Julio-Diciembre 2015

Vol. 5 No. 2

Julio-septiembre 2024

Vol. 14 No. 2

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Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Vol. 14 N

Julio-septiembre

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

Trazando el paisaje de la confianza: un enfoque integral basado en

actividades para comprender la dinámica de la confianza social

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10909250

Mikhail Zelenkov *, Sofia Apaeva **, Anara Beisheeva ***, Adilet Umbetaliev ****,

Kuanysh Balzhanbaev *****, Sapiyat Apaeva ******

Resumen

El objetivo del artículo es justificar la necesidad de aplicar un enfoque basado en la

actividad al estudio de la confianza. La base metodológica de la investigación fue un

complejo de métodos, heurística y epistemológicamente justificados por las metas y

objetivos del trabajo. Los autores tuvieron en cuenta tanto trabajos científicos

coherentes como enfoques teóricos alternativos. La investigación empleó un análisis

sistémico-comprensivo, así como métodos científicos generales: análisis, síntesis y

comparación. La conclusión extraída en el estudio es que los conceptos existentes en la

investigación sobre la confianza presentan varios inconvenientes que impiden realizar

un análisis exhaustivo del proceso de formación de la confianza. La conceptualización y

sistematización de los resultados obtenidos permitió elaborar un "Mapa conceptual de la

investigación sobre la confianza". El resultado científico es la introducción de la categoría

de "espacio de confianza social", que permite definir sus elementos estructurales

estáticos y dinámicos y describir el proceso de su formación. El modelo desarrollado de

formación de la confianza en un espacio social concreto bajo la influencia de factores

externos e internos, basado en un enfoque de la investigación de la confianza basado en

actividades, permitió construir un modelo paramétrico de este proceso, que implica la

aplicación interconectada y paso a paso de diversas formas, métodos y medios de un

enfoque integral de la investigación de la confianza basado en actividades.

Palabras clave: confianza, enfoque basado en actividades, modelo de proceso de

confianza, actores de la confianza.

Recibido:12/11/2023 Aceptado:12/02/2024

* Universidad Social Estatal Rusa, jefe del Departamento de Seguridad Nacional, Lucha contra el Extremismo

y el Terrorismo, Moscú, Rusia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-5721 . E-mail: mz60@mail.ru

** Universidad Nacional Kirguisa que lleva el nombre de Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kirguistán. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5733-9635 . E-mail: apaeva.sofya@mail.ru

*** Universidad Nacional Kirguisa que lleva el nombre de Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kirguistán. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3688-9290 . E-mail: anarabeisheeva@mail.ru

**** Universidad Nacional Kirguisa que lleva el nombre de Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kirguistán. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3261-8221 . E-mail: adiletumbetaliev@bk.ru

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***** Universidad Nacional Kirguisa que lleva el nombre de Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kirguistán. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9411-1265 . E-mail: kbalzhanbaev@mail.ru

****** Universidad Nacional Kirguisa que lleva el nombre de Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kirguistán. ORCID

ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7030-8460 . E-mail: sapiyatapaeva2024@mail.ru

Abstract

Charting the landscape of trust: a comprehensive activity-based approach to

understanding social trust dynamics

The aim of the article is to justify the necessity of applying an activity-based approach

to the study of trust. The methodological basis of the research was a complex of

methods, heuristically and epistemologically justified by the goals and objectives of the

work. The authors took into account both coherent scientific works and alternative

theoretical approaches. The research employed a systemic-comprehensive analysis as

well as general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, and comparison. The conclusion

drawn in the study is that existing concepts of trust research have several drawbacks

that prevent a comprehensive analysis of the trust formation process. The

conceptualization and systematization of the obtained results allowed the development

of a "Conceptual Map of Trust Research." The scientific outcome is the introduction of

the category of "social trust space," which allows defining its static and dynamic

structural elements and describing the process of its formation. The developed model of

trust formation in a particular social space under the influence of external and internal

factors, based on an activity-based approach to trust research, enabled the construction

of a parametric model of this process, involving interconnected and step-by-step

application of various forms, methods, and means of a comprehensive activity-based

approach to trust research.

Key words: trust, activity-based approach, trust process model, trust actors.

1. Introduction

In the 21st century, the issue of trust has gained prominence and become the subject

of study in both individual sciences and interdisciplinary approaches, characterized by

the presence of a variety of different methodological concepts, theories, and definitions.

At the same time, the universal viewpoint of these approaches acknowledges that

subjective decisions on trust are made in fundamentally uncertain and highly complex

conditions, which commonly accepted theories do not consider or cannot explain. In such

circumstances, trust actors are unable to reliably predict the future behavior of those

they trust. This becomes particularly problematic when one's own well-being depends

on the usually unpredictable reactions of partners in the future. In these conditions, the

obvious significance of comprehensive trust research and its role in maintaining the

stability of the social order only implies its depth and complexity as an object of scientific

inquiry.

