Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.41 N° 77
Abril
Junio
2023
Recibido el 24/12/23 Aceptado el 28/03/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
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ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
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Vol. 41, Nº 77 (2023), 523-533
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Legal Regulation of Employment
of the Population of Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.35
Galyna Zakharchyn *
Andriі Antonov **
Oleksandra Voityk ***
Lyubov Plotka ****
Nataliia Mirko *****
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to identify the key legal
norms and aspects of employment of the Ukrainian population
The method that has been applied is the functional modeling
methodology. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to
propose a model of the legal support system to stimulate the
demand for labor. In the conditions of the market economy, the
employment factor of the population is a determining factor in
shaping the socio-economic situation of any country as a whole and, of each
individual in particular. Therefore, one of the most important functions
of the public administration is the study and proper application of the
legal regulation of labor activities. It is concluded that the labor market,
as an important and multifaceted area of the economic and socio-political
question of society, requires qualied regulation to increase the eciency
of its functioning. Thus, the creation of an eective system of regulation of
the sphere of employment is needed as one of the main social measures for
the development of society in the XXI century.
Keywords: labor standards; labor market; state policy; social laws; legal
regulation.
* Lviv Polytechnic National University, 59059, Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-
4081-7926
** State university "Zhytomir Politehnic", 39000, Zhytomyr, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0003-0495-7056
*** Lviv Polytechnic National University, 59059, Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
2070-4932
**** Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, 79000, Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-9005-9799
***** State University of Trade and Economics, 49000, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-4884-5195
524
Galyna Zakharchyn, Andriі Antonov, Oleksandra Voityk, Lyubov Plotka y Nataliia Mirko
Legal Regulation of Employment of the Population of Ukraine
Regulación jurídica del empleo
de la población de Ucrania
Resumen
El objetivo principal del estudio fue identicar las normas y aspectos
legales clave del empleo de la población de Ucrania El método que se ha
aplicado es la metodología de modelado funcional. En este sentido, el
propósito del estudio fue proponer un modelo del sistema de apoyo legal
para estimular la demanda de trabajo. En las condiciones de la economía de
mercado, el factor empleo de la población es determinante en la conformación
de la situación socioeconómica de cualquier país su conjunto y, de cada
persona en particular. Por tanto, una de las funciones más importantes
de la administración pública es el estudio y adecuada aplicación de la
regulación jurídica de las actividades laborales. Se concluye que el mercado
de trabajo, como área importante y multifacética de la cuestión económica
y sociopolítica de la sociedad, requiere de una regulación cualicada para
aumentar la eciencia de su funcionamiento. De modo que se necesita la
creación de un sistema ecaz de regulación de la esfera del empleo como
una de las principales medidas sociales para el desarrollo de la sociedad en
el siglo XXI.
Palabras clave: normas laborales; mercado de trabajo; política estatal;
leyes sociales; regulación jurídica.
Introduction
In any society, there is a relationship between the number of able-
bodied population and the nature and degree of its participation in social
production. The totality of public relations associated with the provision
of work can be considered as employment. This category reveals one of
the most important aspects of the social development of a person to meet
his needs for work (Brammer and Walker, 2011). As a socio-economic
category of employment, it characterizes the activities of citizens related to
the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the
current legislation.
The right of citizens to employment and employment assistance is a
guarantee of the right to work. This comprehensive right consists of the rights
to: employment; free professional training and retraining; professional
activity abroad; appeal against unlawful actions of the employment service,
including in court.
In general, the institution of employment of the population is complex,
since it covers not only the norms of labor, but also administrative law, as
525
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 523-533
well as social security rights. For example, the procedure for the activities of
state bodies engaged in employment is regulated by administrative and legal
norms, and the provision of social protection in the event of unemployment
is regulated by social security. Everyone has the right to a freely chosen
employment (Bidwell et al., 2013).
Realization of the right to choose a place, type of activity and type of
occupation is carried out by independently providing a person with his
employment or applying for employment to an employer or with the
assistance of a central executive body that implements state policy in the
eld of employment and labor migration or a business entity that provides
services for employment mediation. Forced labor in any form is prohibited
(Bray and Waring. 2005; Brewster and Bennett, 2010).
