Opción, Año 33, No. 85 (2018): 44-62
ISSN 1012-1587 / ISSNe: 2477-9385
Managerial competence of future specialists of the
education system (Preschool
education and upbringing) and medicine in the comparative aspect
Galiya Abilbakieva
Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai
13 Dostyk ave., Almaty, Kazakhstan galiya_turusbek@mail.ru
Malika Knissarina
West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University
68, Maresyev str., Aktobe, Kazakhstan
uku_malika@mail.ru
Kuanyshbek Adanov
Ye.A. Buketov Karaganda State University,
Karaganda, Kazakhstan
kuka_112@list.ru
Salima Seitenova
K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional State University
34, A. Moldagulova Prospect., Aktobe, Kazakhstan seitenova_ss@mail.ru
Gulmira Bekeshova
West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University
68, Maresyev str., Aktobe, Kazakhstan
b.u.gulmira@mail.ru
Abstract
It is proposed the solution of one of the urgent tasks in pedagogical science and practice
– development of managerial competence at future specialists in the sphere of medicine
and
education
(preschool education
and
upbringing). The purpose
of
our research consists in comparison
of
the obtained
data on
diagnostics of managerial
competence at future
specialists in the aspect of two empirical researches, conducted in
the different cities of Kazakhstan - Almaty and Aktobe. On the basis of the obtained
data it
is planned to develop psychology and pedagogical conditions for formation and development of managerial competence at future specialists of
the preschool organizations and medical practice
in the
conditions of vocational training in higher
education institution.Keywords: managerial
skills, managerial competence, future specialist of
medical practice, information and communication
technologies, education management.
Keywords: managerial skills, managerial competence, future specialist of
medical
practice, information
and
communication
technologies, education management.
Recibido: 10-01-2018 Aceptado: 09-03-2018
Competencia gerencial de futuros especialistas del sistema
educativo (Educación preescolar y educación del hogar)
y medicina en el aspecto comparativo
Resumen
Se propone la solución de una de las tareas urgentes en la ciencia y la práctica pedagógica: el desarrollo de la competencia administrativa en futuros especialistas en el campo de la medicina y la educación (educación preescolar y educación del hogar). El objetivo de nuestra investigación
consiste en la comparación de los datos recibidos sobre el diagnóstico de
la capacidad de gestión a los especialistas
futuros en el aspecto de dos investigaciones
empíricas,
conducidas en las ciudades diferentes de
Kazajistán - Almaty y Aktobe. Sobre la base de los datos obtenidos,
se planea desarrollar
las condiciones psicológicas y
pedagógicas para
la
formación y el desarrollo de la competencia gerencial
de los futuros
especialistas de las organizaciones preescolares y la práctica médica en las
condiciones de la formación profesional en la institución de educación superior.
Palabras clave: habilidades de gestión, competencia administrativa,
futuro especialista
en práctica médica, tecnologías
de
la información y la comunicación, gestión de la educación.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Education is a sphere for formation of intellectual potential of the
nation of any country. At the beginning
of
XXI century
reforming of
educational system became a pressing
problem of the world community.
According to UNESCO data, one of the reasons of this phenomenon was
the
revaluation of values of the world civilization, in the course of which society has approached awareness of the need of education
of the cultural person with planetary
thinking, capable to participate actively in social progress in harmony with the nature world, society and own inner
world.
Quality management in education is one of the problems which
today‟s society demands from the main participants
of
process of
accreditation, constant improvement
and
the best practices of educational institutions.
It
is known that the quality
of education depends on participants vertically and horizontally – heads, lecturers and teachers, other specialists (psychologists, educators,
social workers,
methodologists,
tutors), in general the managers of education. Each
specialist in education in the varying degree is the manager, whose
profile
includes the following managerial competences: leadership, management
skills and management
of the changes. Managerial competencies, which
managers of educational
institutions should possess, are consisted in the following: 1) the management, necessary for implementation
of the
processes on management of the academic and administrative
schools; 2)
leadership as performance
of
obligations, initiatives, creativity, vision of the future and solid values in personal and professional activity; 3) control of the changes by means of innovative measures and projects for achievement of the institutional purposes (Kolb and Kolb, 2005).
The competence is “the integrated knowledge,
received from knowledge, skills and values, which the person constantly develops in his
life
for use in the personal and professional
activity in work and social
conditions, in which he develops” (Cano González, 2009).
