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de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
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Vol.41 N° 79
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ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
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co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
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Vol. 41, Nº 79 (2023), 453-462
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Conceptual foundations of combating
crime against the environment in Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4179.30
Sergii Marko *
Olha Kukshynova **
Olena Borshchevska ***
Natalya Orlovska ****
Katerina Horbunova *****
Abstract
Within the scope of the scientic article, by means of
documentary sources, the main conceptual directions of the
ght against environmental crime in Ukraine are highlighted.
Special emphasis is placed on the use of social mechanisms
to ensure legality in the investigated area; adoption of the Law
of Ukraine «On ecological culture of the population»; careful
planning of the processes of development and implementation
of organizational, legal and other measures aimed at preventing crimes
against the environment. It is proposed to increase funding of control and
supervisory bodies for the detection and prevention of criminal oenses,
other state structures for the protection of nature; development of a unied
state policy in the eld of combating organized environmental crime, all
this, on the basis of a criminological examination of legislation. In the
conclusions it is proposed to unify the eorts of law enforcement agencies
of various states to stop anti-environmental criminal behavior, neutralize
all stages of the implementation of a criminal oense: planning, illegal
extraction of resources, transportation, sale and laundering of proceeds
obtained through crime against nature.
* Doctor of Law, Associate Professor of Criminal Procedure and Criminology department, Lviv State
University of Internal Aairs, Lviv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9778-0570.
Email: marko.sergii@gmail.com
** Candidate of legal sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Public Law, Odesa National
Maritime University, Odesa, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-6863. Email:
olga.kukshinova@ukr.net
*** Candidate of legal sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public and Legal Disciplines,
Odesa National Maritime University, Odesa, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-
429X. Email: elennika2098@gmail.com
**** Doctor in Law, Associate Professor of Criminal Law and Administrative Law Department, Odesa
National Maritime University, Odesa, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-560X.
Email: natalyaorlovska@ukr.net
***** Graduate student of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Lecturer of the Department
of Criminal Procedure and Organization of Pretrial Investigation of the Kharkiv National University
of Internal Aairs, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-2682. Email:
ilyxagorbunov9@gmail.com
454
Sergii Marko, Olha Kukshynova, Olena Borshchevska, Natalya Orlovska y Katerina Horbunova
Conceptual foundations of combating crime against the environment in Ukraine
Keywords: environment; organized crime; state policy; legislation;
prevention.
Fundamentos conceptuales de la lucha contra la
delincuencia contra el medio ambiente en Ucrania
Resumen
Dentro del alcance del artículo cientíco, mediante fuentes
documentales, se destacan las principales direcciones conceptuales de
la lucha contra el crimen contra el medio ambiente en Ucrania. Se hace
énfasis especial al uso de mecanismos sociales para garantizar la legalidad
en el área investigada; aprobación de la Ley de Ucrania «Sobre la cultura
ecológica de la población»; una cuidadosa planicación de los procesos
de desarrollo y aplicación de medidas de carácter organizativo, legal y de
otro tipo, destinadas a prevenir los delitos contra el medio ambiente. Se
propone mayor nanciamiento de los órganos de control y supervisión
para la detección y prevención de infracciones penales, otras estructuras
estatales de protección de la naturaleza; desarrollo de una política estatal
unicada en el campo de la lucha contra el crimen ambiental organizado,
todo ello, sobre la base de un examen criminológico de la legislación. En las
conclusiones se propone unicar los esfuerzos de las agencias de aplicación
de la ley de varios Estados para detener el comportamiento delictivo
antiecológico, neutralizar todas las etapas de la implementación de un
delito penal: planicación, extracción ilegal de recursos, transporte, venta
y lavado de ganancias obtenidas a través del crimen contra la naturaleza.
Palabras clave: medio ambiente; crimen organizado; política estatal;
legislación; prevención.
Introduction
Today, environmental protection is one of the most relevant functions
of modern Ukraine. At the constitutional level, it is determined that the
duty of the state is to ensure environmental safety and maintain ecological
balance on the territory of Ukraine, overcome the consequences of the
Chernobyl disaster, and preserve the gene pool of the Ukrainian people
(CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE, 1996).
This function is implemented by regulating relations in the eld
of protection, use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 453-462
environmental safety, preventing and eliminating the negative impact of
economic and other human activities on the environment. For this, the
state implements environmental policy and establishes legal, in particular,
criminal liability for environmental violations (Revenko, 2017, p. 262-263).