Voluntary unemployment of a person cannot be a basis for holding him
liable. The nature of unemployment can vary. Unemployed persons can be
conditionally divided into “actively unemployed” (unemployed, registered
with the state employment service, actively looking for a suitable job and
ready to start it) and “passively unemployed” (citizens not engaged in
socially useful activities - as such, who do not want to work for any reason
(non-working pensioners and persons with disabilities) (Cotton, 2015).
Thus, the theoretical foundations of the legal regulation of employment in
the system of state economic policy are based on the study of two interrelated
areas - social and economic. Obviously, the most important criterion for
the social orientation of the economy is the attitude towards employment,
which should be considered as an integral part of a comprehensive social
policy.
This should take into account the following social aspects of employment;
indivisible connection of employment with the most important constitutional
human right - the right to work; the determining role of employment in
shaping the standard of living and decent living conditions; the formation
of a new motivation for highly ecient work as the basis for the growth
of the welfare of everyone and society as a whole; it is labor activity that
transforms a person, reveals and multiplies his professional capabilities,
stimulates the development of personality.
1. Materials and methods
For a more detailed study of the legal norms and aspects of employment
of the population of the country, the following methods were used:
induction and deduction, comparison and systematization; synthesis and
analysis; abstract-logical - for theoretical generalizations and conclusions
of the study.
526
Galyna Zakharchyn, Andriі Antonov, Oleksandra Voityk, Lyubov Plotka y Nataliia Mirko
Legal Regulation of Employment of the Population of Ukraine
To more accurately reect the legal norms and aspects of employment
of the population of the country, we used the IDEF0 functional modeling
method.
2. Literature review
Based on the results of the theoretical analysis (Chung et al., 2014;
Kryshtanovych et al., 2022), the strategic goal of the system of legal
regulation of employment of the population is to achieve full, productive,
freely chosen employment, which will allow each citizen to provide himself
and his family with comfortable living conditions with his work, will
contribute to the growth of the eciency of social production, and create
appropriate conditions for the development of the personality of the worker.
According to scientic research (Sylkin et al., 2022), the main areas of
legal support in the eld of employment include:
1) creating conditions for the development of the economy and
promoting the creation of new jobs;
2) meeting the demand of priority sectors of the economy in highly
skilled workers;
3) strengthening the motivation for legal and productive work;
4) activation of entrepreneurial initiative and self-employment of the
population;
5) improvement of the vocational training system, taking into account
the interests of the individual, the needs of the economy and the
labor market;
6) assistance to enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless
of the form of ownership, type of activity and management in the
professional development of employees;
7) balancing supply and demand in terms of the volume and skill level
of the labor force in the labor market by systematically forecasting
the needs of the economy;
8) promotion of employment of citizens.
Increased scientic and practical interest is observed in changes in
the legal order regarding the transformation of the labor market in the
conditions of market relations, since they directly aect all categories of the
country’s population (Cortés-Sánchez, 2018; Pencea and Curteanu, 2020).
Under these conditions, a new model of labor relations is being formed,
which has a dierent eect on dierent categories of workers, on their
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 523-533
relationships with dierent social groups. That is why the organizational
and economic mechanism for managing the employment of the population
in the current conditions of transition to the market is an urgent scientic
problem.
3. Research Results and Discussions
It should be noted that the mechanism of legal regulation of employment
of the population, in addition to the general characteristics of its constituent
elements, must be dynamic and eective in terms of the implementation of
norms related to employment of the population (Dencker and Fang, 2016).
The legal framework for employment and employment is currently an
integral system of normative legal acts, which includes: on the one hand,
normative legal acts that directly regulate employment and employment
issues, on the other hand, acts regulating other social relations, but
containing separate norms aecting employment relationship.
