Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 77
Abril
Junio
2023
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
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Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
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OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
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Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
Carmen Pérez Baralt
Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
José Ce rra da
Ri car do Com bel las
An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 41, Nº 77 (2023), 749-759
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 19/12/22 Aceptado el 17/02/23
Presentation of legal norms of the
anti-corruption policy in order to form
the professional competence of higher
education students
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.49
Larysa Shchekhovska *
Yuriy Gavrylechko **
Vasyl Vakuliuk ***
Viktor Bardachov ****
Nataliia Husarina *****
Abstract
Using the scientic method, the main objective of the study was
to identify key legal norms and aspects of anti-corruption policy in
order to form the legal and professional competence of students
of higher education institutions. One of the most pressing issues
is corruption in public authorities and administration, which to a greater
or lesser extent aects almost the entire system of public administration. A
small number of criminal cases of bribery indicates a high level of latency
of these crimes. The spread of this negative phenomenon is facilitated
by the imperfection of legislation, in particular, economic legislation.
A large number of laws, departmental instructions, orders, etc., which
often contradict each other and thus create signicant diculties for the
ocials themselves and deprive them of any opportunity to understand the
legislation regulating the matter. It is concluded that, many laws contain
ambiguous language in the text, which allows ocials to interpret their
content in their favor.
Keywords: legal norms; anti-corruption policy; education; corruption;
anti-corruption laws.
* Open International University of Human Development "Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-166X
** Open International University of Human Development "Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0003-1930-7638
*** National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-0701-0263
**** Specialist of faculty No. 1, Kryvyi Rih - educational scientic institute of the Donetsk State University of
Internal Aairs, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-5483
***** Odessа Polytechnic National University, Odessa, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
3418-9422
750
Larysa Shchekhovska, Yuriy Gavrylechko, Vasyl Vakuliuk, Viktor Bardachov y Nataliia Husarina
Presentation of legal norms of the anti-corruption policy in order to form the professional
competence of higher education students
Presentación especial de normas jurídicas y aspectos
de la política anticorrupción del Estado para formar la
competencia profesional de estudiantes de instituciones
de educación superior
Resumen
Mediante el uso del método cientíco, el objetivo principal del estudio
fue identicar normas y aspectos legales clave de la política anticorrupción
para formar la competencia legal y profesional de los estudiantes de
instituciones de educación superior. Uno de los temas más apremiantes es el
de la corrupción en los poderes públicos y la administración, que en mayor
o menor medida afecta a casi todo el sistema de la administración pública.
Un pequeño número de casos penales de cohecho indica un alto nivel de
latencia de estos delitos. La propagación de este fenómeno negativo se ve
facilitada por la imperfección de la legislación, en particular, la legislación
económica. Una gran cantidad de leyes, instrucciones departamentales,
órdenes, etc., que a menudo se contradicen entre sí y crean, por lo tanto,
dicultades signicativas para los propios funcionarios y los privan de
cualquier oportunidad de comprender la legislación que regula la materia.
Se concluye que, muchas leyes contienen lenguaje ambiguo en el texto, lo
que permite a los funcionarios interpretar su contenido a su favor.
Palabras clave: normas legales; política anticorrupción; educación;
corrupción; leyes anticorrupción.
Introduction
Among the main processes of modern social development, most scientists
distinguish globalization. However, government ocials, politicians and
scientists need to be aware of the many obstacles that inevitably accompany
phenomena so important to society. And perhaps the most dangerous
threat to the development of society is corruption. Today there is not a
single country where corruption has been completely eradicated.
None of the socio-political and economic systems had, does not have and
cannot have complete immunity to corruption. Corruption can exist for a
long time even in developed democracies and open market economies. The
dierence lies not in the presence or absence of corruption as such, but in
its scale, the nature of corruption manifestations, the impact on economic,
social, political, legal and other processes (Kryshtanovych et al., 2022).
On the one hand, corruption characterizes the main social relations
carried out in the state and society, and on the other hand, it aects the
751
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 749-759
economy, politics, law, ideology, social psychology, etc. Corruption
manifests the ineciency of power, the imperfection of more important
state and public institutions (Hutchinson et al., 2018).
