Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 77
Abril
Junio
2023
Recibido el 29/02/23 Aceptado 12/04/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
ORTILLO
Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
Carmen Pérez Baralt
Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
José Ce rra da
Ri car do Com bel las
An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 41, Nº 77 (2023), 324-334
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Ways to protect the rights of individuals
in administrative proceedings: legal
regulation and international experience
international experience
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.22
Volodymyr Horbalinskiy *
Oleksandr Leshchenko **
Olha Mashchenko ***
Yevhen Leheza ****
Kamil Prymakov *****
Abstract
The objective of the research was to consider the forms
of protection of the rights of individuals in administrative
proceedings. The methodological basis used is presented as:
comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method,
hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis.
Everything allows to conclude that, in order to clarify the issue of
compliance of methods for judicial protection of the rights of individuals,
provided by the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, with the
criteria of a rule of law and the needs of establishing at each moment the
rule of law in concrete reality, the assessment of provisions of the legislation
on administrative procedures of: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia,
Poland, France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Finally, it has been
established that administrative courts in Ukraine have signicant human
rights powers to make decisions on recovery of funds from an authority to
compensate for the damage caused by its unlawful administrative act, if
such a claim is led simultaneously with the application for recognition of
such act as unlawful.
Keywords: subjective rights; form of protection; person and claim;
administrative procedure; administrative act.
* Associate professor of the department of general legal disciplines, Law Faculty, Dnipropetrovsk State
University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-6151
** Candidate of law, Associate Professor, Kyiv University of Intellectual Property and Law Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3103-6383
*** Doctor of Law, Professor, The rst vice-rector, Classical Private University, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0003-3897-6845
**** Professor, Doctor of Science in law, Professor at the Department of Public and Private Law, University
of Customs and Finance, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9134-8499
***** Candidate of Law. Associate Professor of the Department of General Legal Disciplines, Dnipropetrovsk
State University of Internal Aairs. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-8474
325
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 324-334
Vías de protección de los derechos de las personas
en los procesos administrativos: regulación jurídica y
experiencia internacional
Resumen
El objetivo de la investigación fue considerar las formas de protección
de los derechos de las personas en los procedimientos administrativos. La
base metodológica empleada se presenta como: análisis comparativo-legal y
sistemático, método formal-legal, método hermenéutico, así como métodos
de análisis y síntesis. Todo permite concluir que, con el n de aclarar la
cuestión relativa al cumplimiento de los métodos para la protección judicial
de los derechos de los particulares, previstos en el Código de Procedimiento
Administrativo de Ucrania, con los criterios de un Estado de derecho y
las necesidades de establecer en cada momento el Estado de derecho en
la realidad concreta, son relevantes la valoración de disposiciones de la
legislación sobre procedimientos administrativos de: Azerbaiyán, Georgia,
Estonia, Letonia, Polonia, Francia y la República Federal de Alemania.
Finalmente, se ha establecido que los tribunales administrativos en
Ucrania tienen importantes poderes de derechos humanos para tomar
decisiones sobre el cobro de fondos de una autoridad para compensar el
daño causado por su acto administrativo ilegal, si tal demanda se presenta
simultáneamente con la solicitud de reconocimiento de dicho acto como
ilegal.
Palabras clave: derechos subjetivos; forma de protección; persona
y demanda; procedimiento administrativo; acto
administrativo.
Introduction
In the modern era of the controversial process of establishing the rule
of law in the public-authority sphere in Ukraine, the matter concerning
ways of private individuals’ legal protection of their rights, freedoms, or
legitimate interests that have been violated by authorities, their ocials,
when making ocial decisions, committing actions or inactions, rights,
freedoms, or legal interests remains insuciently developed.
Denite view of such legal protection in form of claims must be specied
in the statement of claim and applied or not applied (depending on the
availability of grounds) by the administrative court when deciding the
case. Doctrinally, the matter of whether the methods of judicial protection
of individual rights provided for by the current provisions of the Code of
Administrative Procedure of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the CAP
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Ways to protect the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings: legal regulation and international
experience international experience
of Ukraine) fully correspond to the criteria of the rule of law and the
approaches to the settlement of these essential issues of administrative
procedure available in European countries (Bezpalova et al., 2021).
