Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
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197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 77
Abril
Junio
2023
Recibido el 12/01/23 Aceptado el 25/03/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Vol. 41, Nº 77 (2023), 489-498
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Legal principles of polygraph use
in the eld of corruption prevention:
international experience
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.32
Albul Serhii *
Vladyslav
Shendryk **
Oleksandr Horbachov ***
Serhii Penkov ****
Maryna Voloshyna *****
Abstract
The objective of the research was to consider the international
experience of legal regulation of the use of polygraph in the eld
of corruption prevention. In this regard, the experience of the
use of polygraph and polygraph studies in the activities of law
enforcement agencies in various countries as one of the methods
of preventing corruption was analyzed. The methodological basis of the
research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-
legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as
methods of analysis and synthesis. It was concluded that the main areas of
application of the polygraph are both the investigation of crimes (including
criminal ones) and the ght against organized crime and also as one of the
valid methods to prevent corruption, as well as to verify the reliability and
integrity of applicants for positions in the police, prosecutors’ oces, courts
and other law enforcement agencies and, as far as possible, to ensure the
seriousness and integrity of public servants who wish to occupy higher
positions in their career path.
* Ph.D., Professor of the department of Operatively-Search Activities of the Faculty of training specialists
for criminal police units, Odessa State University of Internal Aairs. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-9225.
** Doctor of Jurisprudence, Professor Honored Lawyer of Ukraine. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-8967-7223
*** Ph.D., Professor of the department of Operatively-Search Activities and crime detection of the faculty
№ 2, Kharkiv National University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-8113-3854
**** Doctor of Juridical Science, Associate Professor of the Department of Law, Higher Private Educational
Institution «Dnipro Humanitarian University», Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-4044-5824
***** Candidate of Juridical Science, Researcher at the Scientic-and-Educational Laboratory for the
Research in Combatting Organized Crime and Corruption of the Educational and Research Institute
of Law and training of specialists for the units of the of the National Police, Dnipropetrovsk State
University of Internal Aairs, Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-6885
490
Albul Serhii, Vladyslav Shendryk, Oleksandr Horbachov, Serhii Penkov y Maryna Voloshyna
Legal principles of polygraph use in the field of corruption prevention: international experience
Keywords: corruption prevention; international experience in polygraph;
polygraph examination; investigation of corruption oenses;
verication.
Principios legales del uso del polígrafo en el ámbito de
la prevención de la corrupción: experiencia internacional
Resumen
El objetivo de la investigación fue considerar la experiencia internacional
de regulación legal del uso del polígrafo en el ámbito de la prevención de
la corrupción. En este sentido, se analizó la experiencia del uso de estudios
de polígrafo y poligrafía en las actividades de los organismos encargados
de hacer cumplir la ley, en variados países como uno de los métodos
para prevenir la corrupción. La base metodológica de la investigación se
presenta como análisis comparativo-legal y sistemático, método formal-
legal, método de interpretación, método hermenéutico, así como métodos
de análisis y síntesis. Se llegó a la conclusión de que las principales áreas de
aplicación del polígrafo son tanto la investigación de delitos (incluidos los
criminales) como la lucha contra el crimen organizado y además como uno
de los métodos válidos para prevenir la corrupción, así como para vericar
la conabilidad e integridad de los solicitantes de puestos en la policía,
scalías, juzgados y demás organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley
y, para garantizar en lo posible, la seriedad e integridad de los servidores
públicos que deseen ocupar cargos superiores en su trayecto profesional.
Palabras clave: prevención de la corrupción; experiencia internacional
en poligrafía; examen poligráco; investigación de
delitos de corrupción; vericación.
Introduction
Today, when the process of law-making activity in Ukraine is gaining
rapid development, there are positive trends in bringing the legal system of
Ukraine in line with international standards. Application of instrumental
detection based on polygraph in various spheres of social relations is now a
common phenomenon (Buha et al., 2022).
Since law enforcement agencies are representatives of state power, their
goal is to ensure well-being of each individual by combating crimes that
encroach on the rights and freedoms of citizens (Bezpalova et al., 2021).
491
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 489-498
The purpose of the article is to study experience of foreign countries in
implementation of psychophysiological studies with the use of polygraph
and to determine the place, role and possibilities of its use for obtaining
evidentiary and guiding information in the activities of law enforcement
agencies of Ukraine.
