REDIELUZ
ISSN 2244-7334 / Depósito legal pp201102ZU3769 Vol. 15 N° 2 • Julio - Diciembre 2025: 91 - 99
Enfoques Biomédico - Ecosocial y Educativo para el Control Biológico de Hábitats Larvarios de Mosquitos en Comunidades Vulnerables: Un Modelo Integral de Prevención y Salud Comunitaria
Centro de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Maracaibo,
Venezuela.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-1889, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-409X epascal@ivic.gob.ve
This research explores the biological control of mosquitoes through a multidisciplinary approach, combining biomedical, eco-social, and educational perspectives, with a focus on vulnerable communi- ties. The primary objective is to examine how bio- logical strategies, including the utilization of natu- ral predators and ecological methods, can curb the proliferation of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, while fostering community education for the effective management of larval habitats. The methodology employed is a documentary review, which compiles previous studies on biological con- trol in various regions, evaluating its effectiveness and applicability in areas with limited resources. The results show that biological methods, such as the use of predatory fish and copepods, are more sustainable and less costly than insecticides, with a lower environmental impact. Additionally, the im- portance of community education and participation in managing mosquito breeding sites is emphasi- zed. The conclusions highlight the necessity of a comprehensive approach that integrates biological control, public policies, and educational strategies to address public health challenges in vulnera-
ble communities. This ecological and participatory approach is key to the sustainability and effective- ness of interventions, ensuring lasting and accessi- ble control.
Esta investigación analiza el control biológico de mosquitos desde un enfoque biomedico-ecosocial y educativo, centrado en comunidades vulnerables. El objetivo es explorar cómo los métodos biológi- cos, como el uso de depredadores naturales, pue- den reducir la proliferación de mosquitos y las en- fermedades que transmiten, mientras se promueve la educación comunitaria en el manejo de hábitats larvarios. La metodología utilizada es una revisión documental, evaluando estudios previos sobre con- trol biológico en zonas con recursos limitados. Los resultados indican que el control biológico es una alternativa sostenible y económica frente al uso de insecticidas, con menos impacto ambiental. Sin embargo, los hábitos de higiene y el acceso limita- do a servicios básicos dificultan el control efectivo de los vectores. Las conclusiones subrayan la ne-
cesidad de integrar estrategias de control biológico con educación y participación comunitaria para me- jorar la salud pública y lograr soluciones duraderas en comunidades vulnerables.
Vector-borne diseases pose a serious challen-
ge to public health, as they mainly affect the most vulnerable and marginalized communities. These infectious diseases, transmitted by living organis- ms such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and sandflies, depend on the interaction between the vector and the people or animals that act as hosts. When the- se blood-feeding arthropods feed on the blood of an infected individual, they acquire pathogenic mi- croorganisms (which can be viruses, bacteria, or parasites) and spread them to other people, thus perpetuating the cycle of transmission. The social impact of these diseases is profound, as they not only cause suffering and mortality but also exacer- bate inequality and hinder the development of affec- ted communities by limiting their access to educa- tion, work, and a healthy life (Llivipuma Sanmartin, 2025).
Growing concern about the adverse effects of in- discriminate pesticide use in vector control has led to the search for more sustainable and environmen- tally friendly alternatives. The prolonged use of the- se chemical agents has encouraged the emergen- ce of resistance in mosquito populations, while also causing environmental pollution, the destruction of beneficial fauna such as natural predators, and the disruption of ecological balances. In addition, the presence of toxic residues in food products and the increased costs of control programs have created a need to explore more environmentally friendly and effective solutions (Padilla, Pardo & Molina, 2017).
In this context, biological vector control is emer- ging as a promising strategy. This alternative is ba- sed on the use of biological agents, such as mos- quito parasitic nematodes and larvivorous fish, to reduce disease vector populations. The benefits of biological methods include their specificity in targe- ting specific organisms, their relatively low research and development costs, and their minimal environ- mental impact. In countries such as the United Sta-
tes, Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba, the implementation of bioplants for producing these biological agents has proven effective in vector control, contributing to the reduction of mosquito-borne diseases, inclu- ding dengue, Zika, and chikungunya (Gómez et al., 2020).