The social and economic transformations,
happening in all spheres of the Republic of Kazakhstan, demanded new approaches,
as to
the system of preschool
education, and the highest. The conceptual foundation of transformation of system of preschool education in the Republic of Kazakhstan
is laid in
the
main state documents, such as Strategic program
“Kazakhstan-2030” (Nazarbayev, 1997), State program of education development
in the
Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2020 (Bekishev, 2013), the Law of RK
“On Education”, Model curriculum
of
preschool education and training, State
standards for preschool education and instruction RK-1.001-2016 and others. The reference point in all transformational
changes to the messages of the President of Kazakhstan is obvious. The President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev‟s Address to the nation of Kazakhstan
of
January 31, 2017 “Third modernization
of
Kazakhstan: global
competitiveness” has as the fourth priority – “improvement
of
quality of
the
human capital which consists,
first of all, in charge of the role of the education system. Our task – to make education the central link of new
model of economic growth” (Isaacs, 2010). The relevance of improvement
of the personnel resource at preschool educational institutions
is emphasized
in the last Address of the President
of
the Republic of
Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev
to the people of Kazakhstan “New
possibilities of
development in
the
conditions of
the fourth industrial revolution” of January 10, 2018. As the seventh task “The human capital –
a modernization
basis” it is designated achievement of new quality of
education by creation of own advanced
education system,
covering
citizens of all age. “Development
of
ability to continuous adaptation to changes and assimilation
of new knowledge has to become a key priority
of
educational programs. In preschool education by September 1, 2019 it
is necessary
to introduce the integrated standards of programs for early
development of children, developing social skills and skills of self-
training”. And, as we know, social skills and skills of self-training at children are formed, first of all, by specialists
of the preschool
organizations, as the preschool education – is the base of all educational system, as exactly here it is laid the principles of the personality,
determining the nature of future development of the child, increase in value of preschool education and training is among universal tendencies.
It is known that activity of the preschool organizations are regulated; the model rules of activity of kindergartens,
schools, higher education
institutions and
other organizations of education are approved by the
Government. Therefore problem of specialist training of the preschool organizations
requires special attention from the public, pedagogy and psychology.
The scientific review of literature allocated theoretical prerequisites of philosophical and psychology-pedagogical understanding
of essence of the questions for vocational training as specialists of the preschool organizations, so health workers in higher education institution. However,
questions on formation of managerial competence for future specialists are insufficiently made, especially
on the basis of information and
communication technologies. It is necessary to present completely and systemically
the psychology
and pedagogical providing in higher
education institution of development
process of this component of professional
competence for future specialist of the preschool
organizations and medical practice. There are contradictions between the prevailing
view
on
the managerial
competence
of the head
in the
preschool and medical organizations and modern understanding
of
the importance of development of managerial competence at future specialist;
and
also the need
of
purposeful development of managerial competence at
future specialists
and insufficient
readiness of questions of the theory and practice on development of this component of the personal and
professional competence at future specialist of educational process in the
higher education institution.
The marked out contradictions,
on the one hand, reflect common
problems of training of future specialists, both the preschool, and medical
organizations in higher education institution, and with another - indicate
the need of purposeful development and improvement of managerial competence as significant for effective implementation of professional
activity at the specialists. The purpose of our research is the comparison of level
of managerial
competence
at students
of the
pedagogical and
medical higher education institutions.
We
recognize that managerial
competence characterizes readiness of the specialist to
apply them in
typical and unusual situations, to gain the purpose, motive, structure,
results of the professional activity, to do a number of the operations, in the necessary
sequence, which are the part of action for activity management as own, and other people.
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
The higher education system has two dimensions: the quantitative
and
qualitative aspects, and the sustained and comprehensive development
of this system is a balanced growth in this dimension. Attention
to quantitative growth and neglect of qualitative
growth have led to adverse
consequences such as academic failure, scientific dependence,
lack of
creativity. Thus, the managerial skills, which are the integral component
of professional activity at future specialist, are both the direct product of
vocational education, and the consequence of self-development
of future
specialist at all training levels.
The present study was conducted using a descriptive-comparative
method, by means of the well-known method of George F. Bardie. The basis of two independent scientific research are the ideas of the concept of restrictions from British scientists Woodcock
M. and Francis D.: PhD doctoral
thesis of the Doctoral
Candidate in
the specialty “Preschool
training and upbringing” of the Kazakh National Pedagogical University
named after Abay
(Almaty) and the teaching staff scientific project
of
the course of communicative
skills at the West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University (Aktobe) “Development of managerial abilities
at students of the Medical University during the study of the course on psychological
disciplines” (the State registration No. 0117RKI0050),
which is carried out in the initiative project. In compliance with theory
of Woodcock M. and Francis D., the accelerated self-development of the
person
as the manager is possible on the basis of studying, understanding and overcoming the restrictions, interfering success and personal growth. “The concept of restrictions provides to management the clear and comprehensive way for checking of the available abilities and search of
the
real ways for development of personal and business qualities” (Tietze
and
Dick, 2013).
