Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 78
Julio
Septiembre
2023
Recibido el 28/04/23 Aceptado el 29/05/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
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P
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Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
Carmen Pérez Baralt
Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
José Ce rra da
Ri car do Com bel las
An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 94-103
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Modalities of protection of the
rights of individuals according to the
administrative-procedural order and in
legal-administrative procedures
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.06
Volodymyr Horbalinskiy *
Olena Markova **
Yuliia Volkova ***
Vlada Litoshko ****
Kateryna Hlukhoveria *****
Abstract
The object of the research was to consider the methods of
protection of people’s rights according to the administrative-
procedural order and also in administrative judicial proceedings.
A number of normative legal acts regulating the use of tools for
the protection of subjective public rights were considered. Attention has
been drawn to the following methods of protection of people’s rights,
according to the administrative-procedural order and in administrative
judicial proceedings: administrative procedure; administrative mediation;
administrative appeal; subjecting guilty public administration ocials to
special disciplinary liability; compensation for damage caused by unlawful
actions (inaction) of public administration entities; means of self-defense
and legal means of protest. The methodological basis of the research was
presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal
method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods
of analysis and synthesis. It was concluded that in the scientic literature it
is very often the case that protection methods are not used, but tools, means
and forms. The authors also examine the methods of protection of rights,
freedoms and interests of individuals in the sphere of public administration.
* Associate professor of the department of general legal disciplines, Law Faculty, Dnipropetrovsk State
University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-6151
** Candidate of Law Science (PhD in law), Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department
of Legal Disciplines, Sumy Branch of Kharkov National University of International Aairs. Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9970-0944
*** Doctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Administrative Law and Process Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; Researcher (Honorary Associate) at University
of Liverpool; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-3933
**** Lecturer of the Department of General Legal Disciplines of Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal
Aairs. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-6841
***** Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of General Legal Disciplines of
Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Aairs. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-
8213
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 94-103
Keywords: administrative judicial procedure; methods of protection;
model of administrative procedure; subjective rights;
administrative-procedural order.
Modalidades de protección de los derechos de las
personas según el ordenamiento administrativo-procesal
y en los procedimientos jurídico-administrativos
Resumen
El objeto de la investigación fue considerar los métodos de protección
de los derechos de las personas según el orden administrativo-procesal y
también en los procesos judiciales administrativos. Se consideraron una
serie de actos jurídicos normativos que regulan el uso de herramientas para
la protección de los derechos públicos subjetivos. Se ha llamado la atención
sobre los siguientes métodos de protección de los derechos de las personas,
según el orden administrativo-procesal y en los procedimientos judiciales
administrativos: procedimiento administrativo; mediación administrativa;
apelación administrativa; someter a responsabilidad disciplinaria especial
a los funcionarios de la administración pública culpables; indemnización
por daños causados por actuaciones ilícitas (inacción) de las entidades de
la administración pública; medios de legítima defensa y medios legales
de protesta. La base metodológica de la investigación se presentó como
análisis comparativo-legal y sistemático, método formal-legal, método
de interpretación, método hermenéutico, así como métodos de análisis y
síntesis. Se llegó a la conclusión de que en la literatura cientíca es muy
frecuente que no se utilicen métodos de protección, sino herramientas,
medios y formas. Los autores también examinan los métodos de protección
de los derechos, libertades e intereses de las personas en el ámbito de la
administración pública.
Palabras clave: procedimiento judicial administrativo; modalidades
de tutela; modelo de procedimiento administrativo;
derechos subjetivos; ordenamiento administrativo-
procesal.
Introduction
It is impossible to imagine the present-day world without human rights,
which are the basis of the legal order and must denitely be protected by
the state. That is why, in the conditions of present-day reformation state-
96
Volodymyr Horbalinskiy, Olena Markova, Yuliia Volkova, Vlada Litoshko y Kateryna Hlukhoveria
Modalities of protection of the rights of individuals according to the administrative-procedural
order and in legal-administrative procedures
building and law-making processes in Ukraine, one of the priority tasks
consists in ensuring unimpaired functioning of legal mechanisms needed to
be applied by subjects of authority for protection of rights and freedoms of
citizens in the sphere of public-legal relations against violations performed
by power entities. This is an important guarantee for implementing the
constitutional principle of state bodies’ responsibility for their activities to
individual citizens.