It is worth noting that the matter of ways permissible in activities of
administrative justice bodies for private individuals to protect their
subjective rights, violated, in their opinion, by public administration bodies
became relevant simultaneously with the emergence of this institution at
the beginning of the 19th century in France and in Germany.
Initially, administrative justice was developed as a procedural
mechanism of complaint-based proceedings, and that provided for injured
persons a possibility to le only claims to declare illegal acts or actions
of administrative and management subjects. S.O. Korf noted that an
administrative lawsuit as a way of protecting a violated subjective right
or an interest protected by law in an administrative court had historically
developed from a complaint against superiors and an instance (Buha et al.,
2022).
1. Literature review
In the Soviet state, administrative justice was considered as a hostile
bourgeois institution, and therefore it was not used. Halaburda Nadiia
wrote that:
The rights and interests of citizens are protected and guaranteed by the entire
system of socialist social relations, taking into account absence of antagonism
between an individual and the collective, solidarity of interests of the state and
citizens, and therefore administrative justice in the Soviet law is unnecessary
(Halaburda et al., 2021: 95).
However, at the beginning of the 1960s, the authorities of the USSR took
the path of partial recognition of possibility for citizens to appeal to civil
procedure courts against certain actions of government entities (claims
against inaccuracies in voter lists, imposition of nes, as well as some other
actions when no other appeal procedure was determined) (Lata et al.,
2022).
This approach was used in the Civil Procedure Code of the Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic 1963 (hereinafter referred to as the CPC) adopted
for the development of the Soviet Union legislation. This code, with changes,
was in eect in Ukraine until 01 September, 2005 – Code of Administrative
Procedure (CAP).
According to Chapter 31-A “Complaints against decisions, actions or
inaction of state authorities, local self-government bodies, ocials and
executives” of the CPC of 1963 (in the edition as of 11 May, 2005) the
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procedural means of protecting person’s rights consisted in complaints;
based on viewing complaints the court had the authority to apply only
the following methods of legal protection: 1) recognition of the contested
decisions, actions or inactions as illegal and the obligation of the respective
state authority, local self-government body, executive ocer or ocial to
satisfy the applicant’s demand and eliminate the violation; 2) cancel the
obligation imposed on the applicant or measures of responsibility applied
to him/her; 3) restore the violated rights, freedoms or legitimate interests
of the applicant in another way (part 2 Art. 248-7). Therefore, the CPC of
1963 did not provide for the possibility of collecting funds from a subject
of power in favor of a person (as a result of the resolution of the case) as
a compensation for damage caused by subject of power’s illegal decisions,
action or inaction (Kobrusieva et al., 2021).
2. Materials and methods
The research is based on work of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
on methodological approaches to understanding public relations from the
point of view of the theory of law, administrative law, civil law, etc.
With the help of the epistemological method, the methods of protecting
rights of individuals in administrative proceedings, etc., were claried;
thanks to the logical-semantic method, the conceptual apparatus was
deepened, and the methods of protecting the rights of individuals in
administrative proceedings were determined from the point of view of the
theory of law, administrative law, etc. Thanks to the existing methods of law,
we managed to analyze the essence of ways (methods) used for protecting
rights of individuals in administrative proceedings, etc.
3. Results and discussion
In the implementation of part 2 Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine
when the CAP of Ukraine was adopted a signicantly dierent approach was
implemented in its text The list of permissible methods for legal protection
of rights and legitimate interests of private individuals violated by state
authorities, local self-government bodies, their ocials and executives was
expanded (Nalyvaiko et al., 2018).
In terms of options for protection of subjective public rights, the legal
form of proceedings for resolution of public legal disputes was established
in the CAP. Individuals were given the opportunity to le petitions for
compensation of material losses (damages) caused to them by improper
management (Kolinko et al., 2019).
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Ways to protect the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings: legal regulation and international
experience international experience
According to the Law dated 13 May, 2020 № 590-ІХ the CAP of Ukraine
was amended with a new article 266і. This article denes the specics
of proceedings in cases regarding appeal against individual acts of the
National Bank of Ukraine, the Deposit Guarantee Fund, the Ministry of
Finance of Ukraine, the National Securities and Stock Market Commission
as well as against decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine regarding
withdrawal of banks from the market.