A methodology “Abilities for management”
(Woodcock M. and
Francis
D,
1996) was
suggested
to students
for
the systematized assessment of the strengths and restrictions, interfering
to perform effectively work on management, where the questionnaire includes forty two statements characterizing managerial possibilities
and
restrictions of
the
head according to the six scales (in the aspect of our research of
potential heads – to find out who the students are. The structural
components of managerial competence (ability) of the students of higher
education institution in compliance on the questionnaire
scale were revealed , having two variants of assessment: “Self-management, moral values, commitment,
self-development, ability
to
solve the
problems,
creativity, communicative competence” (Smith III and Kleinman, 1989).
3.
RESULTS
Universities are considered as the most important educational
institutions, centers for the production of science and culture, as well as the training of the necessary
specialists in the country, the creation and
production of new knowledge and the advancement
of the boundaries of science and knowledge.
There were obtained quite expected data as the result of diagnostics of abilities to management at the students of 2-3 courses in the specialty “Preschool training and upbringing" of the Kazakh
National Pedagogical University named after Abai (52 persons) – Almaty;
and
at the students of the 2-3 courses in specialty “General medicine”,
“Public health care”, “Pharmacy”, “Nursing” of the West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University
(57
people) - Aktobe. The most
of students of
pedagogical
and medical higher
education institutions
revealed restrictions on the specified scales (Figure 1
and
2).
The restrictions of students KazNPU named after Abai
22% I II III IV V
6% 18%
17%
VI VII
Figure 1 - Results on determination of the restrictions at students of the Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai (KazNPU named after Abai)
The restrictions of students WKSMU named after M.
Ospanov
10%
27%
13%
20%
I II III IV
Figure 2 - Results on determination of the restrictions at students of the West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University (WKSMU named after M. Ospanov)
As this research represents a comparison of the untied or independent selections,
taken from different general totalities, it was
convenient to use nonparametric
criterion - U. As this criterion is applied to
assessment of distinctions on the level of expressiveness of any sign for two independent (untied) selections, differing on number of the subjects, included in them. The statistical hypotheses for identification of lack of difference between two different selections are formulated as follows:
- Hypothesis about lack of differences in restrictions of managerial
competence at students of pedagogical
and medical higher
education institutions (zero hypothesis);
- Hypothesis
about the importance of differences in restrictions of
managerial competence at students of pedagogical and medical higher education institutions (alternative hypothesis).
It was confirmed the hypothesis as the result of calculations and comparisons, meaning differences in restrictions of managerial competence
at students of pedagogical
and
medical higher education
institutions.
As it was supposed at the beginning of
the comparative
research, future specialists of the medical profile have less restrictions in
managerial
competence,
than students in specialties
“Preschool training and upbringing” that in principle demands more detailed
approach to the
question about development of required abilities at students in the
conditions of pedagogical higher education institution.
4. DISCUSSION
The analysis
of foreign literature
shows that many scientists were
interested and continue to be interested
in the aspects of professional
development
of the personality, both in the training process, and in practical activities. For example, research purpose
of
the Polish scientists
was consisted in confirmation
of
importance of a social maturity in long- term sustainable development of the personality as
the
manager. The
marked out methodological bases and the received results of researches allowed to define elements,
forming
complete competence of the leading
and
administrative subjects in management of the global environment, and it has a great importance in personnel policy of the universities and also
in development of professional career of educators. Considering the fact that specialists, independently of the type of activity, are capable to operate both activity of people and the organization in general; it is necessary in
training process to form and develop managerial skills and abilities, which develop into competence.
So, according to the scientists
(Smith III and Kleinman, 1989), the
students who aren‟t motivated to study they do not make any efforts or self-control
for educational activity and, as a rule, have feeling of incompetence,
low
expectations concerning productivity, apathy, lack of interest in school activity
and, therefore, low academic progress. In
researches of the following scientists (Stipek, 1993) it was determined that well-motivated
students
are more interested (enthusiasts)
and they
participate in training events and will persist more likely in difficult tasks,
to cope actively with problems, to stay at school longer and to reach higher rates, than students who are less academically
motivated. Therefore, the personal motivation, presented in structure of managerial
competence at future specialists in the purposefulness, requires special attention and special work on development of positive educational
motivation at students.
