Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"

de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia

Maracaibo, Venezuela

Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa

ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp

197402ZU34

ppi 201502ZU4645

Vol.41 N° 76

Enero

Marzo

2023

ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132

Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas

La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to

de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-

cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.

En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias

Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-

ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-

ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.

Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con

avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-

co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.

ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN

Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de

Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-

gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of

Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s

Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-

nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.

Di rec to ra

OIRALITH

M. C

HIRINOS

ORTILLO

Co mi té Edi tor

Eduviges Morales Villalobos

Fabiola Tavares Duarte

Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández

Nila Leal González

Carmen Pérez Baralt

Co mi té Ase sor

Pedro Bracho Grand

J. M. Del ga do Ocan do

José Ce rra da

Ri car do Com bel las

An gel Lom bar di

Die ter Nohlen

Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez

Go ran Ther born

Frie drich Welsch

Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos

Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín

Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-

cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co

“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.

com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.

Vol. 41, Nº 76 (2023), 16-25

IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ

Subjects of the Crime in the light

of international treaties in wartime

(comparative analysis)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.00

Valery Kostyantynovych Matviychuk *

Tamara Mykhaylivna Rad **

Oksana Olegivna Cherniak ***

Kostiantyn Mykhailovych Brovchenko ****

Vasyl Vasylovich Chudnov *****

Abstract

The issue of optimizing the mechanism of prosecution of the

subjects of the crime in connection with Russia’s war against

Ukraine launched in February 2022, as a result of which impunity

of war criminals is gaining momentum and leads to violation of

legislation, both in Ukraine and in the world, in particular in such

countries as: Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, etc. In this

regard, the purpose of this editorial is twofold: on the one hand, it seeks to

present volume 41, number 76 of “Cuestiones Políticas” and, on the other

hand, is to highlight the issue of the subject of the crime, its signs and main

features, enshrined in international legal acts. It was concluded that the

analysis of international treaties gives grounds to arm that the subject of

the subject of the crime is quite widely disclosed and attention is paid to the

separation of the concepts of subjects of international crimes and subjects

of crimes of international character; the dierence between these concepts

is fundamental and very important. Taking into account the attitude of the

international community to the concept of the subject of crime, possible

areas for improvement of the current legislation are outlined.

* Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Process and Forensics, Kyiv University

of Intellectual Property and Law, Odessa Law Academy. Ukraine. ОRCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-

0002-5700-6687

** Graduate student of the Department of Criminal Law, Process and criminology of Kyiv University

intellectual property and law of the National University "Odessa Law Academy", Ukraine. Email:

ОRCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5777-3109

*** Graduate student of the Department of Criminal Law, Process and criminology of Kyiv University

intellectual property and law of the National University "Odessa Law Academy", Ukraine. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-4477

**** Graduate student of the Department of Criminal Law, Process and criminology of Kyiv University

intellectual property and law of the National University "Odessa Law Academy", Ukraine. ОRCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4474-6333

***** Postgraduate of the Department of Criminal Law, Process and Forensics, Kyiv University of

Intellectual Property and Law, Odesa Law Academy, Ukraine. ОRCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-

0003-3539-4073

Recibido el 15/10/22 Aceptado el 22/12/22

CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 76 (2023): 16-25

Keywords: subject of the crime; legal person; crime of an international

character; juvenile person; combating crime.

Sujetos del Delito a la luz de los tratados

internacionales en tiempo de guerra (análisis

comparativo)

Resumen

La cuestión de optimizar el mecanismo de enjuiciamiento de los sujetos

del delito en relación con la guerra de Rusia contra Ucrania iniciada en

febrero de 2022, como resultado de lo cual la impunidad de los criminales

de guerra está ganando impulso y conduce a la violación de la legislación,

tanto en Ucrania como en el mundo, en particular en países como: Polonia,

Alemania, Bulgaria, Rumanía, Moldavia, etc. En este sentido, el propósito

de este editorial es doble: por un lado, busca presentar el volumen 41, el

número 76 de “Cuestiones Políticas” y, por el otro, consiste en resaltar

el tema del sujeto del delito, sus signos y principales características,

consagrado en los actos jurídicos internacionales. Se concluyó que el análisis

de los tratados internacionales da fundamento para armar que el tema

del sujeto del delito se divulga con bastante amplitud y se presta atención

a la separación de los conceptos de sujetos de los delitos internacionales

y sujetos de los delitos de carácter internacional; la diferencia entre estos

conceptos es fundamental y muy importante. Teniendo en cuenta la actitud

de la comunidad internacional ante el concepto de sujeto delictivo, se

esbozan posibles áreas de mejora de la legislación vigente.

Palabras clave: sujeto del delito; persona jurídica; delito de carácter

internacional; persona juvenil; lucha contra el delito.

