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VOLUME 44
JANUARY - APRIL 2021
NUMBER 1
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, January-April, 2021, 12-20
with citral microparticles
Ives Yoplac
1,2
, Patricio Córdova
3
, Luis Vargas
4
1
Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de
Mendoza de Amazonas. Chachapoyas, Perú.
2
Escuela de Postgrado, Programa Doctoral en Ciencia de Alimentos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina.
Lima, Perú.
3
Facultad de Educación y Ciencias de la Comunicación, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de
Amazonas. Chachapoyas, Perú.
4
Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Lima, Perú.
*Corresponding author: ives.yoplac@untrm.edu.pe
https://doi.org/10.22209/rt.v44n1a01
Received: 06 January 2020 | Accepted: 02 Octuber 2020 | Available: 01 January 2021
Abstract
The effect of the sodium caseinate:sorbitol (CS:Sb) and CS:citral microparticle (CS:MC) ratio on the optical and
pouring the formulation solution into Petri dishes and dried 24 hours at 25 ± 0.5 °C and 55 ± 2.0% relative humidity. Optical
(7.6), less opacity (14.8%) and less transparency value (1.4 A
600
deformation (63%) and less tensile strength (1.9 MPa).
Keywords:
Propiedades ópticas y mecánicas de biopelículas activas
elaboradas con micropartículas de citral
Resumen
Se estudió el efecto de la relación caseinato de sodio: sorbitol (CS:Sb) y relación CS: micropartícula de citral
con tres relaciones de CS:Sb (1:0,5; 1:1,0 y 1:1,5) y tres relaciones CS:MC (1:0,5; 1:1,0 y 1:1,5). Se elaboraron mediante
método de casting, vertiendo la solución de formulación en placas de Petri y se secaron 24 horas a 25±0,5 °C y 55±2,0% de
humedad relativa. Se evaluaron las propiedades ópticas y mecánicas. Todas las variables evaluadas mostraron diferencias
observó que los mejores resultados, con respecto a las propiedades ópticas de las biopelículas activas, fueron encontradas
para formulaciones con menores niveles de relación CS:Sb y CS:MC, obteniendo menor diferencia de color (7,6), menor
opacidad (14,8%) y menor valor de transparencia (1,4 A
600
/mm). Respecto a las propiedades mecánicas de las biopelículas,
los mejores resultados se encontraron para formulaciones con altas concentraciones de sorbitol y bajas concentraciones de
MC, observándose mayor deformación (63%) y menor resistencia a la tracción (1,9 MPa).
Palabras clave: Deformación; envase activo; módulo elástico; opacidad; valor de transparencia.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
13
Introduction
in the various value chains. For this reason, this sector
[1].
different industrial sectors, such as the food industry. In
materials are paper, cardboard, plastics, metal and glass
hundred years for their degradation and, therefore,
cause environmental pollution; the main ones being
polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene [5,6].
and biological compatibility; moreover, they constitute a
The main biopolymers used for this purpose are obtained
materials such as lipids, plasticizers, active agents and
solvents are added [7–10]. Among the biopolymers from
protein sources, those obtained from dairy products such
as casein stand out [11,12].
dairy, meat, fruit and vegetables, among others processed
microbial count reduction and, in general, the
improvement of foodstuff shelf life from the interaction of
secondary metabolites) from essential oils (EA), in free
or microencapsulated form [18–21]. Of the active agents
(AA), menthol, geraniol, thymol, eugenol, carvacrol, citral,
among others, stand out [22–25]. From the formers, citral
(3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) is an acyclic monoterpene
(citral A in its cis form) and neral (citral B in its trans form)
[28].
microbial reduction from thein vitro tests. On the other
of AA in free form, such as carvacrol [14,15], maize germ
EA [29]ortung oil EA [30]. Most of the aforementioned
Therefore, the present study aimed to
evaluate the effect of sodium caseinate, sorbitol and
citralmicroparticles on the optical and mechanical
Experimental
Reagents
require: sodium caseinate, sorbitol (Sigma-Aldrich,
Germany) and citralmicroparticles (average size of 7.08
citral and soy lecithin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and
methodology proposed by Arrieta et al. [15
continuous stirring at 1000 rpm on a magnetic stirrer
°C,and then cooled to room temperature. The average
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
14
Yoplac et al.
intensity for 10 minutes and room temperature, to
eliminate foam and air bubbles.
9 mL of these solutions in Petri dishes of 9 cm diameter
(EULab, Germany); and casting a total of four petri dishes
conditioned for 24 hours at 25 ± 0.5 °C and 55 ± 2.0%
temperature, inside duly labeled polyethylene bags, for
a) Thickness
a micrometer Digimatic IP-65, series 293-240 (Mitutoyo,
b) Optical properties
• Color
L* = 93.11; a* = -0.63
and b* = 3.82). Color parameters (L*, a* and b*
difference(E*) calculated through equation (2) [33].