Thus, taking into account the analysis of the situation, we will determine
the main problems that give rise to a high level of corruption in the world
(Sylkin et al., 2021):
1. Consistency, functionality of corruption and tolerance for it in society.
The spread of corrupt methods of solving political, economic and
social issues and legal disputes allows us to conclude that corruption
is systematic and functional in all spheres of state and public life,
even about the formation of such a phenomenon as a “corruption
culture”.
2. Legal nihilism and ineectiveness of the principles of the rule of
law. Corruption at the level of the formation of public authorities,
the development and implementation of managerial decisions ceases
to be a type of deviant behavior, acquiring the character of a social
norm and turning into a kind of instrument of public administration.
This undermines the legitimacy of government institutions, provokes
the further spread of corruption at lower levels of government, and
contributes to the establishment of legal nihilism and disbelief in the
eectiveness of the principle of the rule of law in society.
3. Lack of signicant results of anti-corruption policy. The rate of
spread of corruption in the country indicates that the eorts of the
state in this area do not provide tangible results, and individual
targeted measures do not give grounds for deducing the adequacy
of the ght against this social threat. The eectiveness of anti-
corruption decisions made at the highest state level is reduced due to
their deliberate blocking or ignoring.
4. Passivity of civil society institutions. The absence of powerful anti-
corruption public organizations at the national level, which would
eectively deal with the problems of preventing and combating
corruption and would be inuential partners of state authorities,
reduces the eectiveness of the anti-corruption ght. This situation
is exacerbated by the factor of “corrupt loyalty” of civil society
institutions. A signicant part of the population considers corrupt
behavior quite justied. Citizens who have experienced corruption
usually do not try to defend their own rights in a legal way because
they are sure that such attempts will be in vain.
Despite the increased attention of the authorities to issues related to
the prevention and counteraction to acts of corruption, their possible
manifestations and conicts of interest that may arise in the professional
activities of a civil servant. The theoretical and legislative aspect of the
752
Larysa Shchekhovska, Yuriy Gavrylechko, Vasyl Vakuliuk, Viktor Bardachov y Nataliia Husarina
Presentation of legal norms of the anti-corruption policy in order to form the professional
competence of higher education students
coverage of this problem is so perfect and polished that there are doubts
about the presence of corruption oenses. However, the practical plane of
the issue indicates the opposite - there are facts of corruption, although they
contain many features, depending on personal connections, work contacts,
scope, level of social signicance, etc.
1. Materials and methods
For a more detailed study of the legal norms and aspects of the anti-
corruption policy of the state, the following methods were used: induction
and deduction, comparison and systematization; synthesis and analysis;
abstract-logical - for theoretical generalizations and conclusions of the
study.
To more accurately reect the main norms and aspects of the anti-
corruption policy of the state, we used the IDEF0 functional modeling
method.
2. Literature review
Based on the results of the theoretical analysis, corruption as a basic
concept of scientic knowledge belongs to the theoretical constructions of
the highest level. Its theoretical (abstract) essence explains the inevitability
of deploying its content in a system of subordinate concepts. To date, the
conceptual apparatus on the problems of corruption has already been
suciently developed and adapted to modern conditions (Gaitonde et
al., 2016). This was facilitated by the fact that the scale of the spread of
corruption in the modern world makes it possible to classify it as one of the
most dangerous phenomena for public administration and public life.
Studies of the problem of corruption in public authorities have now
been updated and cover various areas - institutional and legal (suciency
of legislative and regulatory means and methods of combating corruption),
organizational and managerial (functionality in the distribution of power
and control over their use by ocials), an axiologist of the orientation
of public employees), ethical and cultural (the moral state of the socio-
professional environment of the public service), etc (Fisman and Gatti,
2002).
Based on the analysis of the literature, it is possible to identify a certain
matrix model of counteracting dynamic and gravitating towards a certain
universality of corruption, regardless of the type of legal family, the form of
the state, the existing (previous) model of anti-corruption policy in the state
for a certain time (Ivashova et al., 2022). At the same time, the fundamental
753
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 749-759
basis of such a model is the institutional approach, according to which the
determination of the expediency of creating a specialized body (structure)
to combat corruption dominates. In general, the presence of specialized
anti-corruption bodies is not in itself a guarantee of reducing corruption.