Exordium

International criminal law is dened as a set of principles and norms

that regulate public relations in the protection of international law

against international crimes and crimes of international nature. Analysis

and comparison of international normative-legal acts gives answers to a

number of questions: (a) which states of the international community

take into account international criminal norms in national legislation;

(b) how eective in prevention and combating crimes in a particular state

implementation of international legislation is; (c) the main trends in

development and improvement of the national law of dierent states on the

basis of international criminal law.

Valery Kostyantynovych Matviychuk, Tamara Mykhaylivna Rad, Oksana Olegivna Cherniak,

Kostiantyn Mykhailovych Brovchenko y Vasyl Vasylovich Chudnov

Presentación

It is clear that such terms as “crime”, “subject” and “punishment” have

an intrastate origin. They dene legal categories in the sphere of criminal

law which are the most important for the society. In view of the current

trends in international criminal law, the concept of “crime” and therefore

the concept of the “subject of crime” are gaining some other international

legal dimension. But, in our opinion, absence of a single international

determination of these concepts gives an opportunity for a unique

interpretation of international legal documents.

Therefore, the purpose of the presentation is to separate provisions of

international normative-legal acts, which regulate the issue of the subject of

crime and its main features in order to further outline the main directions

for improvement of this concept in Ukrainian legislation.

International standards regarding characteristics

of the subject of crime

Like any socially dangerous act provided for by the criminal law, a crime

in the international law has its constituent parts; among these parts, as

noted above, we are most interested in the subject of crime. Actually, the

wording “the subject of crime” is extremely rare in international treaties.

For example, the Agreement between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine

and the Government of the Republic of Slovenia on Cooperation in the

struggle against crimes (came into force on 24 November, 2012) does not

use the term “subject of crime”; the wording “persons who have committed

a crime or involved in its commission” is used instead.

Directly in the text of Art. 4 “Exchange of information” it is stated that

the Parties shall exchange personal data and information with respect

to persons who have committed a crime or are involved in an oense,

namely, information on: surname, former surname, rst name, other

names (ctitious names, nicknames) , gender, date and place of birth, place

of residence, citizenship or previous citizenship, etc.; information on the

data of an identity document, that is, a passport or other travel document

(number, date of issue, issuing authority, place of issue, validity period,

territory of validity); information on data related to ngerprints or palm

prints of a person involved in the commission of a crime, a DNA prole or

sample, person’s description, a photo card; information on other personal

data collected and sent by competent state authorities, etc. (Law of Ukraine,

2012).

Agreement between the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Ukraine and the

Ministry of Internal Aairs of Georgia on cooperation in the struggle against

crime, came into force on 20 October, 2011, does not mention the wording

CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 76 (2023): 16-25

“subject of crime” directly, but indirectly article 4 of the abovementioned

Agreement establishes the provision that states, in accordance with the

national legislation, shall take all necessary measures to reveal, detain,

arrest or provide information about persons who are sought, that is, a

subject of crime is a physical convicted person (Law of Ukraine, 2012).

In accordance with the Memorandum of understanding between the

Ministry of Internal Aairs, the Prosecutor General’s Oce, the Security

Service, the State Customs Service, the State Tax Administration of Ukraine

and the Association of Police Chiefs, the Royal Prosecutor’s Oce of

England and Wales, the Customs and Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise, the

National Criminal Intelligence Service on cooperation in combating serious

crimes, subject of crime is dened as “a person who violates the law” or

“identication of the location and identity of such person” (Law of Ukraine,

2018). The term “suspect” is found below in the text of the document. Also,

provision concerning the appearance of persons to competent authorities is

dened clearly: “a person who fails to come after receiving an invitation or

refuses to come shall not be subject to punishment and shall not be subject

to any preventive measures in the territory of the Party requested.”

The memorandum between the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Ukraine

and the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Montenegro on cooperation in the

sphere of combating crime (Law of Ukraine, 2018), which came into force

on 13 June, 2013, denes the range of crimes (by generic object), which are

related to cooperation, respectively, the notion of the subject of crime can

be seen from the list of crimes. Also, in the Memorandum mentions the

following concepts: persons involved in organized crime; typical behavior

of criminals and criminal groups; persons suspected of committing crimes;

persons who evade criminal responsibility or punishment.

We support the opinion that the state is the subject of international

crimes. Criminal responsibility for commission of such crimes is borne

by the so-called agents of the state (otherwise such persons are called

representatives of the state) - persons acting on behalf of the state, or

actual agents without legal authority. In its turn, the subject of crimes of

international nature is presented as physical convicted persons who at the

moment of the committed crime have reached a specic age.

Position of the international community regarding responsibility of legal

entities is clearly dened. To illustrate an example, it is worth referring to

the judgment of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, which recognized the

SS, SD, and the leadership of Nazi Germany as criminal organizations.