Ukraine aspires to be a part of European society, to have an appropriate
standard of living, progressive economic development, so the country must
meet the relevant requirements and rules in force in the European Union
(Petrova et al, 2017).
In 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ratied the Agreement on the
Association of Ukraine with the European Union signed between Ukraine,
on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy
Community and their member states, on the other hand, which recorded
Ukraine’s obligations in the eld of eco-safety. In particular, Art. 360 of the
Agreement stipulates that the parties develop and strengthen cooperation
on environmental protection issues (Association Agreement Between
Ukraine, On The One Hand, And The European Union, The European
Atomic Energy Community And Their Member States, On The Other Hand,
2014).
On the one hand, the foundations of legislation aimed at ensuring and
protecting the environmental rights of citizens have been formed in Ukraine
(Klymchuk, 2023, p. 247), and the need to implement environmental laws
is declared at all levels of state power. On the other hand, many norms are
not applied in practice, and certain environmental problems that require
special attention and legal regulation remain unresolved.
A high negative anthropogenic load on natural resources, which has
an extremely adverse eect on the environment, often becomes possible
due to violations of environmental legislation, which in some cases acquire
such a threatening scale that they require the application of criminal law
measures. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that persons
who commit criminal oenses in the investigated area have the ability to
transform their methods of illegal activity and easily adapt to new socio-
economic conditions. Considering this, the slowness of the legislator in the
environmental eld can have catastrophic consequences.
In recent years, against the background of the aggravation of the
environmental situation in Ukraine, including that caused by Russia’s
worthless methods of waging war on the territory of Ukraine, there
has been a rapid increase in crime rates in the eld of environmental
protection (Kravchuk, 2018, p. 322). Relevant state measures for the
prevention, detection and investigation of criminal oenses of this category
are ineective due to their high latency and immeasurable scale, which
ultimately makes their detection and further investigation much more
dicult, actualizes legislative regulation of issues of prevention (passage
456
Sergii Marko, Olha Kukshynova, Olena Borshchevska, Natalya Orlovska y Katerina Horbunova
Conceptual foundations of combating crime against the environment in Ukraine
of laws) and compensation for damage caused by ecocide (Borshchevska,
2023, p. 115).
Eective counteraction of environmental crime is impossible without
successive planned and coordinated actions united by one concept, since
phenomena that have signs of systemic nature, including environmental
crime, require a systematic approach to overcome them (Turlova, 2017,
p. 143). The above testies to the relevance of the chosen topic of the
scientic article, the importance and timeliness of research devoted to
the development of a system of preventive measures in the eld of the
environment.
1. Methodology of the study
The methodological basis of the research is a set of methods and
techniques of scientic knowledge. As a general scientic method, a
systematic approach was used, which allowed to identify problematic issues
in the eld of the environment, in particular, in the system of turnover of
forest wood of Ukraine, taking into account international experience.
Documentary analysis made it possible to characterize the problems of
regulatory and legal support in the eld of wood circulation.
With the help of the logical-semantic method, the need to increase
control over the use and circulation of wood, as well as to improve issues
of responsibility for violations in this area, was formed. Methods of legal
statistics were used in the process of determining indicators of oenses
in the eld of environment. Comparatively, the legal method was applied
during the analysis of the regulatory regulation of wood circulation in
Ukraine and in other countries of the world.
2. Analysis of recent research
In criminological and criminal law science, considerable attention is
traditionally paid to the issues of dening the conceptual foundations of
crime prevention. Recognizing the importance of the works of well-known
scientists, we consider it relevant and worthy of an in-depth study of
modern problems of combating criminal oenses against the environment.
The purpose of the study is a general theoretical analysis of the problems
of combating crime against the environment in Ukraine.
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3. Results and discussion
Criminal oenses against the environment are a constantly progressive
form of criminal activity that often does not recognize state borders, while
its public danger is underestimated. This statement is true for all countries
without exception. Leading lawyers point out that despite the fact that in
the European Union, environmental criminal oenses are not given due
importance and the amount of punishment imposed by the courts for
their commission is minimal, even in the presence of stricter measures
of criminal responsibility in the legislation of the member states of the
European Union, such criminal oenses should be recognized as a serious
form of encroachment on the interests of modern society, and they should
be given an appropriate legal assessment by judicial authorities.
