Rezaul Karim, Sultana y Awal / Empoderar a las mujeres a través de la participación política
441
patriarchy exists. The enactment of the Panchayati Raj Act of 1992 has brought a positive
impact for women. Thus, tribal women are both economically and politically empowered.
Naik (2017) had a study on “Empowerment of Women through Political
Participation in India”. The position of women during Pre independence and post-
independence is studied together with constitutional provision and status of women in
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The paper points out that women at panchayat level are
better represented which is yet to happen in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Due to the
reservation system more women are seen at the local level politics. More women are
seen participating in politics at the rural level but at the national level the figure is not
satisfactory.
Annakili (2019) studied on “Women Empowerment for Rural Development.” The
study focused on rural women's empowerment, the issue of proper communication, need
for participatory initiative, community, and organizational empowerment together with
psychological empowerment are highlighted. Furthermore, a positive impact of self-help
groups (SHG) has been identified. In areas of social, economic, and political domain, all
these factors give women a voice and confidence to speak out what they wish for.
Parvin & Sarkar (2021) studied on “Empowerment of Women through Political
Participation”. The study found that in comparison to older times, women now are more
seen at local and national level politics. Though the rate is low, at least the positive
change is felt. Various factors for women’s lesser political participation than their male
counterparts, like lack of political knowledge, household barriers, socio-cultural norms
and many more are pointed out. Moreover, the paper jots down that when women enter
a political domain, the cultural discourse would change automatically, a role model will
encourage more women in politics, women’s issues will get addressed and gender
equality can be achieved.
Kafilat (2004), undertook a study entitled “Women Empowerment and Political
Participation in Nigeria”, where the position of Nigerian women in politics is studied.
The study found that Nigerian women are politically disempowered. Before and during
colonial era Nigerian women took active stands but in present day women are oppressed
and exploited. There are barriers to women’s political participation like cultural barriers,
lack of time, existence of political violence and low financial status etc. The steps of
women empowerment are also brought out in this paper. Empowerment through
education, eradication of discrimination, special quotas for women, equal representation
of both men and women and many more are discussed. The paper thus opines that that
uplift of women can be achieved by education and Political participation.
Arowolo (2010) studied on “Women and Political Participation in Nigeria”. The
domestic role of women, their level of political participation, the challenges involved and
the dominant role of men in families are assumptions of the study. The paper also gives
the numerical data of women present in the National Assembly, State House of Assembly