Scientists Woodcock
M. and Francis D. consider that the
management demands presence at the manager of the following skills and
abilities: ability to control oneself; reasonable personal values; accurate
personal aims; emphasis on constant personal growth; skill to solve problems; ingenuity and ability to innovations;
the high need to influence on people around; knowledge of modern managerial
approaches; ability
to lead; ability to train and develop subordinates;
ability to form and develop the effective working
groups. And if any are absent from the above-mentioned skills and abilities, then it arises the restriction which can
and has to be
removed
and improved by
the
personality. In compliance with this idea we consider that determination for future
specialists of the advantages
and
restrictions in the course of their professional formation will allow
them to correct in due time the managerial abilities and competence.
For
example, it is possible to adopt
foreign experience management
models of competences in the Latin
American context, consisting of the pentagon, corresponding to the
following competences:
1. Personal management
(promote to efficiency of individual work
in situations of pressure and difficulty);
2. Management of actions (possibility of
the
organization and planning of the action plans);
3. Competences
on
management of the environment (connected
with management of the working environment);
4. Interpersonal management (understanding of own requirements and needs of others);
5. Management by influence (desire to exert impact on others, to
convince them to follow the action plan).
In our early researches we offered the content of each operation in
management actions:
1.
Determination of the purpose – separation and acquaintance with object of activity, determination
of
requirements, conditions and rules of achievement of the result, implementation
of process of
understanding
for the type of activity, allocation of personal
opportunities in the chosen type of activity;
2. Planning – allocation of the main operations, determination of
the
order and the sequence of operations, determination of the rational way of performance for educational activity, correlation of
the
plan and means for implementation of the educational task, the personal opportunities;
3. Expedient performance - taking into account the conditions and plan of the educational task, correlation of conditions and plan of the educational task with the carried-out operations, performance
of
the task up to the end, obtaining result and checking
of correctness on the received
ratio,
correction of unsuccessful
actions, checking of correctness of the received ratio, correction of unsuccessful
actions and checking of correctness of the received ratio, correction of unsuccessful actions;
4. Monitoring the process and results of activities - specification of content of the received result, search of the sample for comparison;
the choice of the way for checking
the result depending on its contents; check implementation in the chosen way, comparison of
the
received results
to the sample for the purpose of comparison;
determination of the possibility for performance
of the educational task by other ways;
clarification of the reasons for which there was a deviation from the goal;
5. Estimation of the process and results of activities - specification
of
criteria of estimation, the choice of the way for estimation of
result, estimation implementation, and comparison of criteria of estimation: with the received result, comparison
of personal
estimation with norms, correction of estimated actions.
So, we marked out in structure of the developed
professional
competences of future experts of еру medical profile - administrative
abilities as personal experience of
use
of the created abilities
in the solution of vital problems that is assumption of managerial solutions in activity and professional activity of the person. According to Simonov
V.P. (1999), managerial
skills and abilities, as difficult synthesis of
cognitive,
subject-practical and
personal experience of
professional
activity of the students, are indicators
of level of his professional competence. Within scientific research of the teaching staff WKSMU named after M. Ospanov, the working definition to managerial abilities of students
of
medical school was given, representing “the integrative characteristic of the student, including totality
of the acquired knowledge, the valuable orientations, socially important and professionally important
personal qualities, sufficient for full-fledged management
of
educational and professional
activity, in general allowing to the graduate of medical school to be demanded in the conditions of the competitive environment
of market economy”. It is interesting that self-controllability is determined by foreign researchers as the most important condition of the organization
of lifelong training. The managerial competence
of the specialists at preschool education was determined as knowledge and ability to apply the
managerial methods, techniques and means in the professional activity in
the
aspects of training and upbringing (Thomas and Knezek, 2008). We
also agree with conclusions of scientists that the managerial culture of the
specialist is formed and developed only in educational cognitive activity.
Thus, the managerial skills which are the integral component
of professional
activity at future specialist are both the direct product of vocational training, and the consequence of self-development of future
specialist at all
grade levels.
The obtained data allow us to organize effectively the formations and development in higher education institution of managerial competence
at future specialist: on the one hand - substantial filling and enrichment of academical subjects by the questions of pedagogical management, the theory and practice of managerial activity in the pedagogical and medical organizations;
on the other hand - purposeful inclusion of future specialists in the practical-oriented activities,
understood as the special organization
of educational process, bearing in
itself features of both educational,
and
future professional activity; based on modeling of subject and social content of future professional activity of the specialist, and providing mastering by the student of the professional knowledge which are contextually included in the managerial situation with their practical application. It was recommended
to apply interactive
methods
of training as
game-technical
management
in
the
working process on development of managerial abilities and competences
at the
students.