A characteristic feature of this type of criminal oense is the global nature
of criminal activity with the use of international criminal networks. Both
countries of origin of objects of criminal oenses and countries of transit,
in which fake documentation (declarations, certicates) are produced and
packaging changed, and even countries where there are end consumers of
illegally tracked items, participate in this process.
Bringing all members of a criminal group to justice for the commission
of criminal oenses requires serious eorts and specialization specically
in the investigation of organized forms of criminal activity. The participants
of the rst stage, who did not manage to escape in time, are mostly held
accountable. In our opinion, in order to improve the eectiveness of law
enforcement, the norms of criminal liability, which provide for punishment
for illegal logging, in relation to the activities of criminal groups, need
signicant modernization.
We believe that in order to achieve the goals of criminal law protection
of social relations and prevention of criminal oenses, the actual content
of criminal law prohibitions enshrined in the Criminal Code of Ukraine is
not so important as the perception of these prohibitions by the population
to which they are addressed, as well as the cooperation of law enforcement
agencies. The danger of a specic act from the point of view of the legislator
should be supplemented by the awareness of the presence of such danger by
the individual - the potential addressee of criminal law norms.
Criminal law prohibitions must correspond to general moral prohibitions
rooted in society. In the presence of data that some criminal law prohibitions
are not perceived by society as justied and fair, it is necessary to intensify
explanatory and educational work in this direction. And the leading role
here should be performed not by legal mechanisms for ensuring legality, but
by social ones, which can be understood as, for example, the introduction of
educational programs in mass media.
458
Sergii Marko, Olha Kukshynova, Olena Borshchevska, Natalya Orlovska y Katerina Horbunova
Conceptual foundations of combating crime against the environment in Ukraine
In order to form the foundations of ecological culture in society, the
mass media are able to participate in solving the tasks of environmental
education, spreading ecological knowledge, information about the state of
the environment, natural resources, and environmental safety. It should
be especially noted the role that mass media can play in environmental
education of the population, demonstrating the implementation in the state
of the principle of inevitability of responsibility for committing oenses.
They perform the function of establishing an information link between
the inevitability of the state’s response to criminal oenses against the
environment and the consciousness of each addressee of prevention.
If a person doubts the inevitability or is sure of his impunity, even a
perfect state response system will be completely powerless. In order to
form the individual’s subjective condence in the inevitability of the
negative consequences of his criminal acts in the eld of ecology, an
important condition is the coverage in the mass media of information about
committed criminal oenses at the same time as information about criminal
responsibility and punishment of criminals. It is advisable to familiarize the
population with criminal law prohibitions by broadcasting not educational
programs due to their low popularity, but documentaries that demonstrate
the adverse and dangerous consequences of relevant actions in the eld of
the environment prohibited by criminal law.
The formation in public consciousness of ecological knowledge, norms,
values and standards that direct any human activity to the preservation of
the environment is a rather long and time-consuming process that requires
coherence and consistency of actions of social institutions (family, education,
public organizations, mass media information, etc.) and the state, which is
obliged to coordinate it, performing an environmental function.
There is no doubt that the main potential of activities for the prevention
of environmental crime is not concentrated in criminal legal measures, but
in the adequate eectiveness of the inuence on public consciousness, in
the formation of environmental culture. This long multi-stage and multi-
level process needs an appropriate legal basis. The Law of Ukraine «On
Protection of the Natural Environment» only indirectly concerns this issue,
establishing brief general provisions on the education system in the eld of
environmental protection and environmental education.
We believe that in order to improve the system of measures to prevent
crime against the environment, the issue of the formation of ecological
culture and ecological education of the population in modern conditions
should be reected in a special legislative act. In our opinion, it would be
appropriate to adopt the Law of Ukraine «On the Ecological Culture of the
Population», which would propose systematic regulation of the formation
of ecological culture, including issues of environmental education and
upbringing.
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State regulation provides for the implementation of comprehensive
measures in the eld of environmental policy with the aim of streamlining
them, establishing general norms and rules of social behavior for the
protection of living and non-living nature of the environment, protecting
the health and life of the population, organizing and maintaining the
rational use and reproduction of natural resources. Under the condition of
eective functioning of state regulation, the need for direct intervention of
the state and its institutions in the activities of environmental structures is
included (Lazor, 2004, p. 8-9).
