Opción, Año 33, No. 85 (2018): 327-343
ISSN 1012-1587 / ISSNe: 2477-9385
Synergetic
approach in trilingua education of the
Republic of Kazakhstan
Karimova B.
Kazakh State Women's Teacher Training University,
Almaty, Kazakhstan karimovab72@mail.ru Ongarbayeva A. aliyaong@mail.ru Sebepova R. rauschan2006@mail.ru
Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University,
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Aubakirova A.
JSC «Center for International Programs»,
Astana, Kazakhstan aubakirova-aiman@mail.ru Mirzabekova M.
Kyrgyz National University named after Zh. Balasagyn,
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan melekmaiya@mail.ru
Abstract
The aim of the article is to present the results
of
the study of the
theoretical foundations and technology
of
language education in the university as
a
new paradigm in private didactics. The results of the implementation of the synergistic approach of using the clichéd formulas in the teaching of the Russian language in the conditions
of trilingualism: coordination of the lexical-thematic
content of the three languages, self-
management
in the co-study of professional texts, the formality of linguistic, speech, communicative, professional, discursive competence.
Keywords: synergetics,
cognitivistics, linguoculturology,
evaluative lexicon, trilingual education.
Recibido: 10-01-2018 Aceptado: 09-03-2018
Enfoque sinergético en la educación trilingüe de
la
República de
Kazajstán
Resumen
El objetivo del artículo es
presentar los resultados del estudio sobre los fundamentos teóricos y la tecnología de la enseñanza
de idiomas en la
universidad, como un nuevo paradigma en la didáctica privada. Los resultados de la implementación del enfoque sinérgico del uso de fórmulas cliché en la enseñanza del idioma ruso en las condiciones del trilingüismo
son: coordinación
del
contenido léxico-temático
de los tres idiomas, autogestión en el estudio conjunto de textos profesionales, la formalidad de la competencia
lingüística, el habla, y la competencia
comunicativa,
profesional, y discursiva.
Palabras clave: sinergética, cognitivismo, linguoculturología, léxico evaluativo, educación trilingüe.
1.
INTRODUCTION
In our rapidly changing world, the methodology
and
principles of education are being seriously
changed, that, accordingly, affects the training base, educational and methodological
products, the concept of combining theoretical
and practical material. The transition from
knowledge of centric attitudes to competence approaches
leads
to the expansion of the paradigm of education and upbringing in the educational system as a whole and
in private didactics
in
particular. Theoretical
aspects that influence the development trends of private didactics and the emergence of a new paradigm in linguistic education are associated with
a new interpretation
of
humanitarian knowledge and with the emergence of such new trends in
science.Theoretical and
methodological
basis of
research are theoretical provisions revealing the essence of ―engagement‖,
―civic consciousness‖ concepts in the philosophical,
sociological, psychological
and
pedagogical
aspects;thedoctrineaboutthefullandharmonious
development of the
individual, systemic, synergistic, environmental, person-centered,
activity approaches
to education of pupils; theory of integral pedagogical
process.The education system in the Republic
of Kazakhstan based on the principle of continuity and succession of educational programs includes the following education levels:
1)Nursery education;
2)Primary education;
3)Basic secondary education;
4)Secondary education (general secondary education, technical and vocational education);
5)Post-secondary education;
6)Higher education;
7) Postgraduate education (MURDICK, et al., 2013).
Coordinated selection and presentation of educational material
provides for the greater effectiveness in understanding,
awareness and memorizing of the scientific concepts. Secondly, the implementation of
these principles is aimed at assimilating the identity and originality of each of the three languages, reflecting the history and culture of the people
speaking
Kazakh, Russian and English. In general,
the synergetic methodology
forms a multilingual personality with a synergistic effect, since each concept is discussed from
the position of three
languages.Underlying the reform of higher education in Kazakhstan, and
indeed in much of the world, is thephenomenonof thesynthesisof science, education, andinnovation.Iremember the wordsof agreat science devotee, Professor Sergey Kapitsa.