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During the analysis of the research base of scientific sources, their classification was

conducted, allowing for the identification of three clusters: a) sources indicating the

relevance of the chosen topic (Blau, 1964; Lewicki et al., 1998; Sztompka, 1999;

Luhmann, 2000a, 2000b; Coleman, 2001; Bedny et al., 2010); b) sources elucidating

conceptual approaches to the study of trust (Lewis & Weigert, 1985; Fukuyama, 1995;

Lewicki et al., 1998; Rousseau et al., 1998; Sztompka, 1999; Möllering, 2001; Williams,

2001; Axelrod, 2006; Möllering, 2014); c) sources analyzing the possibilities of applying

an activity-based approach to trust research (Berger & Luckmann, 1967; Simmel, 1990;

Tennis, 1998).

It should be noted that among the wide range of approaches to trust research, its

rationalistic understanding stands out, which considers trust as an investment in the

future, and the decision to trust in this case depends on information about the

preferences of the trusting actor, expected benefits from successful cooperation, and

expected losses in case of refusal. That is, the key categories here are restraint and

interest (Rousseau et al., 1998; Axelrod, 2006).

Equally preferable is an approach that considers the decision to trust not in conditions

of uncertainty, but in conditions of ignorance (Möllering, 2014), with its source being

shared values and existing relationships (Lewis & Weigert, 1985; Lewicki et al., 1998;

Luhmann, 2000b; Möllering, 2001; Williams, 2001). In this case, since trust is the

foundation of social interaction, it is studied in the context of social relationships and

social exchange (Blau, 1964). In this context, the source of trust is personal

attractiveness, a certain attitude towards the trusted subject, and social approval (Blau,

1964; Coleman, 2001).

A deep conceptual basis for the study of trust was laid by the theory that considers

its role as a linking element in the genesis of societal development, as well as ensuring

security in conditions of distancing social interactions. Moreover, this approach

emphasizes increasing complexity, uncertainty, and risk, identifying kinship ties, a sense

of "ontological security," pragmatism, confidence in knowledge-based expert systems as

sources of trust.

N. Luhmann conducted research on trust through the property of autonomy and

stability of the system (personal, functional, institutional, etc.), considering that "to trust

means to anticipate the future." He noted that its source should be sought in the sense

of internal security of the system, i.e., expectations of reliability, in conditions of

uncertainty and risk (Luhmann, 2000a).

Francis Fukuyama conducted research on trust in the context of social ties and

societal development, seeing its task in reducing transaction costs and ensuring the

overcoming of uncertainty on the path to interaction between actors. However, he

believes that the effect will only occur if trust is based on "unwritten" rules, expectations,

obligations, and norms requiring their unconditional fulfillment, as well as the trusting

actor's own choice in conditions where it is impossible to control the actions of the trusted

actor in advance (Fukuyama, 1995). Of particular interest in the context of the

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contemporary international situation is the conclusion of G. Simmel (1990) and F. Tennis

(1998) that trust is not static but dynamic.

Since the authors considered the process of studying trust in the context of human

actions, they were attracted to P. Sztompka's conclusion that the source of trust lies in

special expectations (regarding how the other will behave in a certain predictable

situation) and conviction, confidence in action (bet) (Sztompka, 1999).

The result of the comparative analysis of the above and other available concepts of

trust research led to the following conclusions:

1. Over the past three decades, academic interest in the concept of trust has

increased both in terms of the number of publications and the variety of viewpoints. It

has become an interdisciplinary field of study; however, despite this, trust still appears

to be a rather abstract term, the essence of which is difficult to define, and the state of

its research is in conceptual confusion.

2. The main scientific discourse revolves around a consensus that it is necessary to

assess the motivation, competence, or both of the trusted actor. The author's approach

to this contradiction is based on motivation. Note that this viewpoint is predominant

(Ripperger, 2005).

3. Existing approaches to the sources of trusting expectations have some

methodological contradiction, which lies in the fact that the source can be both calculated

behavior based on profit or loss and behavior that ignores calculation, based on

behaviorism.

Thus, the identified multiparadigmality and pluralism have led the authors to assert

that it is not possible to develop a consolidated approach to trust research.

Consequently, the problematic field of our research is not the development of a unified

conceptual approach with a set of methodological principles, methods, and tools, but the

development and justification of conceptual foundations that allow for the exploration of

insufficiently studied aspects of trust formation.

Analysis of trust research concepts also revealed that most of them are based on

three dimensions:

1. The source of trust, characterizing its nature and allowing the distinction between

cognitive (assessment, comparison) or emotional aspects at the foundation of trust.

