diameter of the trunk and negatively related to the height of the ground at which the specimens were located. Individuals preferred to use trees with intermediate roughnes and depth of litter between 4 and 12 cm. The observed habitat preference suggests that this species selects thin trees, with a surface that allows them greater mobility to capture prey and evade possible predators, in addition to facilitating movement between the trees.
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References
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Fauth, J. E., B. I. Crother & J. B. Slowinski. 1989. Elevational patterns of richness, evenness, and abundance of the Costa Rican leaf litter herpetofauna. Biotropica 21: 178–185.
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Macip-Ríos, R. & G. Casas-Andreu. 2008. Los cafetales en México y su importancia para la conservación de los anfibios y reptiles. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.) 24: 143–159.
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Miranda, J. P. & G. V. Andrade. 2003. Seasonality in diet, perch use and, reproduction of the gecko Gonatodes humeralis from eastern Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Herpetology 37: 433–438.
Miranda, J. P., A. Ricci-Lobão & C. Frederico. 2010. Influence of structural habitat use on the thermal ecology of Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a transitional forest in Maranhão, Brazil. Zoologia 27(1): 35–39.
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Nogueira, C., G. R. Colli & M. Martins. 2009. Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian Cerrado. Austral Ecology 34: 83–96.
Novosolov, M., G. H. Rodda, A. M. Gainsbury & S. Meiri. 2018. Dietary niche variation and its relationship to lizard population density. Journal of Animal Ecology 87: 285–292.
Nunes, V. S. 1984. Ciclo de atividade e utilização do habitat por Gonatodes humeralis (Sauria, Gekkonidae) em Manaus, Amazonas. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 35(13): 147–152.
Oda, W. Y. 2008. Microhabitat utilization and population density of the lizard Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) in forest areas in Manaus, Amazon, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 3: 165–177.
O’Shea, M. 1989. The herpetofauna of Ilha de Maracá, State of Roraima, Northern Brasil. pp. 51–72. In: Coote, J. (ed.). Reptile: Proceedings of the 1988 U. K. Herpetological Societies Symposium on Captive Breeding. London: British Herpetological Society.
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Perfecto, I., J. Vandermeer, P. Hanson & V. Cartin. 1997. Arthropod biodiversity loss and the transformation of a tropical agroecosystem. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 935–945.
Perry, G. 1996. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the lizard Anolis polylepis (Iguania): evidence for intraspecific variation in foraging behavior and diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1238–1245.
Pinto, B. J., G. R. Colli, T. E. Higham, A. P. Russell, D. P. Scan- tlebury, L. J. Vitt & T. Gamble. 2019. Population genetic structure and species delimitation of a widespread, Neotropical dwarf gecko. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133: 54–66.
Primack, R. B. 2002. Essentials of conservation biology. 3a ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer, 698 pp.
Ramirez-Bautista, A. & M. Benabib. 2001. Perch height of the arboreal lizard Anolis nebulosus (Sauria: Polichrotidae) from a tropical dry forest of Mexico: effect of the reprodutive season. Copeia 2001: 187–193.
Rivas, G. A., O. M. Lasso-Alcalá, D. Rodríguez-Olarte, M. De Freitas, J. C. Murphy, C. Pizzigalli, J. C. Weber, L. de Verteuil & M. J. Jowers. 2021. Biogeographical patterns of amphibians and reptiles in the northernmost coastal montane complex of South America. Plos One 16: e0246829.
Rivero-Blanco, C. 1979. The neotropical lizards genus Gonatodes Fitzinger (Sauria: Spaherodactylinae). Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, College Station. (Tesis doctoral).
Rocha, C. F. & H. G. Bergallo. 1992. Population decrease: The case of Liolaemus lutzae, an endemic lizard of Southeastern Brazil. Ciência e Cultura 44: 52–54.
Rondón, M. A., J. Buitrago & M. McCoy. 2009. Impacto de la luz artificial sobre la anidación de la tortuga marina Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines: Dermochelyidae), en playa Cipara, Venezuela. Revista de Biología Tropical 57: 515–528. Scott N. J. 1976. The choice of perch dimensions by lizards of the genus Anolis (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae). Journal of Herpetology 10: 75–84.