According to part 7 of this article, based on the results of consideration
of administrative cases specied in part 1 of this article, the court may decide
on: 1) recognition as unlawful (illegal) and annulment of an individual act
/ decision specied in part 1 of this article or its individual provisions;
2) recovery of funds from the defendant (defendants) as a compensation
for damage caused by his/her unlawful (illegal) individual act / decision,
if such a claim is made by the plainti at the same time as the demand
for recognition as unlawful (illegal) and annulment of the individual act
/ decision; 3) refusal to satisfy claims (in whole or in part) (Leheza et al.,,
2022).
In order to clarify the issue of whether the procedural methods of legal
protection of the rights of private individuals (methods provided for in part
1, 2 Art. 5, Part 4 Art. 266, part 2661 of the CAP of Ukraine) are a purely
national invention or still correspond to the practice established on the
European continent, let us turn to the analysis of the relevant norms of the
legislation on administrative proceedings in foreign countries (Tylchyk et
al., 2022).
Thus, in § 42 of the Regulation on Administrative Courts of the Federal
Republic of Germany (VwGO) it is established that cancellation of an
administrative act (appeal action), as well as an award to accept a declined
or rejected administrative act (lawsuit for award) can be achieved by ling
a lawsuit . In addition, § 43 of the VwGO also allows lawsuits to establish
existence or absence of a legal relationship as well as invalidity of an
administrative act (Matviichuk et al., 2022).
In France methods of legal protection of individual rights include the
following administrative lawsuits: lawsuits for illegality and cancellation of
an administrative act (extraordinary suits); lawsuits of full court jurisdiction,
allowing both protection and restoration of violated subjective public rights
(simple suits); lawsuits regarding interpretation of an administrative act;
lawsuits for the use of repression (Leheza et al., 2022).
Lawsuits for illegality of an administrative act are the most famous.
This type of lawsuits was formed in the practice of the State Council as
early as 1832, when it was recognized as permissible to appeal to this body
with objections concerning illegality of an act (actually the right to appeal)
(Villasmil Espinoza et al., 2022).
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Lawsuits of full judicial jurisdiction or those for recognition of the
right of claim allow the authority of the administrative court (as a result
of consideration) to make a decision to compensate a person for damages
caused as a result of illegal activity of the administration (Nalyvaiko et al.,
2022).
They are used to resolve the following disputes: disputes on responsibility
of the administration for improper management that caused harm to a
person (for example, in connection with the violation of requirements for
maintenance of roads, communication routes, unjustied refusal to grant
a permit); disputes on execution of public contracts, disputes on electoral,
tax legal relations, disputes concerning certain real estate, environmental
protection, historical monuments etc. (Vyhe, 2008).
In Azerbaijan, according to part 2 Art. 2 of the Administrative Procedure
Code, the following types of lawsuits are allowed in administrative
proceedings, depending on the method of protection of violated rights:
for appeal (cancellation or change) of an administrative act adopted by an
administrative body regarding rights and obligations of a person (lawsuit
for appeal); lawsuits for imposing on an administrative body an obligation
concerning issuance of an administrative act, and lawsuits for protection
against inaction of an administrative body (lawsuits for coercion); lawsuits
for commission of certain actions by an administrative body not related
to adoption of an administrative act (lawsuits for the fulllment of an
obligation);
claims for protection against illegal interference unrelated to issuance
of an administrative act and directly violating rights and freedoms of a
person (lawsuits for refraining from committing certain actions); lawsuits
for presence or absence of administrative-legal relations, as well as for
recognition of an administrative act as invalid (lawsuits for establishment
or recognition); lawsuits for verication of compliance with the law of
regulatory acts, with the exception of issues referred to the powers of the
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan (lawsuits for verication
of legality); lawsuits concerning property claims related to resolution
of administrative disputes, as well as concerning claims for payment of
compensation for damage caused by illegal decisions (administrative
acts) or actions (inaction) of administrative bodies; lawsuits led by
municipalities against actions of administrative control bodies or those led
by administrative control bodies against municipalities (Law of Azerbaijan
Republic, 2015).
In Georgia, the subject-matter of an administrative dispute in courts
may be:
1. Compliance of an administrative-legal act with the legislation of
Georgia.