In general, the theoretical and methodological problem of the formation
of a national anti-corruption policy in modern conditions is characterized
by a combination of institutional, organizational, legal and administrative
aspects of public administration. In the modern science of public
administration there is no single approach to the formation of the concept
of national anti-corruption policy (Navickas et al., 2016).
After all, the need to form a conceptual framework for public
administration (in this case, in the eld of anti-corruption policy) is
characteristic only of complex, dynamic systems, the internal characteristic
of which is the presence of legal acts that characterize the content of anti-
corruption policy, determine the subjects of corruption prevention and
establish standards for management activities.
3. Research Results and Discussions
The current state of society, its socio-economic and political system,
the presence of various forms of ownership, many social movements and
political parties necessitate a revision of the basic legal concepts related
to the sphere of service relations, which are understood as purely state, or
are interpreted in a broad sense. It is clear that representatives of various
related branches of scientic knowledge and social technologies can
interpret its concepts in dierent ways.
Sociologists, for example, might argue that corruption is the
abandonment of expected standards of behavior by government ocials
for illicit personal gain. According to the denitions oered by a certain
part of specialists in the eld of public administration, corruption is an
unsanctioned, as a rule, condemned act with the aim of obtaining some
signicant personal gain (Sommersguter-Reichmann et al., 2018).
Textbooks on criminal law have the following denition: in a broad
sense, corruption is a social phenomenon that has struck the public
administration apparatus, expressed in the decomposition of power, the
deliberate use by state and municipal employees, other persons authorized
to perform public functions, of their ocial position, status and authority
of the position held for mercenary purposes for personal enrichment or in
group interests (Kryshtanovych et al., 2022).
In almost any case, we are talking about the interaction of the legal
apparatus and society in the person of its citizens, groups or organizations.
754
Larysa Shchekhovska, Yuriy Gavrylechko, Vasyl Vakuliuk, Viktor Bardachov y Nataliia Husarina
Presentation of legal norms of the anti-corruption policy in order to form the professional
competence of higher education students
It is also important that today many researchers realize that corruption is
not only a subject of criminal law or criminological analysis, but a full-scale
object of social phenomenology, a signicant social phenomenon (Huss et
al., 2010).
Among the most common motivations for corruption are (Wierzynska
et al., 2020):
• feeling of instability and social insecurity;
• wages that do not correspond to the qualications and nature of the
service;
• career injustices;
• incompetence of the management and a negative example of the top
bosses.
Systemic corruption leads to many negative consequences. Ultimately,
all of them have serious political consequences - democracy becomes
ineective, trust in government decreases, the country’s prestige in the
international arena falls, and real political competition is distorted. To
eliminate the causes and conditions conducive to the spread of corruption
in public authorities and administration, it is necessary to take the following
measures (Sylkin et al., 2021):
• review laws and by-laws. Reduce their number to the necessary
minimum, eliminate the existing contradictions, ambiguous
wording, and provide for specic liability for non-compliance in the
law itself.
• to create the necessary conditions for the population to get
acquainted with the most important regulations. Oblige ministries
and departments to publish by-laws in the media that aect the
interests of the general population.
• to ensure observance of the principle of collegiality in all cases
of making decisions vital for the population, to provide for the
possibility of appealing these decisions to higher authorities and the
court.
• to revise upwards the remuneration of employees of the apparatus
of representative and executive power.
• the selection of candidates for public authorities and administration
is carried out on a competitive basis with a thorough study of not
only professional, but also personal qualities of the applicant.
• limit the immunity from justice of representatives of the legislative
and executive authorities.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 749-759
• to strengthen the work of law enforcement agencies in the ght
against corruption, having previously created the necessary
conditions for this, in particular, by providing in the new legislation
the possibility of using the necessary additional means and the most
dicult to detect methods of proving this category of crimes.