At the social level, this problem disproportiona- tely affects vulnerable communities, which face a high risk of exposure to mosquito-borne diseases due to poor infrastructure conditions and limited re- sources for implementing preventive measures. In this sense, integrating biomedical, eco-social, and educational approaches can be key to promoting sustainable and accessible solutions, combining biological control with community education on pre- ventive practices. This research examines how the- se approaches can contribute to biological control and the enhancement of larval habitats in vulnera- ble communities, thereby strengthening the capaci- ty of populations to address public health challen- ges (Bisset, 2002).
The overall objective of this research is to analyze and propose a biomedical-ecosocial and educational approach to the biological control of mosquito larval habitats in vulnerable communities, promoting sustainable and low-impact alternatives in the fight against vector-borne diseases, thereby improving public health conditions and strengthe- ning prevention capacity in these populations.
The methodology used in this study is documen- tary in nature, specifically a documentary review, which is used to collect, analyze, and synthesize re- levant and up-to-date information on biological vec- tor control, the impact of pesticides, and eco-social and educational interventions in vulnerable com- munities. This approach provides a comprehensive overview of scientific and practical advances in the field of eco-social biomedicine applied to mosquito control and disease prevention (Hernández et al., 2014; Fernández & Herrera, 2017).
The literature review draws on primary and se- condary sources, including scientific articles, tech- nical reports, case studies, theses, and institutional documents, spanning diverse geographical and so- ciocultural contexts. In particular, previous studies on the use of biological agents in mosquito control, the impact of pesticides on the environment and pu- blic health, and educational interventions in vulne- rable communities will be selected. The analysis will focus on identifying best practices, the limitations of
current approaches, and opportunities for integra- ting biological methods with educational and social strategies (Palavecino, 2020).
The methodology of this research is centered on identifying prior experiences in the biological con- trol of mosquitoes within vulnerable communities, particularly in Latin America and other regions im- pacted by vector-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. The study analyzed the environmental and social impacts of pesticide use, with particular emphasis on applications in high-vul- nerability areas, and assessed the advantages of biological alternatives in terms of sustainability and reduced risk. Furthermore, the effectiveness of edu- cational programs aimed at promoting the integra- tion of preventive measures for mosquito control was examined, with consideration given to the acti- ve involvement of communities in the identification and management of larval habitats.
In addition, biomedical–ecosocial approaches were systematized in order to propose a model that combines biological control strategies with com- munity-based education, thereby encouraging the proactive participation of vulnerable populations in the prevention and control of disease. The do- cumentary review was conducted through an ex- haustive search of academic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and other relevant sources. Subsequently, a critical appraisal of the retrieved information will be under- taken, selecting those studies that contribute robust and contextually relevant evidence to support the objectives of the research (Rodríguez, 2002).
The phylum Arthropoda is home to the greatest diversity of species in the animal kingdom, notable for its ability to adapt to a wide variety of habitats and its proximity to human activities. Throughout history, arthropods have been both a blessing and a threat to human well-being. In fact, many of these organisms, particularly those belonging to the Dip- tera order, such as mosquitoes and flies, have been
responsible for the spread of various infectious diseases, posing a significant challenge to public health, especially in vulnerable communities (Pas- cal, 2021).
From a health and social perspective, the da- mage caused by these arthropods can be classi- fied into two categories: direct and indirect. Direct damage occurs when pests feed on the fluids or tissues of plants or animals, which can affect both human health and agricultural production. However, the most serious impact occurs when these vectors are associated with the transmission of pathogens or parasites, triggering epidemics of diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and malaria, among others. Epidemics derived from these vectors pri- marily affect the most vulnerable communities, which often have limited access to health services, adequate infrastructure, and preventive education (Bello, 2021).
In terms of transmission, arthropods can act me- chanically or biologically. Mechanical transmission does not require a development cycle of the patho- gen within the vector, while biological transmission implies that the pathogen must undergo a process of multiplication and development within the vec- tor before it can infect humans. The latter type of transmission is particularly relevant in the case of mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, which not only carry pathogens but also multiply them, exacerba- ting the risk of infection (López & Fernández, 2017).
