Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias del
Agro,
Ingeniería
y Tecnología
Año 15 N° 42
Enero - Abril 2024
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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Aspects of Heuristic Method of Forming and Assessing the Plan of
Contractor Works
Pavel Oleynik *
Ruben Kazaryan**
Ivan Doroshin***
Elen Bilonda Tregubova****
ABSTRACT
Background: In market conditions, approaches to planning construction operations have
fundamentally changed, forcing construction companies to independently form production
plans for contract work, seek financial resources and purchase means of production.
Objective:
Is to select and justify the optimal technology that are in good agreement with the level of
information systems of construction companies. Methods: Studies have been carried out using
general scientific methods - system analysis, logical and mathematical modeling, systems
theory, as well as methods of operations research and economic and mathematical methods,
economic-visual modeling, research methods of operations. Results: The necessity of reducing
the problem of efficiency criteria and limitations to a system-target model based on the
structure hierarchy of the system under study and the corresponding modeling of the
reconstructed system of creating a sound statistical choice. Conclusion: The elements of
multicriteria and system optimization methods, simulation modeling, etc. used in the
formation of contract work plans do not allow obtaining rational decisions due to the lack of
complete and reliable information. The whole process of planning, and especially the
mechanism of annual (current) planning, has become much In this regard, it is advisable to use
heuristic approaches.
KEYWORDS: programme content of work experience programmes, leadership of the
construction industry, work environment, chronology of the construction industry, minimum
wage of resources conservation.
*Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-
2974. E-mail: OleynikPP@mgsu.ru
**Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0971-
4301. E-mail: r.kazarian@mail.ru
***Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-
3422. E-mail: DoroshinIN@mgsu.ru
****Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
0955-0821. E-mail: lena.tregubova.99@inbox.ru
Recibido: 19/09/2023 Aceptado: 14/11/2023
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Aspectos del Método Heurístico para elaborar y evaluar el plan de obras del
contratista
RESUMEN
Antecedentes: En las condiciones del mercado, los enfoques para la planificación de las
operaciones de construcción han cambiado fundamentalmente, lo que obliga a las empresas
constructoras a elaborar de forma independiente planes de producción para trabajos por
contrato, buscar recursos financieros y comprar medios de producción. Objetivo: Seleccionar y
justificar la tecnología óptima que concuerde con el nivel de sistemas de información de las
empresas constructoras. Métodos: Los estudios se han llevado a cabo utilizando métodos
científicos generales: análisis de sistemas, modelado lógico y matemático, teoría de sistemas,
así como métodos de investigación de operaciones y métodos económicos y matemáticos,
modelado económico-visual, métodos de investigación de operaciones. Resultados: Hay la
necesidad de reducir el problema de los criterios y limitaciones de eficiencia a un modelo de
sistema objetivo basado en la jerarquía estructural del sistema en estudio y el modelado
correspondiente del sistema reconstruido para crear una elección estadística sólida.
Conclusión: Los elementos de métodos multicriterio y de optimización de sistemas, modelado
de simulación, etc. utilizados en la formación de los planes de trabajo de los contratos no
permiten obtener decisiones racionales por falta de información completa y confiable. Todo el
proceso de planificación, y especialmente el mecanismo de planificación anual (actual), se ha
vuelto mucho más complejo. En este sentido, es aconsejable utilizar enfoques heurísticos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Contenido de los programas de prácticas laborales, liderazgo de la
industria de la construcción, clima laboral, cronología de la industria de la construcción,
salario mínimo de conservación de recursos.
Introduction
The objective of the article:The ideology of the heuristic approach for determining the
organizational and technological parameters of a comprehensive plan for organizing work at
all objects of the annual production program is to identify the main leading works of a
construction company, ensuring their continuous implementation by a permanent team of
workers and then linking the remaining general construction works to the leading works with
such a rhythm of execution, at which the minimum cost is achieved. At this stage of economic
development, and especially in conditions of uncertainty of the initial information, it seems
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appropriate to use heuristic approaches, which, as a rule, are in good agreement with the level
of information systems of construction companies (Podolski, 2017;Hejducki1, Tzarenko,
Kamolov &Yurgaytis,2021; Hejducki &Łodożyński, 2019).
The most important condition for the effective operation and development of construction
companies is the planning of construction operations, which allows not only taking into
account the influence of external and internal environmental factors in advance, but also using
the maximum achievements of science and practice in the field of rational use of all types of
resources.
Nowadays, there are about 280 thousand construction companies in the construction
industry, of which 99.1% are privately owned organizations. The scope of work performed by
construction companies is constantly growing (Table 1), but at the same time, their structure
remains basically stable.
Table 1.