Sokal, R. & F. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3a ed. New York: Freeman, Stamps, J. A. 1983. The relationship between ontogenetic habitat shifts, competition and predator avoidance in a juvenile lizard (Anolis aeneus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12: 19–33.
Vanzolini, P. E. 1986. Levantamento herpetológico da área do estado de Rondônia sobinfluência da rodovia BR-364. Programa Polonoroeste, Subprograma Ecologia Animal, Relatório de Pesquisa n° 1: 1-150, MCT/CNPq, Brasília, Brasil.
Vitt, L. J., P. A. Zani & A. M. Barros. 1997. Ecological variation among populations of the gekkonid lizard Gonatodes humeralis in the western Amazon Basin. Copeia 1997: 32–43.
Vitt, L. J., R. A. Souza, S. S. Sartorius, T. C. Avila-Pires & M. C. Espósito. 2000. Comparative ecology of sympatric Gonatodes (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in western Amazon of Brazil. Copeia 2000: 83–95.
Wanger T. C., A. Saro, D. T. Iskandar, B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, Y. Clough & T. Tscharntke. 2009. Conservation value of cacao agroforestry for amphibians and reptiles in South-East Asia: combining correlative models with follow-up field experiments. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 823–832.
Zar J. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewoods Cliff, New Jersey. USA. 120 pp.
Carvalho de Oliveira, F. R., D. Cunha Passos, D. M. Borges- Nojosa. 2021. Ecology of the lizard Gonatodes humeralis (Sphaerodactylidae) in a coastal area of the Brazilian semi-arid: What differs from the Amazonian populations? Journal of Arid Environments 190 (2021): 104506.
Campbell, J. A. 1998. Amphibians and reptiles of the northern Guatemala, the Yucatan and Belize. Norman, Oklahoma: The University of Oklahoma Press, 400 pp.
Carvajal-Campos, A. 2017. Gonatodes concinnatus. In: Torres-Carvajal, O., G. Pazmiño-Otamendi & D. Salazar-Valenzuela. 2018. Reptiles del Ecuador. Versión 2018.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/reptiliaweb/FichaEspecie/Gonatodes%20concinnatus, acceso Lunes, 10 de septiembre de 2018.
Crump, M. L. 1971. Quantitative analysis of the ecological distribution of a tropical herpetofauna. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas 3: 1–62.
Dixon, J. R. & P. Soini. 1986. The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee, WI.: Milwaukee Public Museum, 154 pp., 41 figs., 3 tab.
Duellman, W. E. 1987. Lizards in an Amazonian rain forest community: resource utilization and abundance. National Geographic Research 3: 489–500.
Fauth, J. E., B. I. Crother & J. B. Slowinski. 1989. Elevational patterns of richness, evenness, and abundance of the Costa Rican leaf litter herpetofauna. Biotropica 21: 178–185.
Gorzula, S. & J. C. Señaris. 1998. Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I. A data base. Scientia Guaianae 8: 267 pp
Greenberg, R., P. Bichier & J. Sterling. 1997. Bird populations in rustic and planted shade coffee plantations of eastern Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica 29: 501–514.
Guada, H. J., A. Fallabrino, A. C. Martínez, D. Muñoz, A. M. Rondón, A. S. Gómez, M. Morisson, L. Flórez, A. M. Santana, G. Idrobo, J. L. Di Paola, E. Carabelli, L. Veiga, A. Naveda, D. Urbano & C. Urbano. 2002. Proyecto de investigación y conservación de tortugas marinas en Cipara, península de Paria, Estado Sucre, Venezuela: Resultados preliminares de la temporada de anidación del 2000. Noticiero de Tortugas Marinas 95: 17–18.
Heinen, J. 1992. Comparisons of the leaf litter herpetofauna in abandoned cacao plantations and primary rain forest in Costa Rica: some implications for faunal restoration. Biotropica 24: 431–439.