Within the order Diptera, mosquitoes and flies are the best-known species, characterized by ha- ving a single pair of wings. This group includes spe- cies whose transmission mechanisms are crucial in the spread of infectious diseases. At the social level, this reality highlights the urgent need to im- plement comprehensive control strategies that not only address vector elimination but also promote community education in prevention and the active participation of affected populations. In addition, collaboration with public health systems is essen- tial, as they must facilitate access to treatments and ecological solutions to mitigate the impact of these vectors on the most disadvantaged communities (Palavecino, 2024).
In this context, integrating biomedical, eco-social, and educational approaches in the management of biological mosquito control is a viable strategy for mitigating the negative implications of these arthro- pods on public health, particularly in areas with high social and environmental vulnerability. The promo-
tion of ecological and sustainable methods, such as the use of biological agents, in combination with community awareness and empowerment, can play a crucial role in mitigating the risks associated with vector-borne diseases (Llivipuma Sanmartin, 2025).
This framework provides a comprehensive view of the implications of arthropods, specifically those of the order Diptera (mosquitoes and flies), on pu- blic health from a biomedical, ecological, social, and educational perspective. The biomedical approach highlights the direct impact of these vectors on the transmission of diseases such as dengue, Zika, and malaria, which mainly affect vulnerable popu- lations. Mosquitoes, in particular, are key vectors in the spread of arboviruses and protozoa, and their ability to multiply pathogens within their bodies exa- cerbates the risks of contagion.
From an eco-social perspective, the interaction between arthropods and human communities illus- trates how social, economic, and environmental fac- tors influence the proliferation of these vectors. The lack of adequate infrastructure, combined with poor education on preventive measures and unfavorable living conditions in vulnerable areas, facilitates the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. In this sense, eco-social approaches aim to integrate environ- mental health with control strategies, promoting the use of sustainable biological methods to reduce di- sease incidence without harming the environment.
The educational component of this approach is crucial to improving communities’ ability to pre- vent and control the proliferation of mosquitoes. Community awareness and education are essential tools for empowering people, especially in vulne- rable areas, enabling them to identify and manage larval habitats and adopt prevention practices such as the use of repellents, the elimination of mosquito breeding sites, and the promotion of environmental hygiene. This comprehensive approach seeks not only to control vectors effectively but also to ensure that communities understand the importance of the- se actions for improving public health and collective well-being.
The concept of habitat refers to a set of physi- cal, geographical, and environmental factors that influence the development and survival of a popu- lation or species within a given ecosystem. In the
case of mosquitoes, larval habitats are essential aquatic environments that support the life cycle of these vectors, particularly during their larval and pupal stages. These habitats are characterized by areas where stagnant or temporary water creates ideal conditions for the reproduction and develop- ment of larvae. It should be noted that these habitats are not only a key ecological component but also have direct implications for public health, as they are the main places where mosquitoes can transmit diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, particularly in vulnerable communities (Rodríguez, 2002; Pascal, 2023).
Mosquito larvae and pupae require water for their development, but they must reach the surface to obtain oxygen. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in damp places or on surfaces near the waterline. These eggs remain dry until they are flooded by rain, at which point they hatch and the larvae begin their life cycle. Larval habitats include puddles and tempo- rary ponds formed by rain, floodplains near streams and riverbanks, irrigated fields and meadows, con- tainers that accumulate water after rainfall, and ho- les in trees that collect rainwater. This type of ha- bitat is particularly linked to human practices and social conditions that favor the proliferation of vec- tors, such as inadequate access to drinking water services and the accumulation of discarded objects that serve as water reservoirs (Zavala et al., 2024).
The Aedes aegypti mosquito, known for its sy- nanthropic behavior, is a clear example of how domestic larval habitats are favored by human in- teraction. These mosquitoes colonize a variety of habitats that are often generated by deficiencies in water services, such as inadequate water storage for human consumption, the presence of ornamen- tal plants, and the accumulation of useless objects in yards and gardens, which can store rainwater. In this sense, social conditions and inadequate infras- tructure play a crucial role in creating habitats con- ducive to the proliferation of these vectors (Bisset, 2002).