Dynamics of the scope of work performed by construction companies
Years
Scope of work
actual
(billion rubles)
in relation to
the previous year (%)
2005
1754.4
113.2
2010
4454.2
105.0
2015
7010.4
96.1
2018
8470.6
106.3
2019
9132.2
102.1
2020
9553.1
100.7
The transition to market relations has significantly changed approaches to planning
construction operations, setting new priorities, and forced construction companies to
independently form a production plan for contract work, seek financial resources and acquire
means of production. As a result, the entire system of investment activity has fundamentally
changed, ensuring the implementation of a wide range of products and services, from project
marketing to guaranteed maintenance of commissioned buildings and structures
(Oleinik&Yurgaytis, 2020).
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In this regard, the planning of construction operations becomes the most important
condition for the effective operation and development of construction companies, since, on the
one hand, it takes into account the influence of the entire set of factors of the external and
internal environment, and on the other hand, it makes the most of the achievements of science
and practice in the field of rational use of resources – financial, labor, technical, material,
energy, etc. But at the same time, the entire planning process, and especially the annual
(current) planning mechanism, which is directly affected by fierce competition, a constant
lack of working capital, economic system failures, has become significantly more complicated.
It is also actively affected by a high degree of uncertainty with the use of leased mechanization
equipment, insufficient qualifications of workers, and the quality of domestic building
materials and raw materials. As a result, construction companies are forced to form a contract
work plan for the entire current period, including volumes of even non-core construction and
installation works (Oleinik&Yurgaytis, 2017).
In many, especially large, construction companies, elements of multicriteria and system
optimization methods, simulation modeling methods, and various man-machine methods are
used in the formation of contract work plans (Arashpour, Wakefield, Abbasi, Lee&Minas,
2016; Krzeminski, 2016; Pournader, Tabassi&Baloh, 2015; Avisoa, Mayolb, Promentillaa,
Santosc, Tana, Ubandob&Yud, 2018; Yi Su, Lucko, 2016). But the use of most of these methods
requires clear formalized criteria and complete and reliable information on all aspects of
annual planning, which is practically impossible, and therefore the modeling results are
unsatisfactory (El-Abbasy, Elazouni, & Zayed, 2016; Markou, Koulinas& Vavatsikos, 2017;
Francis, 2015; Krzeminski, 2017; Venkrbec, Gali
ć
, Klanšek, 2018).
1. Materials and Method
1.1. Plan formation procedure
Nowadays, during the construction of facilities, software systems are widely and
universally introduced into the design process, which make it possible to simulate a
constructed object in three-dimensional space (3D). These software systems allow you to
further automate the receipt of layout drawings. Each adjustment that is made to the model is
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automatically changed in the corresponding drawings. Modeling in 3D space significantly
improves the quality of products by personnel, organizational and technological solutions
become well-developed, which in turn minimizes the likelihood of collisions in the area of
matching spatial models. Using the calendar and network schedule (CNS) of the project as a
process model, which reflects the sequence and dependence of the work, allows calculating
the most time-efficient way to efficiently perform the most complex work, especially at large
facilities and with a large number of construction and installation works.
The vast majority of construction companies to some extent use in their activities the entire
arsenal of the planning system, which consists of four levels – general, strategic, annual
(current) and operational planning (Fig. 1). The need for such an approach is dictated, first of
all, by economic feasibility, maintaining a balance of interests of the company and society,
taking into account the conjuncture and development trends of the construction market. At
the same time, the continuity of the planning level ultimately becomes the decisive factor in
ensuring the high efficiency of management decisions of a construction company regarding the
use of all types of resources.
The annual production program of the construction company is formed on the basis of the
concluded contracts. At the same time, the receipt of state construction orders is carried out
through contract tenders (competitions). But in any case, obtaining a contract takes place in
conditions of fierce competition. Of particular importance is the form of the contract price,
which can be accepted both on the basis of the project price and on the terms of
reimbursement of the actual cost of construction at current prices for material and technical
resources.
To determine the contract price, as a rule, current methodological materials, construction
cost calculations for the project, feasibility studies, price lists tied to local conditions, data on
the actual cost of analogue objects and other information convincing to the contracting parties
are used.
Prior to the conclusion of a construction contract, a construction company, as a rule,
conducts pre-contractual work with a potential customer, which consists in mutually
establishing the intentions of the contracting parties.
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At this stage of negotiations, the construction company assesses its capabilities, the
contracting parties agree on a list of mutual services, the term for the implementation of the
contract, the preliminary price of the object or the principle of its establishment. For this, the
following activities are carried out:
The estimate documentation or the estimated cost of the object’s construction is
checked if the contract is concluded on the basis of a preliminary design or a feasibility
study.
Preliminary considerations for the organization of construction are developed for the
preliminary design or feasibility study, the additional costs associated with this are
determined.