2. THE SYNERGISTIC METHODOLOGY
A synergistic approach
to mixed
methods research uses the inherent strengths
of both types of approaches, providing researchers
with
a comprehensive framework for making pivotal research design decisions.
Grounded in both philosophy and practice, this approach enables researchers to identify what will be researched, how it will be researched,
and
why the research will be undertaken in their chosen way. The synergistic methodologyis aimed
at
studying and co-studying with students the methods for understanding and developing individual
cognitive and creative activity of a person. "Synergetic,
or
the theory of
self-organization,
today seems to be
one
of the
most popular and
promising interdisciplinary approaches. The
term synergetic in Greek means "joint action‖. Herman Haken, who first used this term, realized
two meanings: first, the theory of the emergence
of
new properties
in the whole, consisting of interacting objects, and secondly, an approach that
requires cooperation from different areasfor its development (KNYAZEVA, 2004).The synergetic approach is also possible in
humanitarian research in the context of philosophical reflection and the
development of principles and
methods of subject knowledge and in
mathematical
modeling, so a synergetic approach will help to understand the independence of the theory and methodology of trilingual eeducation. The synergetic modeling methodology was
studied at the Institute of Applied Mathematics named after M.V. Keldish. Analyzing the problems of social development of the world community and Russia, a new worldview, ideology, the forecast of the development
of the world, G.G. Malinetsky states:
"The
synergetic
approach
implies
both profound subject knowledge, and modeling, and philosophical reflection. As
in
Russia, the processes of self-organization in the Republic of Kazakhstan
are
manifested in the chaotic growth of non-state educational institutions,
the
ongoing privatization
of universities and in a number of other not always positive phenomena in the education system. When developing the theory and practice of trilingual education, we take the works of the founders of synergetics
as a basis. We begin with the general theory of the
system and the ideas of VON BERTALANFFY(1969), HAKEN(1981), PRIGOZHINE(1985),
including BRUSHLINSKIIet al. (1991) and KNYAZEVA(2006).
We deem important for us their assertions that "the
whole is greater than the sum of its parts,"
going back to Aristotle, and the ideas of the possibilities of a person who embeds himself into society, finds the cognitive (cultural, political, etc.), food, appropriate to him, which is associated with adequate self-realization.
In our studies the key positions
of
synergetics were used, when some concepts,
for example, chaos, which was previously considered as a
negative phenomenon, in anew epoch was used by KURDYUMOV(1990)
and
their followers
as a forerunner of renewal and a new order giving a
synergistic effect. The effect of mastering frequently encountered clichés
(language stereotypes), including the words, phrases, phraseological units
and
educational
texts, as well as associative schemes, tables, frames, etc.,
that accompany them as units of thinking and memory, is really aimed at the result . This is due to the fact that everything mentioned
above adapt and develop the ideas of world-famous scientists, whose works provide for developing
memory, creativity,
literacy, and analytical thinking.The target model of the trilingual personality, capable of self-training,
is necessary
for the organization of knowledge management by the teacher-
methodologist and for the cooperation of the teacher and student in the
performance of independent
and
project assignments.SOLODOVA(2016) examines the educational process at hierarchical levels: the highest level - the
process of post-crisis formation of higher
education, meeting the
requirements of the new socio-economic conditions and challenges of time; the average level assumes quality assessment. According
to E.A. Solodova, ―One of the current models is a model
of
the lower hierarchical level, describing the actual learning process, the process of mastering knowledge by the learner‖.For synergetics, the important property
of a
complex nonlinear structure is the spatio-temporal
conditioning of the learning processes, the definition of the scientific foundations for the
initial stage of language teaching – i.e. the basic, professionally-oriented
Russian and actually professional Russian in the university.Eachof
these stages of instruction, will be characterized by the peculiar linguistic basis of the linguistic material under study,the age psychology of the student will also be specific. The scientific and technological
innovations are
changing rapidly, and it is necessary
for both the author of the textbooks and for the teacher at school to take this into account.