From a biomedical-ecosocial perspective, the management of larval habitats must be conside- red not only from an ecological approach but also from a social perspective. Vulnerable communities, which often lack access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, are at greater risk of mosqui- to-borne diseases. Community education and the promotion of sustainable environmental manage- ment practices, such as eliminating breeding sites and covering water containers, are fundamental
tools in prevention. Additionally, the use of monito- ring tools, such as the pupal index (PID) calculation, based on the type of container or reservoir where larval stages are found, can be crucial in identif- ying and controlling risk areas within the community (Pascal, 2025).
This biomedical-ecosocial approach emphasizes the importance of integrating scientific knowledge with educational and community strategies for the effective management of larval habitats, thereby re- ducing the spread of disease and enhancing public health in vulnerable areas (Hernández, 2018).
Within this argumentative framework, it is highli- ghted that mosquito breeding habitats, far from be- ing merely an ecological problem, pose a significant challenge to public health, especially in vulnerable communities. From a biomedical perspective, the aquatic habitats where mosquitoes lay their eggs and develop their larvae are critical hotspots for disease transmission. Aedes aegypti, which coloni- zes these habitats close to human dwellings, is res- ponsible for the spread of dangerous arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, diseases that mainly affect communities with limited resour- ces. The presence of standing water, both in natu- ral areas and in objects accumulated by humans, creates the ideal environment for the development of these species, putting the health of the popula- tion at risk.
From an eco-social perspective, social, econo- mic, and environmental factors play a crucial role in the creation of these habitats. Lack of access to basic services such as drinking water and adequate sanitation, coupled with the accumulation of useless objects in domestic and community spaces, contri- butes to the proliferation of vectors. This undersco- res the need for an integrated intervention that not only considers mosquito control from a biological standpoint but also addresses the social conditions that favor their proliferation. Vulnerable communi- ties, which often lack adequate infrastructure, are particularly exposed to these threats, amplifying in- equality in terms of health and well-being.
The educational component of this approach is fundamental. Awareness-raising and education in environmental management are essential tools for empowering communities to identify and eliminate mosquito breeding sites. Implementing strategies that include covering water containers, using envi- ronmentally friendly biological control methods, and promoting the cleanliness of public and private spa-
ces are fundamental practices that must be adopted jointly. Empowering communities to actively manage larval habitats not only enhances the effectiveness of interventions but also fosters a sustainable and proactive approach to mosquito-borne diseases.
Biological mosquito control is based on an eco- logical interaction known as the predator-prey re- lationship, in which an antagonistic relationship is established between two organisms: one acts as a predator and the other as prey. This interaction is a natural mechanism that helps maintain ecological balance. Predators control prey populations by con- suming them, and in turn, prey regulate their size and use of available resources, such as food and space. In a healthy ecosystem, both populations balance each other, promoting environmental stabi- lity (Palavecino, 2024; PAHO, 2020).
From a biomedical-ecosocial approach, biolo- gical control of mosquito vectors involves the use of natural enemies of these species, such as fish, aquatic insects, and bacteria, to reduce the mos- quito population and minimize the risks associated with vector-borne diseases, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti, breed in small pools of stagnant water, such as discarded tires, cans, and bottles, highli- ghting the relationship between hygiene conditions and the proliferation of these vectors in vulnerable communities (Imperato, 2016; Bello, 2021).
Despite educational efforts in communities to promote the elimination of breeding sites, poor hy- giene habits, such as littering in yards, streets, and vacant lots, hinder effective control of these bree- ding grounds. This social reality highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that not only relies on physical and chemical control but also addres- ses the social and cultural factors that perpetuate the proliferation of mosquitoes. Community educa- tion plays a crucial role in this context, encouraging the active participation of the population in mana- ging their environment and implementing preven- tion practices (Bueno et al., 2009).