The possibilities of using for the construction of the facility their own means of
mechanization, equipment, the need to attract them from outside are assessed, the costs
for these purposes are determined.
Protocols of intent with subcontractors, suppliers of basic building materials, if
necessary, with design enterprises are coordinated and signed.
The list of mutual obligations of the contractor and the customer is specified.
The duration of construction is substantiated.
A rationale and a proposal for the amount of the contract price are being developed.
As a result of this pre-contractual work, it is desirable to have a protocol of intent signed by
the contracting parties, which has legal force and gives grounds for including the construction
of the facility in the production program, obtaining or developing project documentation,
drawing up similar protocols with subcontractors and suppliers.
The construction contract specifies and details the decisions made in the protocol of intent.
After signing the contract, all previous agreements on the subject of the contract become
invalid.
Under a capital construction contract, the contractor undertakes to build and hand over
the object specified in the contract within the established period or to perform the
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construction work stipulated by the contract, and the customer undertakes to provide the
contractor with a construction site or provide a range of work, accept them and pay.
Figure 1. The structure of the planning system in the construction industry
The contract contains general and special conditions. The general conditions are
determined by the current legislation and remain unchanged, as a rule, for all cases. The
contracting parties include additional agreed obligations in the special conditions.
Special conditions of the contract are formed on the basis of the balance of economic
interests of the customer and the contractor, determine their further production and economic
relations and can be revised only with their mutual consent.
The rights of the contracting parties are protected by the legislation of the Russian
Federation. For this, the construction contract must be legally correct. Its provisions should
cover the necessary scope of relations between the customer and the contractor, avoiding their
double interpretation.
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In the course of entering into significant construction contracts, it is advisable for the
general contractor to consult with the main specialized construction companies, which he
intends to use as subcontractors in the future.
When forming the production program, the general contractor is recommended to reserve
the scope of work in accordance with his specialization, the implementation of which will
ensure the disclosure of a wide range of work for the involved subcontractors.
As a model for determining the organizational and technological parameters of the
construction of the entire set of objects, a comprehensive (consolidated) calendar plan for the
organization of work for the annual program of the construction company is being developed.
Such a plan allows determining:
The total volume of construction production, broken down by type of work performed
both on its own and by subcontractors.
The optimal sequence, duration and timing of the construction of start-up facilities,
stages, quarters.
Rational sequence, duration and intensity of production of certain types of work.
The general need for material and technical resources, broken down by objects and
types of work, and the timing of their delivery.
Volumes and terms of delivery and installation of process equipment for each facility.
Terms and volumes of development and issuance of design, working, organizational and
technological documentation.
1.2. Ideology of the Heuristic Approach
The ideology of determining the organizational and technological parameters for the
construction of all facilities included in the annual production program is as follows:
- The main leading works are selected; their volume for all objects of the annual program is
summed up, and the need for workers for each time period is calculated; a balance is made
between the need and the actual availability of workers of the corresponding profession in a
construction company; the need for workers for the remaining general construction work is
established for each time period; such works are linked to leading works according to
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organizational and technological parameters; the degree of rationality of the resulting variant
is assessed; the baseline is accepted (or revised) and submitted for approval.
This ideology is realized under the following conditions:
- The duration of the construction of facilities should not exceed the deadlines specified in the
contract agreements (contracts), i.e.
(1)
where
,
–the estimated and directive duration of construction of the
-th object,
respectively;
- The need for workers to perform leading general construction works is constant in each time
period and corresponds to their actual availability in a construction company with their full
equipment with appropriate means of mechanization and labor protection, i.e.
(2)
where
– a function that determines the need for workers to perform the j-th leading
work on the i-th object in the
time period;
– a function that determines the actual availability of workers to perform the j-th
leading work in
time period.
- The need for workers for the remaining general construction work should not exceed the
calculated value for each time period.
(3)
where
– a function that determines the need for workers to perform the remaining l-
th general construction work on the i-th object in the
time period;
– a function that determines the actual availability of workers to perform the
remaining l-th general construction work in the
time period.
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At the first stage, the main processes leading the construction company's own forces, which
have the largest volume and duration of execution, are established. For example, during the
construction of the above-ground part of multi-storey residential buildings, such processes are
the installation of load-bearing and enclosing structures, including welding of connecting
elements at the junctions of structures and the arrangement of joints of enclosing structures.
These processes are then linked to the remaining general construction works, such as the
installation of partitions, the installation of door blocks and railings for balconies and flights
of stairs, the preparation of floor, the installation of elevators and equipment rooms, as well as
the first stages of sanitary and electrical work.