At the same time, it is important that the adoption and implementation
of the state environmental policy is carried out in compliance with
the ecological, social, humanitarian, ecological and legal principles of
preservation, reproduction and improvement of the natural environment,
safe and favorable for the health and life of the citizens of Ukraine
(Zarzytskyi, 2012, p. 8).
In order to increase the eectiveness of combating violations of
legislation in the eld of the environment, it is considered necessary to
carefully plan the processes of development and application of measures of
an organizational, legal and other nature aimed at preventing environmental
crime, with mandatory consideration of the results of previous analytical
activities regarding the results of law enforcement practice in the eld of
combating criminal violations against the environment.
The insucient level of nancing of state nature protection structures
can lead to signicant negative consequences for the environment.
The problem of ensuring the independence of the activities of state
environmental protection structures, which guarantee the interests of
society, is relevant in all countries. In states with democratic regimes and
free market relations, the probability of lobbying by large corporations and
high-ranking representatives of elites remains quite high.
In many countries, wealthy and inuential groups prevent the adoption
of legislation that would meet higher environmental standards, in particular
in terms of granting additional control powers to environmental protection
structures. Thus, one of the reports of the international analytical center
InuenceMap, for example, cited evidence of lobbying by the largest
oil companies for measures aimed at supporting policies against global
warming. Oil giants such as ExxonMobil, Shell, Chevron, BP, and Total
spend almost $200 million a year, including actively using social media,
to block political decisions and their compliance with climate change bills
(Laville, 2019).
Among other measures, it should be noted the need to develop a unied
state policy in the eld of combating organized environmental crime, as well
as conducting a criminological examination in the eld of environmental
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Sergii Marko, Olha Kukshynova, Olena Borshchevska, Natalya Orlovska y Katerina Horbunova
Conceptual foundations of combating crime against the environment in Ukraine
protection of regulatory and legal acts, designed to identify the possibility
of using gaps in the legislation in order to legalize schemes of criminal
behavior. The activity of control and supervisory bodies for the detection
and prevention of criminal oenses of this category needs improvement.
Summarizing, we note that environmental crime at the current stage has
a clearly expressed organized, transnational character due to the systemic
connections of environmental crimes with other actions (Orlovska, 2022,
p. 46). The eectiveness of combating it directly depends on eorts to
neutralize it at all stages of committed criminal oenses. An important
role is played by the unication of eorts of law enforcement agencies and
law enforcement agencies of various states to stop ecologically criminal
behavior, neutralization of all stages of implementation of a criminal
oense: planning, illegal extraction of resources, transportation, sale,
laundering of proceeds obtained through crime.
The elimination of the economic basis of the activities of criminal groups,
the reduction of their protability is the key to success in the ght against
them. The improvement of international legislation in this area will allow to
create at the level of individual states a complex system of measures against
organized environmental crime and to unify national legislative systems
(terminology, compositions, as well as sanctions applied for the commission
of criminal oenses against the environment by organized groups).
Conclusions
According to the results of the scientic article, the main conceptual
directions of combating crime against the environment in Ukraine are
highlighted:
• The use of social mechanisms for ensuring legality in the researched
area, in particular, the activation of explanatory and educational
work, the introduction of educational programs in mass media on
information about the state of the environment, natural resources,
and environmental safety;
• Reection in the corresponding prole legal act - the Law of Ukraine
«On the ecological culture of the population» provisions aimed at
the formation of ecological culture, education and upbringing of the
population in modern conditions;
• Careful planning of the processes of development and application
of measures of an organizational, legal and other nature, aimed
at preventing crime against the environment, with mandatory
consideration of the results of previous analytical activities regarding
the results of law enforcement practice in the specied area;
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 453-462
• Improving the activities of control and supervisory bodies for the
detection and prevention of criminal oenses, other state nature
protection structures, increasing their funding;
• Development of a unied state policy in the eld of combating
organized environmental crime, carrying out a criminological
examination in the eld of environmental protection of normative
legal acts, aimed at identifying gaps in the legislation;
• Uniting the eorts of law enforcement agencies and law enforcement
agencies of various states to stop ecologically criminal behavior,
neutralize all stages of the implementation of a criminal oense:
planning, illegal extraction of resources, transportation, sales,
laundering of proceeds obtained through crime.
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www.luz.edu.ve
www.serbi.luz.edu.ve
www.produccioncienticaluz.org
Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en octubre de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.41 Nº 79