1. Literature review
The issue of the use of polygraph in law enforcement activities is not new
in domestic science. Halaburda Nadiia, Leheza Yevhen, Chalavan Viktor,
Yemov Volodymyr, Yemova Inna and others devoted their works to
research of it (Halaburda et al., 2021).
Obtaining information relevant to investigation of criminal oenses is
the goal of law enforcement activities of any law-governed state. Search
for new means and ways of obtaining and using evidential and orienting
information is one of the urgent tasks of our state and is directly related to
the use of modern achievements of the natural sciences and humanities.
Nataliia Volodymyrivna Ivanchuk notes: “... in foreign practice, one of
the main areas of application of polygraph is the activity of law enforcement
agencies in investigation of crimes” (Ivanchuk, 2015: 133). Polygraph as a
means of obtaining and assessing reliability of such information received
from an interviewed person by recording person’s physiological reactions
to questions has become an integral attribute of law enforcement agencies
in many countries. Dozens of European countries and the USA use the
polygraph both for crime prevention and for investigations and crime
detection (Kobrusieva et al., 2021).
However, due to the fact that the use of polygraph in law enforcement
activities of Ukraine is not new, but the scope and possibilities of its use are
continuously expanding, the study of the experience of foreign countries
remains relevant and requires research.
2. Materials and methods
The study is based on works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
devoted to methodological approaches to disclosure of foreign experience in
the legal regulation of using polygraph in the sphere of corruption
prevention, etc.
With the help of the epistemological method, disclosure of the foreign
experience in legal regulation of the use of polygraph in the sphere of
corruption prevention, etc. was claried; thanks to the logical-semantic
492
Albul Serhii, Vladyslav Shendryk, Oleksandr Horbachov, Serhii Penkov y Maryna Voloshyna
Legal principles of polygraph use in the field of corruption prevention: international experience
method, the conceptual apparatus was deepened, the foreign experience
of the legal regulation of the use of polygraph in the sphere of corruption
prevention, etc. was determined. Thanks to the existing methods of law, we
managed to analyze disclosure of foreign experience in legal regulation of
the use of polygraph in the sphere of corruption prevention, etc.
3. Results and discussion
Today, polygraph is used in more than 75 countries of the world, and the
USA is the recognized leader among these countries. Investigations, tests
and examinations with application of polygraph are used in the activities
of law enforcement agencies in Belgium, Belarus, Bulgaria, Israel, India,
Kazakhstan, Canada, China, the Baltic countries of Latvia, Lithuania
and Estonia, South Korea, Poland, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Finland, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Montenegro, Japan, Turkey, etc. At
the same time, the use of the polygraph is prohibited in such countries as
Australia, Austria and Germany.
Eectiveness of the use of the polygraph in activities of law enforcement
agencies has been convincingly proven by the practice of activity in many
countries of the world. These technologies have proven their feasibility
and have been successfully used for a long time in the USA, Israel, Turkey,
Poland, the Baltic States and other states, in particular during selection
of a certain group of civil servants, internal investigations, pre-trial
investigations as well as for disclosure and investigation of high-prole
crimes (Cherniei, 2015).
Relying on the experience of law enforcement agencies of foreign
countries domestic scientists single out three main approaches to
determining the legal status of the results of applying polygraph for detection
and investigation of criminal oenses. First of all, it is the categorical
non-recognition of the results of applying polygraph for detection and
investigation of criminal oenses as evidence in court (Estonia, the State
of Israel, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Singapore
and Slovakia).
Secondly, it is the indirect recognition of the results of applying polygraph
for detection and investigation of criminal oenses as evidence in court
(India, Canada, Lithuania, Poland and Hungary). Thirdly, it is recognition
of the results of applying polygraph for detection and investigation of
criminal oenses as evidence in court (Latvia, Russia, Romania, the USA
and Japan) (Povstianyi, 2014).
As noted by Y. І. Kholodnyi, in India, despite the restrictions set by the
Evidence Code regarding the acceptance of polygraph results by the court,
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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the courts do not deny the possibility of conducting a polygraph examination
by a polygraph examiner who is not a police ocer, and sometimes they
accept the results of such polygraph examinations for consideration.