Methods and measures to regulate employment are divided into active
and passive, ideas about which are formed by the practice of using methods
of state regulation of the labor market. The list can be dierentiated as
follows (Broschak and Davis-Blake, 2006):
• according to the objects of inuence. The objects can be the
population and its separate groups, workers and separate groups,
as well as entrepreneurs and their separate groups. The objects of
labor market regulation can also be labor relations, including wages,
working hours, working conditions, etc., social relations;
• directions of inuence. These include measures to increase
(decrease) the supply of labor in the labor market; measures to
increase (decrease) demand in the labor market; measures to
inuence the structure of demand and supply of labor; measures to
increase the matching of supply and demand;
• according to the form of inuence, methods are divided into direct
and indirect;
• according to the nature of the impact, regulation methods can be
divided into encouraging, restrictive, protective and prohibitive;
• according to the content, the methods are dierentiated into
economic, administrative and administrative-economic.
Economic methods include, for example, supporting economically
viable jobs, organizing public works, specialized investment to create new
jobs, supporting small businesses, etc.
528
Galyna Zakharchyn, Andriі Antonov, Oleksandra Voityk, Lyubov Plotka y Nataliia Mirko
Legal Regulation of Employment of the Population of Ukraine
Administrative methods include reducing the retirement age and the
length of the working period, limiting the number of jobs and the possibility
of combining jobs for one person (Cullinane et al. 2014; Crouch, 2015).
• according to the level of inuence, the methods of labor market
regulation are divided into national, regional, sectoral, intra-
company;
• by sources of nancing the state budget, extra-budgetary funds,
funds of commercial organizations.
It should be noted that the regulation of employment reaches its highest
eect in those countries in which, rstly, the employment policy is built into
the general economic mechanism for the functioning of the public economy;
secondly, the measures of the state employment policy are focused not only
on the territorial level of implementation, but also take into account the
industry level, that is, they are carried out not only by the state employment
service, but also provide for the activity of industry organizations and
events; thirdly, the main lever of the employment policy is laid down in
the general economic mechanism - the stimulation of demand, including
demand for labor; fourthly, the sphere of employment policy includes the
most signicant aspects of wage regulation, strengthening labor motivation,
etc. In other words, a government active employment policy should not be
limited to employment promotion activities (Sylkin et al., 2021).
In our opinion, the most important lever of employment policy is the
regulation of labor demand, which, as you know, can be individual and
aggregate. Individual demand (the demand of an individual employer)
depends on the several factors (Table 2.)
Table 1. Factors aecting the implementation of legal regulation of individual
employment in the country.
Factor Meaning
1 demand for the company’s products, because the employer needs
the labor force, rst of all, as a production resource for creating new
goods and services. The demand for labor, in other words, is derived
from the demand for the rm’s product
2 the state of production (the size and eciency of capital, the features
of technology, the perfection of methods for organizing production
and labor)
3 the qualities of the individual labor force (education,
professionalism, productivity, ingenuity, versatility, universal human
qualities: diligence, discipline, attentiveness, thoroughness, etc.).
Source: own elaboration.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 523-533
The implementation of the rights of citizens in the eld of legal regulation
of employment is carried out taking into account the following principles
(Rodriguez et al., 2017):
1. the priority of ensuring full, productive and freely chosen employment
in the process of implementing an active socio-economic policy of
the state;
2. the responsibility of the state for the formation and implementation
of policies in the eld of employment;
3. ensuring equal opportunities for the population in the
implementation of the constitutional right to work;
4. promoting the eective use of labor potential and ensuring social
protection of the population from unemployment.
In our opinion, a number of legal measures can contribute to stimulating
the demand for labor (Fig.1.)
Fig.1. Model for improving the legal support stimulating the demand for labor
Information about
the progress of the
stage A
2
Information about the
progress of the stage
A3
Elimination of legal restrictions
on the growth of employment
Reimbursement to the
enterprise of expenses
caused by the search
,
training and hiring of
employees
Direct payments to
enterprises for each
employee
A1
A2
A3
M2M1
Control over the progress of the
stage
A2
Control over the progress of
the stage
A
3
Control over the
progress of the
stage
A
1
C
1
C
2
Information about the
progress of the stage A
1
O
2
O
1
І
1
Source: own elaboration.