Karr, J. R. & K. E. Freemark. 1985. Disturbance and vertebrates: an integrative perspective. pp. 153–168. In: Pickett, S. T. A. & P. S. White (eds.). The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. San Diego: Academic Press.
Liebermans, S. 1986. Ecology of the leaf-litter herpetofauna of a neotropical rain forest: La Selva, Costa Rica. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.) 15: 1–72.
Losos, J. B. 1990. The evolution of form and function: morphology and locomotor performance in West Indian Anolis lizards. Evolution 44: 1189–1203.
Losos, J. B. & D. J. Irschick. 1996. The effect of perch diameter on escape behaviour of Anolis lizards: Laboratory predictions and field tests. Animal Behaviour 51(3): 593–602.
Macip-Ríos, R. & G. Casas-Andreu. 2008. Los cafetales en México y su importancia para la conservación de los anfibios y reptiles. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.) 24: 143–159.
Macip-Ríos, R., S. López-Alcaide & A. Muñoz-Alonso. 2013. Abundancia, uso de hábitat, microhábitat y hora de actividad de Ameiva undulata (Squamata: Teidae) en un paisaje fragmentado del Soconusco, chiapaneco. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 622–629.
Martori, R., R. Juárez & L. Aún. 2002. La taxocenosis de lagartos de Achiras, Córdoba, Argentina: parámetros biológicos y estado de conservación. Revista Española de Herpetología 16: 73–91.
Miranda, J. P. & G. V. Andrade. 2003. Seasonality in diet, perch use and, reproduction of the gecko Gonatodes humeralis from eastern Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Herpetology 37: 433–438.
Miranda, J. P., A. Ricci-Lobão & C. Frederico. 2010. Influence of structural habitat use on the thermal ecology of Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a transitional forest in Maranhão, Brazil. Zoologia 27(1): 35–39.
Moguel, P. 2010. Café y biodiversidad en México: ¿por qué deben conservarse los cafetales bajo sombra?. pp. 193–219. In: V. M. Toledo (ed.). La biodiversidad de México: inventarios, manejos, usos, informática, conservación e importancia cultural. México, D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica-Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
Moguel, P. & V. M. Toledo. 1996. El café en México, ecología, cultura indígena y sustentabilidad. Ciencias 43: 40–51.
Muñoz, A. A., A. Horvath, L. R. Vidal, D. R. Percino, O. E. González & V. S. Larrazaga. 2000. Efectos de la fragmentación del hábitat sobre la biodiversidad de la reserva de la biosfera El Triunfo. Informe Final. San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. México: ECOSUR-SIBEJ-TNC, 77 pp.
Nair, P. K. R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry. Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers in cooperation with International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. Available online at https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Fertilisation-des-Terres-et-desSols/agroforestrie/An-Introduction-toAgroforestry_World-Agroforestry-Centre.pdf, consultado 30/12/2022
Nogueira, C., G. R. Colli & M. Martins. 2009. Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian Cerrado. Austral Ecology 34: 83–96.
Novosolov, M., G. H. Rodda, A. M. Gainsbury & S. Meiri. 2018. Dietary niche variation and its relationship to lizard population density. Journal of Animal Ecology 87: 285–292.
Nunes, V. S. 1984. Ciclo de atividade e utilização do habitat por Gonatodes humeralis (Sauria, Gekkonidae) em Manaus, Amazonas. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 35(13): 147–152.
Oda, W. Y. 2008. Microhabitat utilization and population density of the lizard Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) in forest areas in Manaus, Amazon, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 3: 165–177.
O’Shea, M. 1989. The herpetofauna of Ilha de Maracá, State of Roraima, Northern Brasil. pp. 51–72. In: Coote, J. (ed.). Reptile: Proceedings of the 1988 U. K. Herpetological Societies Symposium on Captive Breeding. London: British Herpetological Society.
Paine, R. T. & S. A. Levin. 1981. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of pattern. Ecological Monographs 51: 145–178.