The guiding principle of all anti-corruption policy should be the constant
increase in risks, cost of losses and levels of instability for government
ocials, business representatives and citizens involved in corruption
(Kordík and Kurilovská, 2017). Otherwise, corruption will be perceived in
society as a low-risk and highly protable activity, in the sense that it is
corruption relations that make it possible to solve problems reliably and
quickly. Countering corruption by prohibiting relevant actions or large
nes for their commission, including changing legal norms, is and will
be ineective due to the possibility of circumventing prohibitions, non-
compliance with these legal norms or their use for personal or corporate
interests, that is, for corrupt purposes (Mouselli et al., 2016).
This guiding principle can be implemented in three main blocks of anti-
corruption activities that could help reduce corruption in general and in
some areas.
To do this, using the methodology of functional modeling, we have
formed a contextual model for improving the legal aspects of anti-corruption
activities at the country level. In Fig.1. the basic model for achieving the
A0 goal is depicted - eective legal support for anti-corruption activities at
the country level. This model demonstrates all the processes and resources
necessary to achieve the ultimate goal A0.
Effective legal support for anti-corruption
activities at the country level
C1
M1
І1
Legal framework for
anti-corruption
activities
International legal
documents of the
process of anti-
corruption activities
Formation of the optimal system of
legal support for anti-corruption
activities at the country level
Organizational and
technical means
Financial, material,
intellectual resources A0
C2
M2
Technical staff
O1
O2
Information on the process of legal
support for anti-corruption
activities at the country level
Fig.1. Basic model for achieving the A0 goal is depicted - eective legal support
for anti-corruption activities at the country level. Source: prepared by the
authors.
756
Larysa Shchekhovska, Yuriy Gavrylechko, Vasyl Vakuliuk, Viktor Bardachov y Nataliia Husarina
Presentation of legal norms of the anti-corruption policy in order to form the professional
competence of higher education students
Having formed the basic model for achieving the A0 goal, the next step
will be the formation of a contextual model for improving the legal aspects
of anti-corruption activities at the country level (Fig. 2).
Information about
the progress of the
stage A2
Information about the
progress of the stage
A3
Changing the consciousness of
officials, businessmen and
citizens, the formation of
negative attitudes and negative
assessments of corruption
Termination of corrupt
practices and punishment
for them using law
enforcement, administrative
and public procedures
Formation of conditions
preventing corrupt practices
and facilitating the
implementation of the
activities into corrupt relations
A1
A2
A3
M2
M1
Control over the progress of the
stage
A2
Control over the progress of
the stage
A3
Control over the
progress of the
stage
A1
C1 C2
Information about the
progress of the stage A1
O2
O1
І1
Fig.2. Contextual model for improving the legal aspects of anti-corruption
activities at the country level. Source: prepared by the authors.
In addition, when determining the anti-corruption policy strategy,
it is advisable to take into account the following fundamental principles
(Kryshtanovych et al., 2022): 1) the direction of the anti-corruption policy
and the coordination of the activities of the authorities for its implementation;
2) systematic analysis of corruption risks; 3) conducting anti-corruption
expertise of projects and existing regulatory legal acts; 4) a combination
of eorts and ensuring eective interaction at the central and regional
levels between executive authorities, their territorial divisions, other state
authorities, local governments, enterprises, institutions and organizations,
associations of citizens to implement the state anti-corruption policy.
Conclusions
Thus, the problems in the area under study require an integrated
approach to their solution - a combination of theory and practice, because
the level of corruption can be considered as a powerful de catalyst of reforms
in any area.
757
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 749-759
The main goal of the anti-corruption policy should be the dismantling of
the still quite powerful corruption system that has developed in the country
through the implementation of eective legal norms and mechanisms.
Next, there should be a change in the general priorities of state policy:
the general interests of the majority of citizens should not be put in the
rst place. Anti-corruption activity of the state can be eective only if it is
systematic. That is why we talk about anti-corruption policy as a system of
interrelated priorities and anti-corruption measures that include political,
organizational, economic, ideological and legal components.
Success in the implementation of anti-corruption policy and the
formation of appropriate regulatory and legal norms should be the opening
of opportunities for the growth of the national economy, improving the
quality of life of the population and ensuring the fairness of public policy.
It is these problems that should be the subject of further scientic research.
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competence of higher education students
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