Chemical control, although effective in the short term through insecticide spraying, has significant
limitations. Despite its rapid action in eliminating adult mosquitoes, it does not affect immature sta- ges, requiring repeated applications and potentially favoring the emergence of resistant mosquito stra- ins. These interventions, while useful, are costly and pose additional environmental risks. In this re- gard, biological control with natural enemies, such as small predatory fish, bacteria like Bacillus thurin- giensis, and copepods like Mesocyclops longisetus, presents itself as a more sustainable and ecological alternative. These methods are effective in several studies, particularly in countries in the Americas and Asia, by reducing mosquito populations without the side effects associated with chemical use (Diéguez et al., 2019; Zavala et al., 2024).
Copepods, small planktonic crustaceans, have shown significant potential in preying on Aedes ae- gypti larvae. Studies conducted in Central America, such as in Costa Rica, have found that Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides is one of the most abundant and effective genera in reducing larvae. This approach not only promotes public health but also highlights the importance of local biodiversity as a means of control. Similarly, the use of predatory fish such as Poecilia reticulata (guppy) has been a successful strategy in several aquatic ecosystems. This spe- cies, with its high reproductive capacity and adapta- bility to polluted conditions, has proven effective in reducing mosquito larvae, underscoring the impor- tance of considering biological solutions adapted to local environments (Pascal, 2017; Diéguez et al, 2019).
Under these premises, a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to mosquito control is reflected, which goes beyond the application of bio- logical methods to include the social and educatio- nal dimensions essential for the sustainability and effectiveness of these interventions. From a biome- dical perspective, biological control is presented as a promising solution to the limitations of traditional chemical methods, such as insecticide spraying. Al- though these methods can quickly eliminate adult mosquitoes, their impact is limited in the immature stages, and their repeated use contributes to vector resistance and environmental pollution. In contrast, biological control through natural predators, such as fish and copepods, offers a more sustainable solu- tion, with fewer adverse effects and without the risk of generating resistant strains.
From an eco-social perspective, the analysis highlights how social and environmental factors directly influence the proliferation of mosquitoes.
In vulnerable communities, where access to basic services such as drinking water and sanitation is limited, managing larval habitats and eliminating breeding sites becomes a constant challenge. Des- pite educational efforts, poor hygiene habits and the accumulation of waste in yards and streets continue to be important factors contributing to the increa- se in vectors. This context underscores the impor- tance of addressing mosquito control from a social perspective, recognizing that community education and behavioral change are crucial for the long-term effectiveness of control strategies.
Finally, the educational component of this approach is key. The implementation of biological control techniques, such as the use of predatory fish such as Poecilia reticulata and other aquatic orga- nisms, is complemented by an effort to raise awa- reness among communities about the importance of eliminating breeding sites and adopting hygienic practices in their environments. Through educatio- nal programs, communities can learn to manage their resources more efficiently and sustainably re- duce exposure to mosquitoes. This approach also promotes the active participation of the population in managing their environment, which can signifi- cantly improve the effectiveness of interventions and foster a sense of shared responsibility in disea- se prevention.
The proposed conceptual model (Figure 1) emerges as a structural and systemic response to the complex problem of mosquito vectors in vulne- rable communities. Far from being a mere sum of isolated initiatives, this model is conceptualized as a synergistic framework in which three fundamental approaches (Biomedical, Ecosocial, and Educatio- nal) interact dynamically and continuously to achie- ve a sustainable impact on disease prevention and the promotion of community health. The logic and flow of this integral model are broken down below.
The model is activated by the recognized impli- cation of arthropods in public health, specifically mosquitoes of the Order Diptera as vectors of pa- thogens. It starts from the premise that in contexts of vulnerability, the impact of these diseases is not just a biological issue, but a consequence of inter- connected social and environmental determinants, such as limited access to sanitation, clean water, and adequate housing.
The Biomedical Approach constitutes the techni- cal backbone of the model. Its function is to provi- de the scientific foundation through epidemiological surveillance, pathogen diagnosis, and the appli- cation of biological control strategies (e.g., use of Bti, larvivorous fish) for the management of larval habitats. However, in this model, its application is not top-down. Instead, its tools and inputs are chan- neled and contextualized by the other two pillars. For instance, the choice of biological control agent (Biomedical) will depend on the type of larval habi- tat identified in the community mapping (Ecosocial).