Perfecto, I. R., A. Rice, R. Greenberg & M. E. Van der Voort. 1996. Shade coffee: A disappearing refuge for biodiversity. BioScience 46: 598–608.
Perfecto, I., J. Vandermeer, P. Hanson & V. Cartin. 1997. Arthropod biodiversity loss and the transformation of a tropical agroecosystem. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 935–945.
Perry, G. 1996. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the lizard Anolis polylepis (Iguania): evidence for intraspecific variation in foraging behavior and diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1238–1245.
Pinto, B. J., G. R. Colli, T. E. Higham, A. P. Russell, D. P. Scan- tlebury, L. J. Vitt & T. Gamble. 2019. Population genetic structure and species delimitation of a widespread, Neotropical dwarf gecko. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133: 54–66.
Primack, R. B. 2002. Essentials of conservation biology. 3a ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer, 698 pp.
Ramirez-Bautista, A. & M. Benabib. 2001. Perch height of the arboreal lizard Anolis nebulosus (Sauria: Polichrotidae) from a tropical dry forest of Mexico: effect of the reprodutive season. Copeia 2001: 187–193.
Rivas, G. A., O. M. Lasso-Alcalá, D. Rodríguez-Olarte, M. De Freitas, J. C. Murphy, C. Pizzigalli, J. C. Weber, L. de Verteuil & M. J. Jowers. 2021. Biogeographical patterns of amphibians and reptiles in the northernmost coastal montane complex of South America. Plos One 16: e0246829.
Rivero-Blanco, C. 1979. The neotropical lizards genus Gonatodes Fitzinger (Sauria: Spaherodactylinae). Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, College Station. (Tesis doctoral).
Rocha, C. F. & H. G. Bergallo. 1992. Population decrease: The case of Liolaemus lutzae, an endemic lizard of Southeastern Brazil. Ciência e Cultura 44: 52–54.
Rondón, M. A., J. Buitrago & M. McCoy. 2009. Impacto de la luz artificial sobre la anidación de la tortuga marina Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines: Dermochelyidae), en playa Cipara, Venezuela. Revista de Biología Tropical 57: 515–528. Scott N. J. 1976. The choice of perch dimensions by lizards of the genus Anolis (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae). Journal of Herpetology 10: 75–84.
Sokal, R. & F. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3a ed. New York: Freeman, Stamps, J. A. 1983. The relationship between ontogenetic habitat shifts, competition and predator avoidance in a juvenile lizard (Anolis aeneus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12: 19–33.
Vanzolini, P. E. 1986. Levantamento herpetológico da área do estado de Rondônia sobinfluência da rodovia BR-364. Programa Polonoroeste, Subprograma Ecologia Animal, Relatório de Pesquisa n° 1: 1-150, MCT/CNPq, Brasília, Brasil.
Vitt, L. J., P. A. Zani & A. M. Barros. 1997. Ecological variation among populations of the gekkonid lizard Gonatodes humeralis in the western Amazon Basin. Copeia 1997: 32–43.
Vitt, L. J., R. A. Souza, S. S. Sartorius, T. C. Avila-Pires & M. C. Espósito. 2000. Comparative ecology of sympatric Gonatodes (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in western Amazon of Brazil. Copeia 2000: 83–95.
Wanger T. C., A. Saro, D. T. Iskandar, B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, Y. Clough & T. Tscharntke. 2009. Conservation value of cacao agroforestry for amphibians and reptiles in South-East Asia: combining correlative models with follow-up field experiments. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 823–832.
Zar J. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewoods Cliff, New Jersey. USA. 120 pp.
Published
2022-12-12
How to Cite
Velásquez, F., Velásquez, R., & Prieto, A. (2022). Aspectos ecológicos y uso del hábitat de Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae), en un agrosistema de la Península de Paria, Venezuela: Ecological aspects and habitat use of Gonatodes humeralis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae), in an agroforestry system of Paria Peninsula, Venezuela. Anartia, (35), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7951609
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