The legal basis for protection of rights and freedoms is based on
provisions of Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine. According to the
mentioned article a person, his/her life and health, honor and dignity,
inviolability and security are recognized as the highest social value in
Ukraine, and armation and insurance of human rights is the main duty
of the state.
Also, Article 40 of the Constitution of Ukraine denes the right of a
person and a citizen to direct individual or collective written appeals or
to personally address state authorities, local self-government bodies and
ocials of such bodies, who are obliged to consider the appeal and give a
reasoned answer within the time limit established by the law. In addition to
that, in accordance with Part 2 of Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine,
everyone shall be guaranteed protection of his/her rights, freedoms and
interests against violations and illegal encroachments by any means not
prohibited by law. (Law of Ukraine, 1996).
First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the right to
protection guaranteed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine is possible
only in the event of its violation, therefore justication of the violation is a
logical requirement during protection of such a right. Violation must also
be real, relate to an individually expressed right of a person, that is, it must
be specied in the laws of Ukraine.
Instead, protection of a violated right must be eective. Thus, in its
decisions the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly emphasized
the need for eective protection of applicants’ rights. For example, in
paragraph 75 of the decision dated 05 April, 2005 in the case “Afanasiev
v. Ukraine” (application No. 38722/02), the European Court of Human
Rights notes that the remedy required by the mentioned article must be
“eective” both by law and in practice, in particular in the sense that its use
should not be complicated by actions or oversight of the authorities of the
relevant state (decision of the European Court Of Human Rights, 2005).
A similar idea is enshrined in the Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms. Article 13 of the Convention entitled “The right
to an eective remedy” declares that everyone whose rights and freedoms
recognized in this Convention have been violated shall have the right to
an eective remedy before a national body, even if such a violation was
97
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 94-103
committed by persons, who exercised their ocial powers (European
convention on human rights, 2013). We would like to add that in its decision
No. 3-рп/2003 dated 30 January, 2003 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine
stated that justice in its essence is recognized as such only on the condition
that it meets the requirements of fairness and ensures eective restoration
of rights (par. 10 p. 9) (Law of Ukraine, 2003).
In addition, in its decision dated 09 July , 2002 No. 15-рп/2002 in
the case of pre-trial settlement of disputes the Constitutional Court of
Ukraine noted that every person should have the right to freely choose a
means of protection of rights and freedoms not prohibited by law, including
judicial protection; the possibility for subjects of legal relations to use pre-
trial settlement of disputes can be an additional means of legal protection
provided by the state to the participants of certain legal relations, which
does not contradict the principle of justice to be administered exclusively by
the court; choosing a certain means of legal protection, including pre-trial
dispute settlement, is a right and not an obligation of a person who uses it
voluntarily, taking into account his/her own interests.
Based on the need to increase the level of legal protection, the state
can stimulate the resolution of legal disputes within the framework of pre-
trial procedures, but their use is a right and not an obligation of a person
who needs such protection; establishment by law or by contract of pre-
trial settlement of disputes at the will of subjects of legal relations is not a
limitation of the jurisdiction of courts and the right to judicial protection
(Law of Ukraine, 2003).
Taking into account the above, it can be stated that responsibility for
illegal behavior in a legal state should be borne equally by natural and legal
persons, as well as by the state, its bodies, local self-government bodies and
their ocials and in the manner prescribed by the law. In cases of illegal
decisions taken, illegal actions or inaction of state authorities, local self-
government bodies and their ocials, every person shall be granted the
right to protection.
1. Literature review
It should be noted that scientic doctrine often uses not “tools” of
protection, but “methods”, “means”, “forms”, etc. Thus, as noted by
O.V. Konstantyi, the judicial procedural form of protection of rights and
freedoms takes precedence and exclusivity over administrative appeals
against decisions, actions, inaction of power authorities (Konstantyi, 2012).
