Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
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ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 77
Abril
Junio
2023
Recibido el 14/12/22 Aceptado el 08/03/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
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Vol. 41, Nº 77 (2023), 298-308
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Interpretation of legal norms
in modern jurisprudence
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.20
Olha Merdova *
Galina Striiashko **
Karyna Marshalek ***
Serhii Terepa ****
Serhii Karpenko *****
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to consider appropriate forms
of interpretation of legal norms in modern jurisprudence. In
the main content it has been established that the interpretation
results in a general conclusion or a sum of conclusions reached
by the subject of interpretation in the process of clarication
of the rule of law (legal norms), using the whole set of methods
of interpretation, which is appropriate to the legal reality. The
methodological basis of the research was presented as comparative-legal
and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, as well as hermeneutic
method, method of analysis and synthesis. It has been concluded that the
procedure for achieving the purpose of interpretation should be as follows:
grammatical interpretation - teleological interpretation - clarication of
the conformity of the essence of the content of the legal norm with the
principles of law - systematic interpretation - special legal interpretation -
logical interpretation - functional interpretation - historical interpretation
- repeated application of the interpretation procedure upon receipt of new
data. If this procedure is properly followed, it is possible to achieve the
conditions for the achievement of an adequate legal hermeneutics, which
places the texts in their context of meaning.
Keywords: modes of interpretation of legal norms; hermeneutic
purpose; legal understanding; criminal liability; types of
legal understanding.
* Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, Donetsk State University of Internal Aairs. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0769-2364
** Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor of the State Tax University, Irpin, Ukraine. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6773-025X
*** Postgraduate Student at the Department of Public Law, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of
the Dnipro University of Technology, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-4361
**** Postgraduate University of the State Tax University, Irpin, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0001-8780-712X
***** Candidate of philosophical sciences, PhD studentat the Department of Public and Private Law,
University of Customs and Finance, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7736-2525
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Vol. 41 Nº 77 (2023): 298-308
Interpretación de las normas jurídicas en la
jurisprudencia moderna
Resumen
El propósito de la investigación fue considerar formas adecuadas de
interpretación de las normas jurídicas en la jurisprudencia moderna. En
el contenido principal se ha establecido que la interpretación da como
resultado una conclusión general o una suma de conclusiones a las que
llega el sujeto de interpretación en el proceso de claricación del Estado
de derecho (normas jurídicas), utilizando todo el conjunto de métodos de
interpretación, que es adecuado a la realidad jurídica. La base metodológica
de la investigación se presentó como análisis comparado-jurídico y
sistemático, método formal-jurídico, así como método hermenéutico, de
análisis y síntesis. Se ha concluido que el procedimiento para lograr el
n de la interpretación debe ser el siguiente: interpretación gramatical -
interpretación teleológica - aclaración de la conformidad de la esencia del
contenido de la norma jurídica con los principios del derecho - interpretación
sistemática - interpretación jurídica especial - interpretación lógica -
interpretación funcional - interpretación histórica - aplicación repetida
del procedimiento de interpretación al recibir nuevos datos. De seguirse
adecuadamente este procedimiento se pueden lograr las condiciones de
posibilidad para el logro de una adecuada hermenéutica jurídica, que sitúa
los textos en su contexto de signicación.
Palabras clave: modos de interpretación de las normas jurídicas;
nalidad hermenéutica; entendimiento jurídico;
responsabilidad penal; tipos de entendimiento jurídico.
Introduction
Practice of law enforcement shows that it is absolutely impossible to nd
out the actual content of a legal norm just by means of simply reading its
text. This is due to peculiarities of legal norms themselves, forms of their
functioning and external expression. Study of these features and forms, as
well as disclosure of the essential content of a norm necessarily require the
use of ways for interpretation of legal norms. Interpretation itself provides
the process and results of clarifying and explaining contents of legal norms.
A subject of interpretation of legal norms can use ways for interpretation
in an arbitrary sequence based on his/her own experience. The following
question arises: how can one perform interpretation of legal norms in
an optimal way, harmoniously taking into account requirements set in
principles of law? (Buha et al., 2022).
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Olha Merdova, Galina Striiashko, Karyna Marshalek, Serhii Terepa y Serhii Karpenko
Interpretation of legal norms in modern jurisprudence
Urgency of the topic is determined by importance of democratic
transformations in Ukraine which are aimed at formation of a harmonious
legal state, and which put forward the latest requirements for functioning
of the national legal system, the process of implementing law, which is
inextricably linked with such a type of intellectual activity as interpretation
of legal norms. (Bezpalova et al., 2021).