When performing finishing works, the leading work is painting, which, as a rule, is carried
out in two stages – surface preparation and their final painting. The rest of the finishing work
is adjusted to the pace of this leading work – tiling, carpentry, wallpaper, flooring, as well as
the final stages of sanitary and electrical work.
The leading process in industrial construction is the process of erecting load-bearing and
enclosing structures. Therefore, the chosen method of erecting the building frame and the
installation of technological equipment determine the essence of the technology for erecting
an object.
1.3. Building the Model
Further, the volumes of the leading process are summarized for all objects of the annual
program of the construction company on a time scale (day, week, month), taking into account
the duration of the construction of objects. Based on the total annual volume of work,
expressed in terms of labor intensity, and the annual fund of working time, the estimated
value of the workforce required to complete the leading process is determined:
(4)
where
– annual volume of work (labor intensity) for the leading process at the i-th
object;
Т – annual fund of working hours.
is a constant value during the year under consideration (Fig. 2)
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Figure 2. Distribution plot of
over time
(5)
The remaining l-th general construction work will be carried out by workers
(6)
But this requires careful coordination of the rhythm of their work with the rhythm of the
leading process. As a result, the workforce demand schedule will be expressed as a piecewise
linear function of the workforce distribution over time
(7)
Within each time interval, the value of working frames will be constant (Fig. 3).
Figure. 3. Distribution plot of
over time
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The analytical expression for a piecewise linear function has the form
(8)
where
– Heaviside function taking the following values:
(9)
Outside the planning period, the values of
are:
(10)
Now we can proceed to the mathematical formulation of the task of organizing the work of
the annual program of a construction company in the form of linear relationships consisting of
a goal function and constraints. The conditions of such a problem can be represented in the
form of a functional
(11)
under the following constraints
(12)
2. Results
If these conditions are met, the resulting work organization plan is satisfactory and can be
used as the basis for the annual production program of the construction company.
If
(13)
then, consequently, there are resource reserves for additional inclusion of new objects in the
plan.
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The most difficult cases arise when
. In this case, the following solutions may
take place:
1. When constraints (12) are met, the plan can be accepted if
(14)
The value “q” characterizes the reserves for performing the l-th work due to the
combination of professions. The professions of an installer and a carpenter, a carpenter and a
concrete worker, an electric welder and an installer, an insulator and a roofer, etc., are well
combined. The normative labor intensity of work performed in combination should not
exceed 15% of the total labor intensity.
2. When restrictions (12) are met, the plan must be adjusted in the direction of reducing
the amount of work, if
(15)
In this case, the magnitude of the reduction in the volume of work should be proportional
to the indicator ∆q, which determines as
(16)
where
– the number of workers corresponding to the maximum standard labor
intensity of work performed in combination.
In addition to these most common cases, there may be others with various combinations of
(11) and (12). So, for example, when
(17)
The resulting plan can be supplemented with new objects until the following values are
obtained
(18)
In the event that at
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(19)
then the resulting plan needs to exclude a certain amount of work before reaching
(20)
In addition, in cases where for some i-th objects the inequality
is observed, then
this indicates the unacceptability of the decisions and the need to revise them before restoring
.
3. Discussion
The decisive stage in the planning of construction operations is the formation of an annual
production program of contract work, the model of which, ultimately, is a comprehensive plan
for organizing work at all objects of the annual program with the definition of organizational
and technological parameters that link all types of general construction, installation and
special work on resources in time and space.
The plan for organizing the work of the annual production program is considered
satisfactory when the minimum costs for the use of workers in the production of non-basic
works are achieved with the obligatory fulfillment of the following restrictions – the duration
of the construction of each facility should not exceed the directive deadlines, and the total
need for workers for all major leading works of the annual program must correspond in each
time period to their actual presence in the construction company. If the above conditions are
met, the resulting plan is taken as the basis for the annual production program of the
construction company(Kazaryan,2021a, 2021b).
Conclusions
To date, there is vast and unique domestic and foreign experience in pioneer development
of territories and the construction of a wide range of concentrated and linearly extended
objects. The concept of aggregating material resources into large industrial units on factory
floors, delivery to construction sites and their subsequent in-line installation has become a
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new technical basis for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures. The ideology
of the proposed heuristic method is based on the continuous and uniform performance of the
leading work on all objects of the annual program by a permanent team of workers, while
linking the remaining works to the leading work with such a rhythm that ensures the
minimum of all costs. At the same time, a prerequisite is compliance with the construction
deadlines specified in the contract agreements (contracts).Due to the rapid progress in mobile
construction methods, the level of industrialization in building projects has significantly risen.
This is primarily due to the practice of preassembling construction materials into sizable units
and transportable blocks. This approach serves as the foundation for future large-scale
construction projects (Garanin, Lukashevich, Chernorutsky, et al, 2022).
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