In this example, the scientist uses the term “form”. Y.V. Lazur also analyzes
forms of protection. In particular, the author notes that judicial control,
supervision and the right of citizens to appeal are the most eective forms of
98
Volodymyr Horbalinskiy, Olena Markova, Yuliia Volkova, Vlada Litoshko y Kateryna Hlukhoveria
Modalities of protection of the rights of individuals according to the administrative-procedural
order and in legal-administrative procedures
administrative and legal protection (Lazur, 2010). In other cases, it is about
methods or means of protection. Thus, application of a specic method for
protection of a violated or denied right is the result of activity concerning
rights protection.
Administrative and legal regulation of protecting rights and freedoms
of humans and citizens is a system of administrative and legal means
(elements), a set of ways and methods of legal inuence on social relations,
which are used to determine a complex of organizational and special
measures aimed at protecting and guaranteeing their rights and freedoms,
as well as at prevention of oenses in the analyzed sphere (Kostiushko,
2017). The explanatory dictionary denes the concept of “tools” as a means,
a way to achieve something.
We support the position determined by the scholars in the administrative
law textbook; they analyze precisely tools for protecting rights, freedoms and
interests of individuals in the sphere of public administration and provide
the following denition of them: these are administrative (quasi-judicial)
means of legal protection of individuals in administrative-legal relations
with subjects of public administration through an appeal to the appropriate
competent extrajudicial arbitrator regarding illegality of decisions, actions
or inaction of public administration subjects.
In addition, certain issues regarding methods to protect subjective
public rights of participants in administrative relations and regarding
correlation of these rights have been studied by present-day Ukrainian
researchers including Halaburda Nadiia, Leheza Yevhen, Chalavan Viktor,
Yemov Volodymyr, Yemova Inna (Halaburda et al., 2021). These works
constitute a scientic basis for further research of the specied instruments
and actually initiate a scientic discussion regarding prospects for their
legislative improvement.
2. Materials and methods
The study is based on the works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
regarding methodological approaches to understanding methods to protect
the subjective public rights of participants in administrative relations and
correlation of these rights, etc.
With the help of the epistemological method, methods of protecting
subjective public rights of the participants in administrative relations and
correlation of these rights, etc., were claried. Thanks to the logical-semantic
method, the conceptual apparatus was deepened, methods of protecting
subjective public rights of participants in administrative relations and
correlation of these rights, etc., were determined. Thanks to the existing
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 94-103
methods of law, we managed to analyze methods of protecting subjective
public rights of participants in administrative relations and correlation of
these rights, etc.
3. Results and discussion
Thus, when participants of administrative relations implement their
rights, public legal disputes may arise between a subject of power, on the
one hand, and a citizen, on the other hand. Instruments for protection
of the subjective public rights of participants in administrative relations
during resolution of a public-law dispute include the following:
1. administrative mediation;
2. administrative appeal;
3. bringing guilty public administration ocials to special disciplinary
responsibility;
4. compensation for damage caused by illegal actions (inaction) of
public administration entities;
means of self-defense - legal means of protest (Matviichuk et al., 2022).
The listed protection tools make it possible to quickly restore violated
rights of participants in administrative relations, to bring to justice public
administration ocials who are guilty of their violation. Common features
for all types of right protection are as follows: rstly, they have a common
goal - to restore the violated right and thereby prevent such oenses in the
future; secondly, they are carried out in an extrajudicial (administrative)
way (Villasmil Espinoza et al., 2022).
Separately, it is necessary to single out another tool for protection of
subjective public rights of participants in administrative relations - this tool
is judicial control (Nalyvaiko et al., 2018).
Despite the common features, the mentioned protection tools have a
number of dierences, because they are endowed with dierent legal nature.
Thus, administrative mediation is an institution of legal reconciliation;
administrative appeal is a type of administrative proceeding based on
complaints, statements and proposals of individuals; bringing guilty public
administration ocials to special disciplinary responsibility characterizes
the institution of legal responsibility; legal means of protest realize the right
of citizens to self-defense (for example, the freedom of meetings guaranteed
by the Constitution of Ukraine (Article 39) (meetings, rallies, picketing,
etc.) (Leheza et al., 2022).