In the beginning of the 21
st
century. in the forensic laboratories of
the Japanese prefecture police departments, tests were carried out with
the help of about 70 polygraph examiners, while about two-thirds of
the said laboratories were provided with specially equipped rooms for
polygraph testing. Police units in Japan have a long-standing practice of
using polygraph. Inspections by law enforcement ocers with the use
of this scientic and technical device began in this country in the early
1950s. (Ivanchuk, 2015).
In the procedural aspect, data obtained during such inspections have
begun to be taken into account in the Japanese judicial system since 1959.
In 1968 The Supreme Court of Japan was the rst one in the history of legal
proceedings to approve the opinion of an expert based on the results of a
polygraph examination as evidence in an investigation.
In its decision, the Supreme Court of Japan systematized the
requirements for information obtained with the help of a polygraph so
that this information could acquire the status of admissible evidence in
court proceedings; in particular these requirements include the following:
examinations should be carried out using a standard device, by means
of the established and approved testing methodology; the mental and
physiological conditions of the person being examined must meet the
pre-established requirements; examinations must be performed only by a
qualied polygraph examiner; the results of polygraph examinations must
be presented in a qualied way.
These and other similar requirements are characteristic of law
enforcement systems in other foreign countries.
The practice of applying polygraph by the Japanese police has allowed
their National Police Agency to dene a mandatory standard for its use
(Ivanchuk, 2015)
The main constitutional principle of using polygraph in Ukraine and
foreign countries in any sphere consists in the voluntary nature of the
examination procedure. No person may be subjected to a polygraph
examination, unless his/her written voluntary consent to this procedure
has been previously obtained. Such a consent is drawn up in the form of a
statement which lled out by the examined person with his/her own hand.
This statement should explain the rights and obligations of the examinee
(Leheza et al., 2022).
If a person refuses to sign a voluntary consent to a polygraph examination,
the reasons for refusal are indicated in the document and, accordingly, a
polygraph examination is not conducted.
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Albul Serhii, Vladyslav Shendryk, Oleksandr Horbachov, Serhii Penkov y Maryna Voloshyna
Legal principles of polygraph use in the field of corruption prevention: international experience
Foreign experience shows that in law enforcement practice, polygraph
examinations are usually used not in the interests of obtaining judicial
evidence for making a decision on the respective case, but for the purpose
of assisting the investigator in choosing a more promising and somewhat
justied direction of his/her work (Ivanchuk, 2015).
In the USA, Canada, Israel and European countries, the traditional
tasks solved with the help of polygraph examinations include the following:
narrowing down the circle of suspects, establishing the fact of the commission
of a crime, creating conditions for obtaining truthful testimony, gathering
additional information about the crime under investigation.
Most often, the results of such studies are not used for the purpose of
obtaining evidence, but for gathering orientation information that can help
in choosing the most promising and justied direction of investigation.
A polygraph examination during investigation of criminal oenses gives
the following opportunities: acquit persons who are not guilty of the event
and are not involved in it; determine the circle of persons involved in the
event; nd out the location of stolen property; in some cases - to induce the
guilty person to testify.
Application of a polygraph makes it possible to objectify those external
manifestations of a person’s mental processes, which are usually overlooked
by an operational or investigative ocer, etc. The approximate nature
of polygraph application results allows us to talk about the possibility of
considering the specied measure in the context of investigative activities
and the struggle against crimes (Povstianyi, 2014).
In modern practice, the use of a polygraph during detection of crimes
is based on the physiological reactions of the interviewee, it provides
psychological conclusions about his/her awareness or lack of awareness,
involvement or non-involvement in the crime, etc. (Tylchyk et al., 2022).
The main areas of using polygraph examinations in the activities of law
enforcement agencies are as follows: identication of a person involved in
the commission of a crime from among several known suspects; establishing
the corpus delicti; establishing the roles of accomplices in the commission
of the crime by a group of persons; establishment of separate circumstances
of the crime commission; detection of hiding places of corpses, money and
valuables obtained by crime, detecting instruments of crime and objects
of criminal encroachment and vehicles, establishing the location of the
missing and wanted persons; detection of facts of false testimony etc.
The use of polygraph is not a new direction in the activity of law
enforcement agencies of Ukraine. The Security Service of Ukraine has been
using polygraph examinations for more than fteen years. Experience of
applying polygraph has proven its high eciency and usefulness not only
495
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for detection and investigation of criminal oenses, but also in the sphere
of personnel work (Povstianyi, 2014).