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Volodymyr Horbalinskiy, Oleksandr Leshchenko, Olha Mashchenko, Yevhen Leheza y Kamil Prymakov
Ways to protect the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings: legal regulation and international
experience international experience
2. Conclusion, execution or termination of an administrative contract.
3. The obligation of an administrative body to compensate for damage,
issue an administrative-legal act or perform any other action.
4. Recognition of the act as invalid, establishing presence and absence
of a right or legal relationship (part 1 Art. 2 of the Administrative
Procedure Code of this country) (Law of Georgia, 1999).
According to the norms of parts 1 and 2 of Art.37 of the Administrative
Procedure Code of Estonia, administrative proceedings in this country
begin with ling of a complaint to the court (Pryimachenko et al., 2018).
Such a complaint may contain claims about:
1. Partial or complete cancellation of an administrative act (complaint
about cancellation of an act).
2. Issuing an administrative act or taking an action (complaint about
imposing an obligation).
3. Prohibition of issuing an administrative act or taking an action
(complaint about prohibition of issuing an act or taking an action).
4. Compensation for damage caused in public legal relations (complaint
about compensation for damage).
5. Elimination of illegal consequences of an administrative act or
action (compensation complaint).
6. Establishing the nullity of an administrative act, illegality of an
administrative act or action or another factual circumstance that is
important for public-legal relations (institutional complaint) (Law
of Estonia, 1999).
The powers of administrative courts based on the results of resolving
complaints against administrative acts in Poland are established in Article
145 (§ 1) of the Law “On Proceedings in Administrative Courts”, which
provides that when satisfying a complaint against a decision or order the
court shall:
1. Cancel the decision or order in whole or in part, if it nds: a) a
violation of material law that aected the outcome of the case, b)
a violation of the law that caused resumption of an administrative
proceedings, c) another violation of procedural provisions if it had a
signicant impact on the outcome of the case.
2. Declare a decision or an order invalid, in whole or in part, if there
are reasons specied in Art. 156 of the Administrative Procedure
Code or in other normative acts.
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3. Note that the decision or order was issued in violation of the law if
there are reasons specied in the Administrative Procedure Code or
other regulatory acts, in the case specied in Art. 145 (§ 1, paragraph.
1 letter “a” or paragraph 2), if it is justied by the circumstances of
the case, the court also has the authority to oblige a body to make a
decision or order within a specied period indicating the method of
settlement of the case or to settle it, if the decision-making is not left
to the discretion of the authorities (Art. 145a (§ 1) of this Law of the
Republic of Poland) (Law of Poland, 2002).
Conclusions
Therefore, the methods of legal protection inherent in the full
administrative-judicial jurisdiction (regarding compensation for damage
caused by unlawful decisions, actions of the public administration) in Latvia,
unlike Ukraine, are not directly applied in administrative proceedings.
In this way, the conducted analysis allows us to assert that the list of
methods of judicial protection of the rights, freedoms or legitimate interests
of private individuals given in part 1 Art. 5, Part 4 Art. 266, Part 7 Art. 266і
of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine (the CAP of Ukraine)
includes legal protection means, which are typical for both annulment
proceedings (contentieux d’annulation), and full administrative court
proceedings (contentieux de plein juridication).
Since the permissible methods of legal protection under the provisions
of these articles of the CAP of Ukraine also include the authority of the
court to make a decision concerning recovery of funds from the defendant
(defendants) as a compensation for damage caused by his/her unlawful
(illegal) individual act/decision, if such a claim is made simultaneously
with a claim for recognition as unlawful (illegal) and cancellation of the
individual act / decision.
The approach to determining permissible methods of legal protection
of subjective public rights, implemented in the national Code of
Administrative Procedure, generally corresponds to the practice established
on the European continent for settlement of issues on administrative legal
protection.
Therefore, the procedural methods of judicial protection of subjective
rights provided for in part 1 Art. 5, Part 4 Art. 266, Part 7 Art. 266i of the
Civil Code of Ukraine meet the requirements of the functioning of a law-
governed state and the requirements for establishment of the rule of law in
Ukraine.
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Ways to protect the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings: legal regulation and international
experience international experience
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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