Spatial conditionality, in addition to government procurement and the entire education situation in the world, should be understood as the need for
conditions for learning at home and in an educational institution.Complex interactions of linguistics with pedagogy, age psychology, features of
thinking, memory and, in
general,
with the human nature, his
temperament
and other personality traits of the students, have made it possible to apply the results of synergetic research.Self-organization refers to the processes of the emergence of macroscopically ordered space-time structures, for example, commercial
and
other types of universities, colleges and specialized secondary schools. They are formed in complex nonlinear systems located in conditions which are far from equilibrium,
near
special critical
points – the
so-called bifurcation points.Then on linear system can dramatically change its condition near these critical points. This can also be said about the system of education and personality
formation. A change in condition can occur due to a minor effect, which is
called a fluctuation (perhaps, high-quality developed training technology). This transition is often characterized as the emergence of order from
chaos. V.P. Milovanov believes that the human brain acts as a generator of disasters, continuously
producing a bifurcation of phase portraits. The results of realization
how the brain works seem to have and have already found practical application, for example, ―for the creation of computers
and
various automatic
devices, because nothing but practice makes our knowledge
perfect‖. We believe that the results of these studies are
important for clarifying the level of correctness of the development of the goal, the
plan and, in general,
the technology for
teaching linguistic disciplines. MILOVANOV(2001) proposes a model of brain work 4.1.1.,
in which the existence of a limit cycle, coarse cells and bifurcations
is analyzed as a jump with a decrease in entropy, replacing
the phase of the
goal production by the phase of the implementation of the goal. Hence,
the activation
of the brain, especially
of its right
hemisphere, the
systematic training of memory for memorization from 5-7 words for students
of grades 5-7, 8 = 10 new terms of the science under study for
high school students
and students should become the rule that gives the
opportunity to realize their needs.So, the future teacher and lecturer, who
has
learned the approaches and methods of stimulating
cognitive activity
and
who has managed to increase motivation
for learning, must and can
master the methods of teachings and self-organization. The efficiency of the presented teaching methods used to introduce the new theory into the
educational process can be checked not only by the traditional quantitative
analysis of the learning outcomes of the discipline,
but
also by the
mathematical model:
(1)
The mathematical model described by this differential equation is
called the zero-level model. The order parameter of such a model is the
memory of the system. In equation
(1),
the parameter x indicates the
quantitative characteristic
of the information
learned in the
learning process (pages), b (t)
-
is
the quantitative characteristic of
the input
information stream (pages / second), K - is the perception coefficient of information to the
learner
(1 / second), 
- is the
time
lag
in the
perception of information by the trainees (seconds).The block diagram of
the system with the memory described by the differential equation (1) has a delay link in the feedback loop, which is provided by the memory (Fig.1).To solve an equation with memory, it is necessary to specify
the
initial function φ (t) in the time interval t_0-τ (t) ≤t≤t_0, which, being a
parameter of the model of the model, characterizes
the memory of the system accumulated before the start of the training.
Fig.1. Block diagram of the model with memory
The system indicator of the quality of education quantifies the rate
of training, the optimal duration
of
the lesson, the success of its
assimilation with maximum consideration
of
the individual psychological characteristics of the trainees.
This
indicator
depends
on K - the perception coefficient and - the delay time, which determines the speed
of the trainee. Bothcoefficientsarenon-linearfunctionsofx. It
should
be
noted that both
these parameters are random variables, they depend
on the health
state
and age of the learner, on his memory, i.e. knowledge,
accumulated
by the time of the beginning of the learning,on the time of the year, the time of day. K is the coefficient of perception which characterizes
the emotional
mood
of learning. Work
to
improve
the quality of teaching the native or basic language of the specialty highlights
the
development of such a technique that would activate the students'
speech activity. Realizing the communicative principle, (TIRIGULOVA,
et al., 2015) presented an active relationship between the teachers on the one hand, and the student on the other, i.e. the student
takes part in the
educational process on an equal basis
with the
teacher. The research MAKHMUDAYEVA (2016) is innovative in the development
of
modern methodology and technology in the assimilation of evaluation vocabulary,
which has never been studied in a didactic aspect.This category of
vocabulary has become the key category for the development of critical thinking. The student in the educational process was obliged, more precisely, stimulated, to
perform the
role of not
the listener, but the research employee taking part in it on the same rights as the teacher. To do this, the learner must change his thinking style. First of all, he needs to develop such qualities as ability
to reflect, openly express his point of view, conduct discussions, make correct decisions,
and take into account the possibility
of
other options for solving the educational task, the
problem posed. To teach a particular person to think critically, to be just, to be able to make a choice of one’s own, to be responsible for their results means to form the basic qualities
of a moral person and a teacher for an individual person. The formation of analytical and critical thinking in a student or undergraduate is the training of a communication
culture, the ability to distinguish facts, do analysis, understand
their content, be able to generalize and build a general conclusion,
attract to creativity,
research, and independent education.