L*, a*, b*
(1)
(2)
treatment.
• Opacity
For the measurement of opacity, the Hunterlab
Method [34] and the methodology proposed by Pires et al.
Y
blackbackground,
L* = 21.84; a* = 0.29 and b* =
Y
whitebackground,
L* = 93.12,
a* = -0.65 and b* = 3.99).
Y is the tristimulus value; considering that the
concept of tristimulus values (X, Y, Z) is based on the
establishes that the eye has receptors for the three
primary colors (red, green, blue) and that all the other
performed at four different positions of three different
• Transparency value (VT)
A
600
x
treatment.
c) Mechanical Properties
• Elastic Modulus (E)
temperature and 50% RH employing a3365 Instron
(3)
(4)
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
15
strips (10×80 mm
2
), initial grip separation of 40 mm
and crosshead speed of 25 mm/min. The average elastic
resulting stress (N) - strain (mm) curves resulting as the
• Elongation at break
B
) andTensilestrenght (RT)
calculated from stress (N) - strain (mm) curves, resulting
according to the methodologies proposed by Arrieta et al.
[15] and ASTM D882-01 [39].
In the present study, for the selection of the best
E*, opacity
value and VT
E and RT, and greater percentage of
B.
Experimental design and data analysis
In this study, a completely randomized design
evaluated corresponded to three levels of CS:Sbratios
(1:0.5, 1:1.0 and 1:1.5) and also to three levels of CS:MC
ratios(1:0.5; 1:1.0 and 1:1.5).From this combination, nine
of 9 cm in diameter. The residuals obtained from the
data of the evaluated variables (optical and mechanical
homogeneity of variance. After verifying the assumptions,
Table 1. Distribution of factors and treatments for the
Factor A
CS:Sb ratio
Factor B
CS:MC ratio
Treatment
1: 0.5 1: 0.5 T1: 0.5 + 0.5
1: 0.5 1: 1.0 T2: 0.5 + 1.0
1: 0.5 1: 1.5 T3: 0.5 + 1.5
1: 1.0 1: 0.5 T4: 1.0 + 0.5
1: 1.0 1: 1.0 T5: 1.0 + 1.0
1: 1.0 1: 1.5 T6: 1.0 + 1.5
1: 1.5 1: 0.5 T7: 1.5 + 0.5
1: 1.5 1: 1.0 T8: 1.5 + 1.0
1: 1.5 1: 1.5 T9: 1.5 + 1.5
*/ CS: Sodium caseinate; Sb: Sorbitol; MC:
Citralmicroparticles.
test (
the Minitab
Results and Discussion
The results for all the variables evaluated
among factors, but also in their levels.
Thickness
orted by Arrieta et al.
increment.
m, respectively.
plasticizer and MC. These results are similar to those
Optical Properties
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
16
Yoplac et al.
Table 2.
treatments
Treatment (T)
Thickness (µm)
X ± SD
T1: 0.5 + 0.5 121.271 ± 6.20 a
T2: 0.5 + 1.0 154.53 ± 10.63 bc
T3: 0.5 + 1.5 159.47 ± 1.21 bc
T4: 1.0 + 0.5 143.80 ± 12.93 ab
T5: 1.0 + 1.0 164.78 ± 3.38 bcd
T6: 1.0 + 1.5 170.73 ± 22.15 bcd
T7: 1.5 + 0.5 179.07 ± 1.75 cd
T8: 1.5 + 1.0 189.93 ± 0.99 d
T9: 1.5 + 1.5 192.00 ± 8.34 d
1
Values indicate average (n=3). X: average; SD: standard
deviation.
Different letters in the column, indicate statistically
difference test (p<0.05), for each treatment (T).
and 1:1.0) and CS:MC ratio (1:1.0), i.e. T1 and T4, had the
observed that the different concentrations of thyme oil EA,
biochemical, physical and optical characteristics could be
The difference of color E*
and 20.6 (Table 3), values higher than those reported by
E* values.
E*.
Table 3.