1. Literature review
Analysis of publications and research works on the subject of
interpretation of legal norms shows that scientists working in the sphere
of the theory of the state and law, constitutional law, civil law, economic
law and other legal sciences considered and are considering the problem
of interpretation of legal norms in their works. In particular, the matter
of interpretation of legal norms and the interpretation of legal norms of
law in Ukrainian legal science was studied by Halaburda Nadiia, Leheza
Yevhen, Chalavan Viktor, Yemov Volodymyr, Yemova Inna (Halaburda
et al., 2021).
The theory of interpretation developed yet in ancient Greek jurisprudence
under the name “hermeneutics” (from the Greek hermeneutike - “art of
interpretation”). Nowadays, legal hermeneutics has developed as a eld of
knowledge of the philosophy of law. The process of interpreting legal norms
is related to both assessment of actual circumstances and clarication of
contents of legal norms applied to these circumstances.
Clarication of contents requires interpretation of legal norms.
Sometimes interpretation of a norm is not dicult, but in many cases this
procedure requires a high level of professionalism, knowledge not only in a
certain eld of law, but also in the sphere of formal logic, philosophy, legal
theory, linguistics and history (Kobrusieva et al., 2021).
2. Materials and methods
The research is based on work of foreign and Ukrainian researcher on
methodological approaches to understanding public relations from
the point of view of the theory of law, administrative law, civil law, etc.
With the help of the epistemological method, the methods of protecting
rights of individuals in administrative proceedings, etc., were claried;
thanks to the logical-semantic method, the conceptual apparatus was
deepened, and the methods of protecting the rights of individuals in
administrative proceedings were determined from the point of view of the
theory of law, administrative law, etc. Thanks to the existing methods of law,
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we managed to analyze the essence of ways (methods) used for protecting
rights of individuals in administrative proceedings, etc.
3. Results and discussion
Let’s consider the main denitions of the interpretation of a legal norm,
which are adhered to by modern domestic researchers of the theory of law
and the civil law, and let’s nd out what elements (stages) it consists of.
V.K. Antoshkina denes the essence of interpretation of legal norms as
follows:
In general, interpretation of legal norms is dened as the intellectual and
volitional activity of a person aimed at establishing the valid content of a legal
precept for its further eective application with the aim of increasingly securing
rights and interests of legal subjects (Antoshkina, 2011: 30).
The following denition is proposed by T.P.Kudlai: “Interpretation of
a legal norm is an activity of subjects aimed at clarifying contents of the
legal norm for the purpose of its correct application and implementation”
(Kudlai, 2009: 59).
Skakun O.F. denes interpretation of legal norms in the following way:
Interpretation of legal norms is an intellectual-volitional cognitive activity,
which consists in establishing the exact content (meaning) of legal norms and is
carried out with the help of certain methods (techniques) with the aim of their
correct application and direct implementation” (Skakun, 2012: 49).
The scientist distinguishes two stages of law interpretative activity:
clarication - disclosure of the contents of legal norms (their separate
elements) “for oneself” with the aim of their correct implementation and
application (it does not go beyond the consciousness of the interpreter
himself/herself and does not have external forms of expression: the “will”
of the interpreter combines the “will of the legislator” and the “will of the
law”);
explanation - disclosure of the contents of legal norms (their separate
elements) “for others” in order to eliminate ambiguity in its understanding
and ensure correct application in the circumstances these norms are
intended for. Sometimes it is enough to understand contents of the law for
correct solution of a specic case (Skakun, 2012).
According to D.M. Mykhailovych:
Interpretation in the proper sense of this word should be understood as
awareness of the contents of legal norms, since awareness itself reects the
epistemological nature of the interpretation process, its focus on learning
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Interpretation of legal norms in modern jurisprudence
the meaning of legal phenomena. As for explanation, it is the next stage after
interpretation (Mykhailovych, 2003: 68).
Based on the denitions mentioned above, it can be concluded that the
rst stage of interpretation of legal norms is awareness (clarication) of
the contents of legal norms “for oneself”, and the second stage consists
in clarication, disclosure of the contents of legal norms (their separate
elements) “for others” for the purpose of correct implementation and
application of these legal norms.
Let’s analyze the rst stage of interpretation of civil law norms. Awareness
(clarication) of the contents of legal norms “for oneself” is an internal
mental process that does not go beyond the interpreter’s consciousness,
and this is nothing but legal understanding.