5.
CONCLUSIONS
Management
processes take place where the general activity
of people is carried out for achievement of the certain results in all difficult
dynamic systems (social, psychological,
biological, technical, economical
and
managerial, etc.). Characteristics
of management as special type of
activity as
process of
system and
creative
regulation of activity for subjects of the educational
institution which is shown in the organizational,
projecting, predicting, coordinating
and controlling
functions, act as the basis of understanding of the essence, content and structure of managerial competence at future specialists.
It is known that effective training
of
future specialist depends on understanding by the person of social prestige of the chosen profession and also on the personal importance and orientation in the perspective
growth of the future professional
activity. The new social and economic
relations, which caused gradual transition of education
to the sphere of services, dictate modification
of the theory and practice for vocational
training of
future specialists. It is necessary for any specialist in
the conditions of the most severe market relations constantly to be improved
professionally
in order to be ready to real life, to be mobile, active and creative.
In principle,
all
similar requirements are
imposed in all
normative documents of the international
and state significance, accumulated in one professional
quality of the specialist - it is the
competitiveness. These problems closely concern future specialists, both preschool education, and medicine as
the sphere of their professional
activity is directly connected with vulnerable category of people – minor children and patients, that is, people at stages of a disease, treatment and recovery.
The qualification characteristics
of
the graduates, receiving both secondary vocational and the higher education, have
one requirement among many others: it is an ability to
carry out organizational and
managerial activity in possible competences. Management in all spheres of human activity is the universal activity instrument on ensuring its systemacity, the target orientation and effectiveness, flexibility and variability. Therefore, in our opinion, mastering managerial abilities, managerial competence is the integral component of the general culture of the specialist‟s personality at any profile. Managers at all levels of the professional hierarchy are aimed at performance of the task for creation of the best option of the future. It is natural that the growing variability and hostility of the environment place more and more great demands on the
leading heads therefore managers have to develop own attitudes, skills and abilities which will allow them to implement management accurately and effectively in the coming years [18]. So the problems of preschool education are closely connected with vocational training of teachers which
relevance is obvious in
the
conditions
of development of modern computer technologies as at the heart of the transformational
changes, happening in the system of preschool education, there is training of
pedagogical personnel in compliance with the last international
requirements
and also requirements
of
State general education standards (SGES) to professional
competence of the specialist. In this regard one of
the
current problems facing modern pedagogy
is search of the ways and means for optimization of the training process of future doctors for the
solution of managerial tasks in the new sociocultural conditions that is
development of managerial competences
by
them as readiness for productive professional activity. The managerial competence and
managerial thinking are the necessary component of common cultural and
world outlook development of future doctors, as it leads to essentially
broader ideas of regularities, observable both in the conditions of practice, and in questions of scientific knowledge. Meanwhile, studying of the theory and practice of student training at
medical schools shows that
formation of managerial competence during the educational process is not always projected and implemented, that is, there is no adequate
technological
reinforcement of
this process
that
substantially affects quality of training of graduates.
Therefore we consider that at the specialist of the preschool organizations
and health workers, besides professional and pedagogical
competences, the managerial competence must be formed as the effective
management of
professional activity
directly depends
on high-quality approach to management within the powers of each personality. This is
due to the fact that the relevance of researches, consisting in purposeful
works on development
of managerial competence at future specialists of the preschool organizations
and
health workers within high school
education. The scientific novelty
of this research is represented by the
comparative analysis of levels of managerial competence at the students
of
pedagogical and medical higher education institutions. The general
scientific methods of scientific research were applied in the work, including: bibliographic search, subject systematization, analysis of the
normative and legislative framework, collecting and analysis of statistical
data, ranging method, group discussion, poll, questioning,
testing, etc. As
development of managerial competence at future specialist is the
component of vocational
training of the specialist in higher education institution then the bases of modeling of this process are target, dynamic,
substantial, organizational
and
activity, productive components. So, the
result of development is managerial competence at future specialists of the
preschool
and
medical organizations,
understood
as the dynamic,
incomplete, constantly
enriched, integrated personal and professional
characteristic which is expressed in knowledge, aspiration, readiness
and ability to perform professionally the managerial functions in the specific
field of activity, providing the effective solution of the professional
tasks.
Thus, the carried-out theoretical and analytical work on the given problem
allowed us to confirm the relevance and scientific character of our
research, to express the point of view on the problem
of development of
managerial competence
at future specialists,
to determine
by the diagnostic way the level of restrictions in the management sphere and to
compare the obtained data with the corresponding
conclusions and
suggestions.
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