Treatment (T)
Optical Properties
Whiteness
X ± SD
ΔE*
2
X ± SD
Opacity (%)
X ± SD
VT
3
- 14 days (A
600
/mm)
X ± SD
T1: 0.5 + 0.5 85.371 ± 0.56 f 7.61 ± 0.58 a 14.82 ± 0.90 a 2.40 ± 0.40 ab
T2: 0.5 + 1.0 78.32 ± 0.29 c 15.09 ± 0.30 c 17.38 ± 0.60 abc 1.36 ± 0.42 a
T3: 0.5 + 1.5 73.05 ± 0.85 a 20.59
±
0.86 e 19.99 ± 1.11 c 1.99 ± 0.10 ab
T4: 1.0 + 0.5 84.88 ± 0.49 ef 8.03 ± 0.50 a 16.34 ± 0.90 abc 5.80 ± 1.14 c
T5: 1.0 + 1.0 79.72 ± 0.70 cd 13.61 ± 0.69 bc 15.71 ± 0.31 ab 2.63 ± 0.22 ab
T6: 1.0 + 1.5 75.54 ± 1.71 ab 18.11 ± 1.68 de 16.20 ± 0.90 abc 3.32 ± 0.57 b
T7: 1.5 + 0.5 82.20 ± 0.68 de 11.07 ± 0.75 b 33.66 ± 2.57 e 8.29 ± 0.69 d
T8: 1.5 + 1.0 77.26 ± 1.06 bc 16.16 ± 1.09 cd 25.37 ± 2.64 d 7.11 ± 0.80 cd
T9: 1.5 + 1.5 75.01 ± 1.44 ab 18.64 ± 1.25 de 19.21 ± 0.11 bc 6.83 ± 0.72 cd
1
Values indicate average (n = 3). X: average; SD: standard deviation.
2
Total color differences.
3
Transparency value.
(p<0.05), for each treatment (T).
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
17
higher than those reported by García and Sobral [40] in
This could be mainly due to the addition of an active agent
(AA) in the formulation; similarly as in other studies,
On the other hand, the transparency value
and E*
solutes in the formulation, such as Sb and MC.
protein [43] and soy protein [44]. These differences
could be due to the type of protein, origin and form of EA
properties.
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties are considered one of the
B
) is a mechanical property
that provides information on the capacity of materials to
foods from deterioration due to mechanical damage and
to maintain their integrity during storage in logistics
processes [46]. The mechanical properties of the active
Table 4
Treatment (T)
Mechanical Properties
Elongationat Break - ε
B
(%)
X ± SD
ElasticModulus– E
(MPa)
X ± SD
Tensile strength - RT (MPa)
X ± SD
T1: 0.5 + 0.5 41.221 ± 4.18 b 239.47 ± 24.56 c 8.42 ± 0.96 e
T2: 0.5 + 1.0 2.42 ± 0.41 e 407.46 ± 42.19 d 5.65 ± 1.10 d
T3: 0.5 + 1.5 0.55 ± 0.13 e 492.96 ± 62.49 e 4.43 ± 1.14 bcd
T4: 1.0 + 0.5 62.97 ± 11.23 a 72.91 ± 7.09 a 5.99 ± 0.72 d
T5: 1.0 + 1.0 33.50 ± 2.14 bc 100.24 ± 8.50 ab 4.64 ± 0.22 bcd
T6: 1.0 + 1.5 15.58 ± 1.45 de 163.24 ± 12.05 bc 4.85 ± 0.58 bcd
T7: 1.5 + 0.5 61.14 ± 9.91 a 52.72 ± 2.85 a 2.88 ± 0.08 abc
T8: 1.5 + 1.0 39.09 ± 5.96 b 55.32 ± 2.57 a 1.90 ± 0.18 a
T9: 1.5 + 1.5 22.70 ± 1.06 cd 68.04 ± 4.32 a 2.76 ± 0.23 ab
1
Values indicate average (n = 3). X: average; SD: standard deviation.
difference test (p<0.05), for each treatment (T).
B
increased the% of
B,
on the contrary, the increase in MC
in formulations reduced this parameter. The treatments
B. Similar
carvacrol [14,15], CS, glycerol and maize germ oil EA[29],
plasticizer and
in
The elastic modulus (E
and 493 MPa. The incrementof sorbitol in the formulation
reducesEE
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
18
Yoplac et al.
E values. On the other
sorbitol content. Both E
noticing that sorbitol plasticizer is the main responsible
for the reduction of these mechanical properties, the same
or microencapsulated are included. These results
On the other hand, previous studies report
that AAs, such as citral, carvacrol, thymoloilamong
CS and AA due to the different charge distributions in
proteic chains. It can be stated that caseinates act as
AAs such as citral, could be a carrier of protons, because
microencapsulated[16].
and lipophilic AAs are evaluated, coincide in that the
have high EB; the opposite
E and RT, and higher B) is reported for
From the results obtained for both the optical
and mechanical properties, it could be stated that the
Figure 1.
after of its processing.
Conclusions
The levels of CS:Sb and CS:MC used in the present
increase in MC.
best mechanical properties (i.e. higher %
B,
E
and optical properties, among all the formulations tested,
This formulation could ensure the conditions for the
future use in preserving fresh food. Moreover, further
studies on functional properties related to food contact
materials (i.e. microstructure, antimicrobial properties,
should be needed.
Acknowledgment
National Council of Science and Technology (CONCYTEC)
program of the Universidad NacionalAgraria La Molina -
Lima, under the grant agreement 179-2015-FONDECYT.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2021, January-April, pp. 04-58
19
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