100
Volodymyr Horbalinskiy, Olena Markova, Yuliia Volkova, Vlada Litoshko y Kateryna Hlukhoveria
Modalities of protection of the rights of individuals according to the administrative-procedural
order and in legal-administrative procedures
Administrative-legal protection includes coercive measures provided by
law which are applied by executive authorities and which are a measure
for carrying out restoration (recognition) of violated rights of subjects,
intellectual property rights, as well as for exerting property inuence on
violators (Tylchyk et al., 2022).
Kobrusieva considers administrative-legal protection as a set of legal
means applied in the administrative procedure and aimed at implementation
of appropriate procedural actions by authorized bodies (ocials), as well
as by individuals and citizens aimed at stopping illegal encroachment on
rights, freedoms and interests of citizens as well as at elimination of any
obstacles during their implementation, at recognition or conrmation,
renewal and enforcement of rights, unfullled or improperly fullled duties
with prosecution of the guilty person (Kobrusieva et al., 2021).
There is no consensus on the interpretation and application of the
term “administrative and legal protection” in the domestic legislation. It
is often that this concept is identied and compared with “preservation”.
The latter is a broader concept and represents a set of measures aimed at
ensuring the normal realization of rights, as well as at protecting rights in
the event of their violation or challenge through specic means of state
inuence, which exist mainly in legal form and can be manifested either
through establishment of legal norms, or through their primarily positive
application. The concepts of “preservation” and “protection” are related as
a whole and a part.
Referring to the dictionary of the Russian language Borysenko also notes
that these concepts coincide in many cases, but also, he draws attention
to the grounds for distinguishing them: “protection” is related to activities
carried out in case of violation of subjective rights (for example, judicial
protection). It provides for measures to restore a violated right (for example,
cancellation or suspension of illegal actions and the like). The concept of
“preservation” presupposes activities that ensure normal realization of
subjective rights, and the primary importance belongs to prevention of
possible violations (precautionary measures) (Borysenko et al., 2022).
Zhukova also contrasts these concepts, choosing the moment of violation
of rights as the criterion for their separation. Thus, according to the
scientist, preservation measures are in place before violation of rights, and
protection measures are in place after violation (Zhukova et al., 2023). At
the same time, he understands “preservation” a set of various interrelated
measures, which are carried out by both the state and public organizations
and are aimed at preventing violations, eliminating the reasons that prompt
them, and thus contribute to the normal process of citizens’ realization of
their rights and freedoms.
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In turn, protection is understood as a coercive (relative to the
obliged person) method of exercising a subjective right, which is applied
in accordance with the law-established procedure by the competent
authorities or an authorized person himself in order to restore the violated
right (Nalyvaiko et al., 2022).
Conclusions
Therefore, the performed analysis provides grounds for the conclusion
that the concepts of “preservation” and “protection” are on the same
plane and have a single measurement criterion - rights and freedoms of
individuals and citizens. However, there is no need to equate them. The
concept of “protection” is directly related to a specic oense. But measures
of protection are also applied in the event of contestation of rights.
In addition, the purpose of applying measures of protection consists
not only in renewal of rights, but also in recognition of rights, as well as in
termination of the oense. Thus, protection is a set of measures aimed at
restoring, recognizing rights and terminating violations of rights, including
measures applied by a competent authority independently or at the request
of an authorized person.
In turn, the concept of “preservation” does not cease to be eective at
the moment of violation of rights, but continues to operate at all stages of
realization of rights, including the stage of their protection.
Therefore, administrative and legal protection is a set of measures aimed
at ensuring and protecting rights, which are applied by competent bodies
of public administration upon the application or complaint of a person
whose rights are violated or denied, or on their own initiative. It is a reliable
guarantee of quick, eective and objective transformation of the general
concept of “protection of human rights” from rhetorical one to real one.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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