2. The basis of trust, covering the foundation for trust implementation and revealing

the decision-making process regarding trust.

3. Conditions of trust, revealing the context of the trust process and enabling the

investigation of the influence of external and internal factors on the decision-making

process regarding trust.

Taking into account these three dimensions constructed based on the analysis of

existing trust research concepts, as well as the shortcomings previously noted, the

authors have hypothesized that a pragmatic approach encompassing all three

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dimensions in a unified complex should serve as the conceptual foundation for exploring

insufficiently studied aspects of trust.

The objective of the paper is to provide rationale for utilizing an activity-oriented

methodology in investigating trust.

2. Methodology

The methodological foundation of the research was based on a comprehensive

analysis of scientific works (Blau, 1964; Lewis & Weigert, 1985; Simmel, 1990;

Bourdieu, 1994; Fukuyama, 1995; Lewicki et al., 1998; Tennis, 1998; Sztompka, 1999;

Luhmann, 2000a, 2000b; McKnight & Chervany, 2001; Möllering, 2001; Williams, 2001;

Hardin, 2002; Uslaner, 2003; Ripperger, 2005; Robbins, 2016; Tagliaferri & Aldini,

2020), which elucidated the conceptual underpinnings of trust research. Special

attention was given to the works of scholars such as N. Luhmann (2000a), P. Sztompka

(1999), and F. Fukuyama (1995), as their conceptual approaches to some extent

correlated with the author's hypothesis.

Utilizing synthesis method to extract new insights from the obtained research results

allowed the authors to outline their approach to the problem, while employing the

principle of identification revealed the relationships between theory and the practice of

trust phenomenon research. Consequently, referring to the aforementioned works

enabled the identification of shortcomings in trust research concepts and formulated and

justified the necessity of applying a comprehensive activity-based approach to its study.

The construction of the parametric model was based on a holistic approach,

emphasizing that trust, as a phenomenon, possesses specific parameters which

collectively facilitate the process of its formation.

3. Results

Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social space (Bourdieu, 1994), the authors

were able to identify the structural elements of the trust formation model: the position,

goals, and tasks of trust actors, external and internal factors influencing this process.

These factors, influencing the social space formed by trust agents, create its social fields

(contexts), each operating within its sphere, which influence the decision-making

process regarding trust and the trustor's choice of trust strategy. The model of trust

formation in a specific social space under the influence of these factors is depicted in

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Trust formation model in a specific social space under the influence of

external and internal factors

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The authors formulated two types of "understanding" of the trusted actor for the

trustor:

1. Direct observational understanding, where the trustor simply observes what the

trusted actor does and "reads" their body language and facial expressions to gain

necessary knowledge.

2. Empathetic understanding, where the trustor attempts to acquire necessary

knowledge about the trusted actor by trying to understand the motives that prompted

their actions.

The result of theoretical and empirical analysis led to the postulate that a key aspect

in the comprehensive activity-based approach to trust research is the definition of trust

actors and the boundaries of the social trust space formed by them, as well as a complex

of parameters characterizing this process: (who, where, why, how). The social trust

space is a part of the social space created by trust actors, in which they interact in the

interests of establishing trusting relationships amidst the interdependent influence of

social fields (contexts).

Addressing these tasks will be facilitated by the parameterized model developed by

the authors (Table 1).

Table 1

Parametric Model of Activity-based Approach to Trust Research

Research

Parameters

Index

Parameter Characteristics

Social Trust Space

Trusted Actor

Trustor

Cognitive-

behavioral

Influence

Information

Trust Strategy

Aim, goal

Knowled

Internal Factors: Economic, Political, Spiritual, etc.

External Factors:

Challenges to Trust

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Trust Actors and

Their Goals

Quantitative and qualitative parameters

(openness, reliability, self-confidence,

conviction, values, faith, pursued goals, genesis

of relationships, etc.) of the trustor and trusted

actor (individual, group, society, institution,

state)

Communication

Channel between

Trustor and Trusted

Actor

Verbal, non-verbal, comprehensive, technical

Boundaries of Social

Trust Space

sts

Spatial dimensions limiting the process of social

interaction between trust actors.

Trust Factors

(External and

Internal)

Factors (external and internal) directly

influencing trust actors and the communication

channel between them within the boundaries of

the social trust space, their probabilistic and

hierarchical assessment, negative and positive

components.

Context of Social

Trust Space Formed

by Trust Actors,

External and

Internal Factors

csts

Contextual content of factors influencing trust

actors and the channel of interaction between

them (political, social, economic, sociocultural,

legal, educational, etc.).

Points of Impact of

External and

Internal Factors on

Trust Actors and

Their Interaction

Channel

Points of maximum application of external and

internal factors' influence on trust actors and

their interaction channel.