For
example, the associative
techniques that form the communicative competence are based on the same perception.
The associative conversation is peculiar because the students should respond to every subsequent replica of the teacher, relying
on
key or thematic words. The
organization of an associative conversation in the implementation of intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors with the
use
of Russian
and
Kazakh culture of Kazakh students presents some
interest. Thus, - a conversation about the notion of "good"
can be made on a chain of words:
good - excellent - great - not bad - wonderful - excellent
- at a good level - cool – non-chalant - adorably – great (CUDDON,
2012).
Associative chains, selected first by a teacher, and then by students,
are
the reference words for composing an associative conversation
or
a dialogue (work in pairs). Associative conversation can be made up on illustrative material as well with the help of visual-associative reception,
when the picture acts as a stimulus to the utterance,
associated with a
picture or video-plot. So, watching videos causes a number of associations
with students: good - home, family, a
beloved one;
excellent - the memory of a positive assessment of knowledge; beautifully executed work - salute,
rest, communication in the company of friends, etc.The methodical expediency
of
using the method of modeling directs the production of an expression towards a particular culture, reflects the connections of words in the oral / written text. Its implementation
requires the selection and
presentation of ways to introduce linguistic, verbal, and pragmatic
information that promotes a better understanding of the concepts under study. For synergetics, the spatio-temporal
conditioning of learning
processes is
the important property of a complex nonlinear structure. Complex interactions of linguistics with pedagogy, age psychology,
peculiarities
of
thinking, memory, and in general the human nature, temperament and other personality traits of the students, have made it
possible to apply the results of investigation of these phenomena. Self- organization refers to the processes of the emergence of macroscopically
ordered space-time structures, for example, commercial and other
types of universities,
colleges and specialized secondary schools. They are formed
in complex nonlinear systems located in conditions which are far from equilibrium, near special critical points-bifurcation
ppoints. Near these critical points, a nonlinear system under the influence of minor influences, which are
called fluctuations, can dramatically change its state. This transition is often characterized as the emergence of order from chaos,
because "education and scientific worldview, according
to (MALINETSKY,
2007), are system-forming
phenomena for our civilization‖.
The synergetic methodology
is aimed at studying and co-studying
the
professional-original texts with students and undergraduates. To understand and develop individual cognitive and creative activity of a person, we use the interactive methods, hypertext and frame representation of knowledge both in group cognitive activity, and in the
process of independent work and in the performance of project tasks.
Hence, the activation of the brain functioning, especially
its
right hemisphere, the systematic training of memory
to memorize the 10 new terms of the studied science
should become
the
rule for the undergraduate
that gives the opportunity to realize his needs. A student, a future teacher who has learned techniques and methods to stimulate
cognitive activity
and
who has managed to increase motivation for learning, must master the methods of teaching and self-organization.The
forming and learning
potential of the
language environment is of no less importance. It is diverse: it can perform various functions in the course of using it in the Russian language educational process: i.e. motivational,
informative, communicative,
and
accelerative (accelerate and facilitate the learning of language
and
culture). In the
conditions
of
our
republic, the
most important is the concept of a trilingual language environment, as well as
the
concept of the language environment as a set of conditions, facts of the existence and functioning of languages.As we know, in modern language education, the formation of communicative competence is established as a goal-oriented category, and in
non-linguistic universities this category should be professionally - oriented at the B-2 level and professionally -
communicative
at the C level. We consider professional-communicative competence
as the ability and skill to carry out free professional communication, and the reflexive-evaluative
sub-competence - as an ability to self-improve and carry out an assessment
of
one's own speech
activity and the inclusion of learners in the process of cognition.