The Ecosocial Approach acts as the contextua- lizing bridge and source of sustainability. This pillar is responsible for diagnosing and acting upon the environmental and social determinants that favor vector proliferation. Through participatory mapping of breeding sites and analysis of vulnerability, this approach ensures that interventions are not generic but are tailored to the specific reality of the commu- nity. It is the realm where community participation is mobilized for concrete action, such as the elimi- nation of containers and the improvement of basic sanitation. It receives technical information from the Biomedical pillar and makes it operable, while be- ing nourished by the educational pillar to empower social actors.
The Educational Approach functions as the en- gine for behavioral change and empowerment. Its role is to translate scientific knowledge and contex- tual understanding into practical capabilities for the community. Through training, health promotion, and the formation of community health promoters, this pillar transforms residents from passive recipients of interventions into active agents of their own heal- th. It is the process that ensures the “what to do” (Biomedical) and the “where to do it” (Ecosocial) be- come an internalized “why and how to do it” for the community.
The essence of the model lies not only in the direction of actions but in the continuous cycles of feedback. Community participation (Ecosocial) ge- nerates observations that feed back into and adjust educational messages. Likewise, practical expe- rience in managing larval habitats may indicate the need to reevaluate the biological control strategy (Biomedical). This bidirectional flow makes the mo- del an adaptive and continuously learning system, far from being a static intervention.
The coherent implementation of this model leads to an outcome that transcends the mere reduction of mosquitoes. The final product is a strengthened community health ecosystem, characterized by: A tangible reduction in vector density and disease incidence, A healthier physical environment, with fewer larval habitats.
An empowered, resilient community with self-management capabilities, which possesses the knowledge, motivation, and organization to maintain preventive practices over time. This integral model represents a public health paradigm that addresses the biocultural root of vector-borne diseases. By in- tertwining science, context, and education, it propo- ses not only to control an epidemic outbreak but to lay the foundations for a healthier, more just, and participatory community.
Biological control of mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti, is a key strategy for mitigating the spread of vector-borne diseases such as dengue, zika, and chikungunya. The implemen- tation of biological methods, such as the use of natural predators and aquatic organisms, offers a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods that have negative side effects, such as mosquito resistance and environmental po- llution. These approaches, which integrate eco- logical solutions, are essential for addressing public health issues in vulnerable communities.
Research shows that biological control should be considered within a biomedical-eco- social approach that integrates biological, so- cial, and educational aspects. Vulnerable com- munities, where sanitation and access to safe
drinking water are limited, face greater risks due to the proliferation of mosquito breeding habitats. Through educational strategies and awareness-raising on hygiene practices and environmental management, communities can actively participate in eliminating breeding si- tes, which enhances the effectiveness of biolo- gical control interventions.
Social factors, such as the lack of adequate infrastructure for waste management and wa- ter storage, are key determinants in the prolife- ration of mosquitoes. Interventions should not only focus on physical vector control, but also on improving the social and environmental con- ditions that favor the creation of larval habitats. In this sense, biological control should be com- plemented by public policies that promote im- proved urban infrastructure, efficient resource management, and community education.
Biological control methods, such as the use of predatory fish and copepods, have shown promi- sing results in reducing mosquito populations in different regions. These approaches are more sus- tainable and less costly compared to the repeated use of insecticides, which carry long-term risks to both the environment and human health. In addi- tion, biological control has the potential to be easily integrated into stagnant water environments, such as those found in rural and peri-urban communities.
It is crucial to continue researching new species of natural enemies and their ability to control mos- quito populations in different ecosystems. In addi- tion, the social and economic effects of biological control strategies in vulnerable communities must be further evaluated to ensure that these interven- tions are accessible and effective in the long term. Collaboration between scientists, governments, and local communities should also be encouraged to develop solutions tailored to local needs and capa- cities, which will ensure successful implementation.
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