The collected empirical material of domestic and foreign investigative
and judicial practice based on the results of using polygraph during
investigation of crimes gives grounds for asserting the need to use this
scientic and technical support during the procedure of investigation. The
investigator must entrust the psychophysiological polygraph examination
and, in particular, the expert conducting this examination, a clear task
which will become the basis for building his/her logically based tests of
interviewing individuals.
On the basis of a comprehensive, complete and objective examination,
the expert will further form his/her expert opinions in such a way that they
are of signicant importance as a source of evidence at the stage of the
criminal case trial (Motliakh, 2011).
Investigations with a use of a polygraph in Ukraine are conducted on the
basis of the provisions of a number of regulatory acts. However, there is no
single legal act in Ukraine that would provide for a denite procedure for
applying this device, methods and techniques of conducting examinations,
conducting interviews, etc. Despite the absence of laws on the use of
polygraph, it is more actively used by law enforcement agencies of Ukraine
in the context of combating crime (Kolinko et al., 2019).
In many countries, there are laws that regulate the use of polygraph.
Since Ukraine is entering the world market and world organizations,
we believe that our country should have laws that would provide for the
procedure for the use of this device precisely by law enforcement agencies.
This will contribute to ensuring the well-being of Ukrainian citizens, as
the state will be rich only when the legal rights, freedoms and interests of
members of its society are protected and satised; and this will also serve to
building a united Ukraine (Matviichuk et al., 2022).
The experience of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine is that candidates
for leadership positions in the Ministry of Defense, as well as volunteers
at this Ministry, are examined with the help of polygraph in accordance
with the approved Anti-corruption program; according to this program
all employees and applicants for positions in the Ministry of Defense of
Ukraine must undergo mandatory examinations (Villasmil Espinoza et al.,
2022).
In many foreign countries, the training of polygraph examiners
is provided for in the departmental education system, which is also
characteristic of the National Academy of Internal Aairs, which has the
appropriate potential, has gained experience in this eld and provides
training of polygraph examiners with the involvement of employees of
practical divisions of internal aairs bodies and instructors of specialized
ocially registered private companies (Cherniei, 2015).
496
Albul Serhii, Vladyslav Shendryk, Oleksandr Horbachov, Serhii Penkov y Maryna Voloshyna
Legal principles of polygraph use in the field of corruption prevention: international experience
Conclusions
Summarizing, it is worth noting that a long-standing practice of using
polygraph is typical for countries such as: Japan, the USA, Canada, Israel.
The main tasks solved with the help of polygraph examinations are as
follows: narrowing down the circle of suspects, establishing the fact of the
commission of a crime, creating conditions for obtaining truthful testimony,
gathering additional information about the crime under investigation.
Most often, the results of such studies are not used for the purpose of
obtaining evidence, but for gathering orientating information that can help
in choosing the most promising and justied direction of investigation.
Foreign experience shows that in law enforcement practice, polygraph
examinations are usually used not in the interests of obtaining judicial
evidence for making a decision on the respective case, but for the purpose
of assisting the investigator in choosing a more promising and somewhat
justied direction of his/her work.
The practice of applying polygraph in various spheres of life in Ukraine
is still relatively new. However, the use of polygraph in activities of law
enforcement agencies of Ukraine has prospects for application of this
device both for investigation of oenses (including criminal ones) and
ght against organized crime, and for checking reliability and integrity of
applicants for positions in the police, prosecutor’s oces, courts and other
law enforcement agencies, as well as for checking reliability and integrity of
civil servants who want to occupy higher positions.
We believe that it would be appropriate to regulate the procedure for
conducting polygraph examinations (interviewing or check) and for using
materials of such examinations in criminal proceedings.
The issue of training polygraph specialists and stang law enforcement
agencies with such specialists should be resolved separately. The legislation
must clearly regulate the requirements for persons who have the right to
conduct psychophysiological examinations using a polygraph, as well as the
procedure and grounds for obtaining permission to carry out the above-
mentioned actions. After regulatory settlement, it will be possible to use
polygraph in law enforcement practice alongside with other technical
means, which improve the eectiveness of law enforcement agencies in
achieving their goals.
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