Here
is
an
example
of
using of
cliched
formulas to form the
professional speech of students-economists aiming at the development of
memory, critical thinking, and the effective perception of educational material.In
addition, set language formulas
play an important role in the mechanism of connected
speech,
providing
a
speed of
information
transfer, and the uniqueness of its understanding by the participants of the
communication
process. As it is known, certain types of clichés in the language are a reflection of the cultural tradition of the nation, its wisdom,
experience, and ideas about the world (for example, the use of proverbs,
sayings, and idioms).When using different cliched formulas, one needs to know the equivalent, that is, the translation of the used words into Kazakh or English. We were convinced in the course of experimental work that the cliched formulas save the time and effort of the speakers, as they
express the very essence of communicative intentions and are understandable to the interlocutor from the first presentation.Almost
all linguists agree that the possibility of an absolutely complete and accurate
transfer of the contents of the original in the translation of financial and
economic texts is limited
due to differences in linguistic systems. In addition, different
traditions of nomination of concepts that have arisen in each of the languages discourage
this
possibility, and besides, there are
differences in the phenomena of reality itself. Let’s take Table 1.
Table1. Different traditions of the nomination of concepts
|
Kazakh language
|
Russian language
|
English language
|
|
тәуекел балы
|
показатель риска
|
risk figure
|
|
капитал нарығы
|
рынок капитала
|
capital market
|
|
салық ставкасы
|
ставка налога
|
tax rate
|
|
қосымша кұн салығы
|
налог на добавленную
стоимость
|
value-added tax
|
|
шығындарды өтеу
|
погашение убытков
|
utilization of losses
|
Table 2.The coincidence of the nomination of concepts
|
Kazakh language
|
Russian language
|
English language
|
|
менеджмент
|
менеджмент
|
management
|
|
макроэкономика
|
макроэкономика
|
Macroeconomics
|
|
баланс
|
баланс
|
balance
|
|
форфейтинг
|
форфейтинг
|
forfaiting
|
|
клиринг
|
клиринг
|
clearing
|
|
капитализация
|
капитализация
|
capitalization
|
The specificity of the translation, which distinguishes
it from all
other types of linguistic mediation, lies in the fact that it is intended for the full replacement
of the original and that the translation receptors consider it to be completely identical to the original text.
It should be noted that the
principle of interrelated learning involves a coordinated selection and presentation
of educational material. This principle is important because
each
concept is discussed from the standpoint of three languages
that
provides greater efficiency in understanding
and memorization
of scientific concepts.
3.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the modern paradigm is focused on the fact that the
educational
system must be
able not only to equip the
student's
knowledge, but also due to the constant and rapid updating of knowledge in the era of globalization and information, generate a needs for continual self - mastery
of
them, seizing the means of training activities and skills
self - education. Theoretical and practical significance of the research. For the first time in private didactics the implementation
of the synergetic methodology for the trilingual training
of specialists, both in the language university and in the non-linguistic university, is explored. The final data on the socio-cognitive and communicative-pragmatic features of pedagogical
and
economic texts, revealed on the material of the Kazakh,
Russian and English languages, contribute to the improvement of the theory of intercultural business communication. The practical importance
of
the research is determined by the possibility
of
applyingits results to developing a manual for the practical course of Kazakh, Russian and English languages, in methodological developments and manuals for other non-linguistic specialties. Thus,
the synergetic
methodology that integrates cognitive-communicative,
competent, socio-cultural,
information-technological
and other particular principles into a coherent system ensures the scientific validity of the conclusions.
In such a way the synergistic approach
can cover both linguistic and professional
subject areas. The key concepts of synergy – self-organization and self-management – are the main characteristics of
the
educational process. The development of linguistic and information self-dependence of students from the perspective of the synergistic
approach,
being
the basis
of cognitive activity, implies emphasis on
self-learning and self-development of a
future specialist.
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