The creation of legal conditions for the formation of a exible labor
market is an objective prerequisite for the development of the economy in
530
Galyna Zakharchyn, Andriі Antonov, Oleksandra Voityk, Lyubov Plotka y Nataliia Mirko
Legal Regulation of Employment of the Population of Ukraine
recent decades. The need for such an event is due to increased production
exibility, which results in diversication of production, an increase in
small production units, an increase in the number of consumer-oriented
mobile small enterprises, and the development of contract forms. Within
the framework of this system, various exible forms of wages, employment
and organization of working hours are widely used.
Flexibility in the use of labor force, its mobility between enterprises,
within enterprises, professions, as well as the involvement of workers in the
economic aairs of the company are also important. At the same time, the
solution of social problems is becoming more complicated: the instability of
the state of temporary workers and those working in conditions of exible
working hours is increasing, the number of workers eligible for benets and
social security payments is decreasing.
Thus, the legal regulation of employment is an integral part of managing
the development of society, ensuring sustainable economic growth of the
country, since the state economy is an integral system and functions as a
single organism.
In this regard, the priority areas of legal regulation of employment of
the population should be the legal support of the following state measures:
• employment of the unemployed population and assistance in career
guidance, training and retraining of personnel;
• promoting the creation and development of a exible labor market
and non-standard forms of employment;
• legal support of labor relations;
• social protection of the population with the status of the unemployed
(material assistance, payment of unemployment benets,
unemployment insurance, etc.);
• conducting economic policy in the interests of employment;
• increasing investment activity in all aspects of the economy;
• curbing the outow of capital behind the cord, which entails the
withdrawal of investment resources from domestic production and
the reduction of jobs and stimulation of their inuence.
The labor market as a set of social relations, social, legal norms and
institutions is designed to ensure the reproduction, exchange, distribution
and ecient use of labor. Modern society puts everyone in the framework
of the need to provide for themselves, their families, children. In this
context, modern society and the labor market dictate new conditions for the
formation and implementation of legal support for employment processes.
In this regard, the implementation of the above methods and models is a
critical process for both workers and the entire state.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 523-533
Conclusions
The global economic crisis could not but aect the socio-economic
development of both the country as a whole and individual region in
particular. In the region’s economy, there is a decline in production volumes
in almost all sectors. This, in turn, aected the reduction in demand for
labor force, the level of employment in such sectors as industry, agriculture,
and construction, which traditionally determined the structure of the labor
market in the region, decreased. The transformation of the labor market in
the context of globalization occurs under the inuence of a large number of
factors and is characterized by a number of features.
The change in demand for labor is determined by structural changes in
national economies. The solution of employment problems at the regional
level will help an eective state employment policy, which should be based
on the principles of priority, ensuring full, productive and freely chosen
employment in the process of implementing socio-economic policy. The
state should be interested in the ecient use of human capital and ensuring
social protection of the population from unemployment.
Thus, the legal regulation of employment of the population depends on
the pace and nature of market transformations. It provides for a system
of adaptation of dierent categories of the unemployed population to the
requirements of the labor market, as well as a system of social protection
for unemployment and persons with limited competitiveness.
The main task of the legal regulation of the processes of employment
of the population at present should be the reorientation of the course of
solving social problems to the expansion of the labor market, and this
requires a clear organization of assistance in providing or nding work to
everyone who wants to work. And only a comprehensive solution of these
problems can lead to their successful solution.
The entire content of the activities of state administration bodies in
implementing the policy of legal regulation of employment of the population
should reect the full range of active and passive measures of the state in
the labor market and apply the most eective methods and methods of
public administration, taking into account the characteristics of a particular
region.
Also, an important factor in reducing social tension between the
authorities and the most vulnerable segments of the population at the
present time should be the support of small and medium-sized businesses.
Government bodies must guarantee to all entrepreneurs, regardless of the
organizational forms of entrepreneurial activity chosen by them, equal
rights and create equal opportunities for access to material, technical,
nancial, labor, information, natural and other resources.
532
Galyna Zakharchyn, Andriі Antonov, Oleksandra Voityk, Lyubov Plotka y Nataliia Mirko
Legal Regulation of Employment of the Population of Ukraine
As a result of the study, current legal norms and aspects of employment
of the population of the country were investigated.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.41 Nº 77