K.G. Volynka notes that the issue of legal understanding belongs
to the main ones in the theory of the state and law and it denes legal
understanding as:
The process and result of a person’s mental activity aimed at learning the law,
its perception (evaluation) and receiving attitude towards it as towards an integral
social phenomenon. When studying various theories and views on law the
following circumstances should be taken into account: rst of all, the historical
conditions of law existence the researcher lived in; secondly, the fact that the result
of legal understanding always depends on researcher’s religious, ideological, moral
position; thirdly, which side of the law is taken as the basis of this or that concept”
(Volynka, 2003: 320).
Let’s consider the main provisions of the natural-law scientic approach
and positivistic scientic approach to the understanding of law and let’s
determine their place and signicance in interpretation of legal norms by
modern scientists.
The positivist approach determines that law is a hierarchy of norms,
a normative regulator of social relations. Law and right are equated.
Legal norms must be subordinated to legal force. The state is a purely
legal phenomenon that ensures a legitimate legal order. Human rights
are considered as gifts of the state. The theory is characterized by Latin
phrases: “The law is hard but it is the law” and “The law is in force” (Kotiuk,
1996: 66).
The natural-law approach to understanding determines that the original
form of existence of law is social consciousness, an idea (concept) of law
with natural rights of a person being an important component of it (such
natural rights of a person are inalienable and belong to a person starting
from his/her very birth - the rights to life, free development, work, etc.).
The notions of law and right are distinguished; primacy is given to
natural law as an expression of justice (morality). The theory of natural law
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can be described by the phrase: “Law is the science of what is good and fair”
(Jus est ars boni et aequi).
The next step is to examine how the main methods of interpretation are
determined by modern domestic legal theory researchers.
Based on the analysis of the studied sources, we can classify the main
ways for interpretation of legal norms and give them a brief description as
follows. Grammatical interpretation is a method that includes awareness of
individual words and terms of the entire sentence and the group of sentences.
Systematic interpretation - makes it possible to reveal the content of a legal
norm in connection with other norms, with general regulatory provisions,
with the principles of law. This way makes it possible to reveal the
content of a legal norm in connection with other norms, since it does
not act in isolation.
The norm is compared with other norms, its place in this regulatory act,
in the eld of law, in the legal system is established. Teleological (targeted)
interpretation is interpretation aimed at researching the purpose of issuing
the corresponding regulatory and legal act.
Historical interpretation is a way of interpretation based on the
awareness of the contents of legal norms based on the study of the specic
historical conditions these norms were adopted under as well as the purpose
of those norms determined at that period of time.
Functional interpretation means clarication of the content of legal
norms based on the analysis of specic circumstances, conditions the
respective legal norm functions in. It considers the eect of legal norms in
the dynamic plane (the will of the “actual legislator”), alternative valid legal
norms contained in the precept of other sources (forms) of law.
Logical interpretation is a way of interpreting the contents of legal norms
based on the laws and rules of formal logic. Special-legal interpretation
presupposes clarication of the content of a norm, based on achievements
of the legal science and practice, knowledge of legal technique, technical-
legal methods and ways.
O.F. Skakun notes that all ways for legal interpretation are used together,
as a single set. It is not necessary to single out logical and special legal ways
(methods) of interpretation separately, since the laws of logic (formal and
dialectical) are used in all determined methods, and lawyer’s interpretation
cannot be other than specically legal one, because it constitutes an
internal professional valuable side of the interpreter and other ways for
interpretation will not take place without it.
Therefore, logical and special legal analysis are not methods for
interpretation of legal norms, but rather “fundamental” principles and
qualitative characteristics of the interpreter, and as such they are included
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Interpretation of legal norms in modern jurisprudence
in the system of his/her intellectual activity being the basis of this activity
(Skakun, 2012).
One should agree with the opinion of O.F. Skakun about logical
interpretation, but in our opinion special-legal interpretation should be
singled out in a separate way for interpretation because a lawyer needs
to interpret terms not only in the field where he/she is a highly qualified
specialist, but also in other fields of law where he/she is only an ordinary
specialist.
According to D. M. Mykhailovych, historical interpretation is an
optional method, as it is used only when in order to establish a valid
content of a normative precept, it is necessary to refer to the socio-political
circumstances of its adoption, the content of the previous normative act,
and other relevant “external sources” - alternative projects, explanatory
notes, reports, speeches of deputies, etc., (Mykhailovych, 2003).
We cannot agree with this position, because if we do not take into account
the historical way for interpretation of legal norms, the result will not be
correct. It will be impossible to correctly interpret, apply and accordingly
implement the goal that the “ideal legislator” laid down in the norm of law
in the past, without studying the specific historical conditions the norm was
adopted under.
Based on the analysis of the specified definitions of the ways for
interpretation of legal norms, the following conclusion has been made,
namely: among the seven ways of interpreting the norms of law, none
of them mentions a direct requirement to check the norms of law for
compliance with the signs of the natural-law approach to understanding
the law. In the system way (method), only the need to check the contents
of legal norms for compliance with the principles of law is established
(Villasmil Espinoza et al., 2022).