Actions Undertaken

by the Trustor to

Obtain Information

about the Trusted

Actor

Activities of the trustor to acquire necessary

information about the trusted actor and actions

of the trusted actor to provide this information

(observation, conversation, document analysis,

acquaintance survey, etc.).

Forms, Methods, and

Means of Processing

Information

Necessary for

Understanding the

Trusted Actor

Comprehension, objectification, and perception

of knowledge conveyed by the trusted actor in

symbolic form (speech, artifacts, gestures,

facial expressions, behavior, etc.), formation of

shared social constructs representing their

understanding; legitimization and

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substantiation of acquired knowledge,

typologization.

Trustor's Decision-

making Strategy for

Trusting the Trusted

Actor

Forms, methods, and means of implementing

trust actions (complete trust, partial trust,

etc.).

Mathematically, the process of researching the phenomenon of "trust" (S

) is

described by the following dependency:

= F (S

, S

sts

, S

csts

, S

)

(1)

Navigation through theories of trust research and their shortcomings, as well as

analysis of conceptual models by B. Robbins (2016), E. Uslaner (2003), M. Tagliaferri

and A. Aldini (2020), regarding the presentation of research results on the phenomenon

of "trust," allowed the authors to substantiate the research hypothesis and construct a

"Conceptual Map of Trust Research" (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Conceptual map of trust research

4. Discussion

The proposed activity-based concept of trust research has its roots in Karl Marx's

theory of practice (Marx & Engels, 1974). Expanding on his approach, practice is

understood as "the process of organizing trust relationships, during which its actors

not considering the

process context

Formal

approach

Spontaneous

approach

Cognitive

approach

Activity-based

approach

Approaches considering

the process context

Activity-based approach

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acquire new knowledge about each other, filled with specific meaning, and based on this,

change themselves, change the circumstances of their lives, and change the

circumstances of their lives by changing themselves."

According to S. Rubinstein's principle of the unity of consciousness and activity,

activity mediates consciousness: "there is a real possibility to illuminate a person's

consciousness through their activity, in which consciousness is formed and revealed"

(Rubinstein, 1934). In the systemic-structural theory of activity, human activity is

considered as a purposeful self-regulating system (Bedny & Karwowski, 2007).

Therefore, the process of trust research can be viewed as a systemic process of activity

research, in which the trusting actor, through trials, errors, and feedback adjustments,

develops a trust strategy derived from acquired knowledge, as reflected in the model

depicted in Figure 1.

Since activity consists of actions, which can be cognitive/internal and

behavioral/external (Bedny et al., 2010), all actions in the trust process are organized

and aimed at achieving conscious goals and tasks. In this regard, the activity of the

trusting actor is nothing but conscious, intentional, purposeful, and socially formed

behavior aimed at understanding the trusted actor.

The theory of psychological activity is of great importance in justifying the legitimacy

of the authors' proposed activity-based approach to trust research. According to A.

Leontiev, activity is directed towards the realization of motives, which represent

objectified needs. In this case, its components are actions aimed at the actualization of

goals, and the components of actions are operations, which are ways of solving

problems.

The theory of the social constructivist paradigm by P. Berger and T. Luckmann, in

which scholars offer a series of iterative processes and concepts to describe how the

"intersubjective" gap between individual consciousnesses is overcome and how socially

constructed realities, containing the knowledge of any social group, are shared and

achieve everyday objectivity, sufficiently congruently justifies the author's conclusion

that all types of actions between trust actors, in one way or another, are created and

recreated by them, and subsequent result-oriented actions are products of their human

mind expressed in their trusting activities.

5. Conclusion

The analysis of existing conceptual foundations of trust has revealed a wide range of

approaches to its investigation, each with its own inherent costs. The conceptualization

and systematization of the obtained results, along with the development of the

"Conceptual Map of Trust Research," have justified the necessity of introducing a

comprehensive activity-based methodological approach into the theory and practice of

trust research. The application of this approach enables the exploration of the activities

of trust actors as a complex interplay of cognitive and behavioral actions aimed at

achieving conscious goals and tasks.

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In order to conduct comprehensive research on trust, the category of "social trust

space" has been introduced, allowing for the identification of static and dynamic

structural elements of the trust process and its description with consideration of the

influence of external and internal factors. The analysis of the trust formation process

within the boundaries of the social trust space has led to the development of the "Model

of Trust Formation in the Social Trust Space under the Influence of External and Internal

Factors."

The created parametric model entails the interconnected and step-by-step

application of various forms, methods, and means of the comprehensive activity-based

approach to trust research. Thus, the authors believe that the proposed research

hypothesis is justified and see the prospect of further scientific work in substantiating

the structure and content of each element of the formed parametric model.

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