The principles of law include the principle of social freedom,
justice, equality (equality of all before the law), unity of subjective
rights and objective duties, humanism, liability for fauilt, and the
principle of legality (Matviichuk et al., 2022).
Therefore, qualitative interpretation of legal norms requires application
of ways (methods) for interpretation of legal norms, revealing the
principles of law in accordance with the requirements of the systematic
method for interpreting legal norms, and finding out whether the
respective legal norm meets the requirements put forward by the natural-
law and positivist approaches to understanding law (Nalyvaiko et al.,
2022). Let’s try to identify common features when interpreting legal
norms. To do this, let’s examine the sequence proposed by modern
scientists for applying ways used for interpretation legal norms (Tylchyk
et al., 2022).
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M.H. Bratasiuk notes that the 17th-18th centuries gave birth to works by
such authors as Eckhart, Wittich, Sammet and especially to the work by F.
Savigny “Yuristische Methodenlehre”. These works mentioned alternation
of grammatical, logical, historical and systematic research of exposition of
legal precepts. The same works also gave the idea of hermeneutic circle
(Patei-Bratasiuk, 2010).
After analyzing the existing approaches in the theory of law regarding
the number of ways for interpretation and the sequence of their use, D. M.
Mykhailovych concluded that there is a certain “algorithm of interpretation”,
which has the following schematic form: grammatical interpretation - logical
interpretation - systematic interpretation - teleological interpretation -
historical interpretation (Mykhailovych, 2003).
Skakun O.F. Investigates ways for interpretation in a certain sequence;
and based on this sequence we can determine the following algorithm of
interpretation of legal norms: “grammatical interpretation - systemic
interpretation - teleological interpretation - historical and political
interpretation - functional interpretation - logical interpretation - special
legal interpretation” (Skakun, 2012: 42).
Thus, based on consideration of the given examples of sequences of ways
for interpretation, we can generalize that the grammatical, systematic and
theological ways for of interpretation of legal norms are in the rst place.
It is worth agreeing with this order of applying ways for interpretation
(Leheza et al., 2022).
In our opinion, from the systematic way for interpretation of legal norms
it is advisable to separately single out verication of compliance with the
principles of law. Because research of the issue of whether a legal norm has
a legal content is extremely important (Kolinko et al., 2019).
So, for example, M.H. Bratasyuk rightly points out as follows: “Ukrainian
jurists are still looking for the “letter of the law”, but why should one look
for it, if the law is written on a by-order basis? Will the fact that this “letter
of the law” is found increase justice in the society? The array of the current
Ukrainian legislation contains a signicant number of non-legal acts,
i.e., acts that deny natural, inalienable human rights, acts created under
conditions of an authoritarian regime.
So many people puzzle over them, looking for the “letter of the law”. But
what does the society have to gain from this? What is added as a result to
the common weal, the common good?” (Patei-Bratasiuk, 2010).
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Olha Merdova, Galina Striiashko, Karyna Marshalek, Serhii Terepa y Serhii Karpenko
Interpretation of legal norms in modern jurisprudence
Conclusions
Therefore, based on the analysis of the specied denitions and views,
the following conclusion has been drawn that the procedure for achieving
the goal of interpretation should be as follows: grammatical interpretation -
teleological interpretation - clarication of compliance of the essence of legal
norm content with the principles of law - systematic interpretation - special
legal interpretation - logical interpretation - functional interpretation
- historical interpretation - repeated application of the interpretation
procedure when receiving new data.
Application of the proposed interpretation procedure will contribute to
prevention, overcoming and elimination of some of problems of practical
interpretation of legal norms and will open the way to increasing eectiveness
of legislation, increasing its importance in reforming Ukrainian society as
well as to reducing complaints led to the European Court of Human Rights
(Ukraine takes the rst place in terms of the number of complaints against
the state from its citizens led to the European Court of Human Rights)
and, as a result, to a more reliable provision of rights and freedoms of a
person and a citizen.
It should also be noted that when clarifying the true meaning of terms,
obtaining additional or claried data, it is necessary to apply the procedure
of interpretation of legal norms again from the step (way for interpretation)
they have an eect on. Interpretation will result in a general conclusion or a
sum of conclusions reached by the subject of interpretation in the process of
clarifying the rule of law (legal norm) using the entire set of interpretation
methods, which is adequate to the actual content of this rule and meets the
criteria of truth and correctness of the result of interpretation.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en abril de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.41 Nº 77