However, the lawmaker in the Criminal Code (hereinafter referred to as

the CC) of Ukraine does not recognize a legal entity as the subject of crime,

and submits in Art. 18 a comprehensive list of features of this element of

body of a crime. In our opinion this position requires optimization and

improvement.

Valery Kostyantynovych Matviychuk, Tamara Mykhaylivna Rad, Oksana Olegivna Cherniak,

Kostiantyn Mykhailovych Brovchenko y Vasyl Vasylovich Chudnov

Presentación

As with general criminal oenses, when crimes of an international

nature are committed, the question of a special subject of crime may arise,

which is presented as persons separately identied in certain international

legal acts: hired ocers, ocials, etc.

The issue of criminal sanity as one of the features of the subject of crime

is also quite controversial. There is no single international instrument that

would regulate all the complexities of the above-mentioned feature. If there

are doubts about mental integrity of a person or recognition of a person as

partially sane, necessary is opinion of specialist physicians about the mental

state of persons who have committed a crime of international nature. The

issue of a person’s sanity or its legal insanity is decided by the court, taking

into account the respective opinion of experts.

The subject of crime as a juvenile person

in international legal standards

The greatest attention in the international legal space is paid to minors

as subjects of crime. It is quite clear because children are the future not only

of nations, but also of the whole world. There are a large number of legal

acts in the sphere of protection of children’s rights (in our case, persons

who have reached the age of criminal responsibility but have not reached

the age of majority).

Minor persons have some additional privileges along with a wide range

of rights and freedoms, which are granted to any adult person - the subject of

crime. Such privileges are specically provided for in the Declaration of the

Rights of the Child. The program provisions of this Declaration recognized

that minors, due to their physiological and psychological immaturity, need

additional social care. However, the specied Declaration had an exclusively

advisory nature.

Over time, the described situation worsened (including a decrease

in the standard of living of the population, an increase in “child” crime,

lack of proper preventive measures) and required an immediate solution.

That is why the Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted on 20

November 1989, which is also called the “World constitution of the Rights

of the Child”. Ukraine joined the mentioned Convention adopted by the

UN General Assembly on 27 September 1997. Along with other rights, the

Convention provides a number of provisions that apply to minors as the

subject of crime:

1. immediate access to legal and other necessary assistance for the

child;

2. the right to challenge the legality of the child’s deprivation of liberty

before the competent institutions;

CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 76 (2023): 16-25

3. the right to maintain communication with his/her family through

correspondence, telephone calls, dates, etc.;

4. arrest, detention or imprisonment shall be applied to the child

only in exceptional cases, if other ways for preventive and curative

measures have been exhausted and have not yielded the expected

positive result;

5. minor subjects of crimes shall not be punished in the form of death

penalty (from which our state and most countries in the international

arena refused) and life imprisonment without the possibility of such

dismissal;

6. on par with adults (majors), a child cannot be subjected to torture

and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

(Convention on the rights of the child, 1989).

According to the provisions of the Convention, the participating states

(192 countries) including Ukraine is obliged to assist in creation of laws,

bodies and institutions directly related to children who are considered to

have violated criminal legislation, are accused or found guilty of committing

a crime: establishing the minimum age of criminal responsibility, providing

for the application of educational measures to such children without the

involvement of court proceedings, strict observance of the rights of the

child and provision of legal guarantees.

Moreover, along with other international legal treaties, the Convention

has the highest legal force, because by ratifying it, the participating states

have committed themselves to bring their national legislation regarding

the child as the subject of crime (criminal oense) into compliance with

the provisions of this document. As for the international documents listed

above, they dene the general provisions on minors as subjects of crime and

emphasize the need to strictly observe their rights, in connection with the

fact that the latter have not reached the age of majority, taking into account

the unstable psychological and psychophysiological processes (Leheza et

al., 2022).

The UN Standard Minimum Rules (also known as the Beijing Rules)

establish mainly the principles of justice in relation to minors, and measures

to ensure that they serve a fair punishment. The purpose of the UN Standard

Minimum Rules is to ensure the consistency of any measures of inuence on

minors with the peculiarities of the oense and peculiarities of the oender.

The document also contains a list of guarantees for observance of the rights

of minors, including the right to a fair and impartial court, the right to a

fair court decision, the right to use alternative measures of inuence on

minors, etc. In fact, these guarantees are reected in the national legislation

of Ukraine (CC of Ukraine, CPC of Ukraine) and national legislations of

other countries, but in the Beijing Rules the international community re-

Valery Kostyantynovych Matviychuk, Tamara Mykhaylivna Rad, Oksana Olegivna Cherniak,

Kostiantyn Mykhailovych Brovchenko y Vasyl Vasylovich Chudnov

Presentación

emphasizes the necessity of their observance and obligatory provision

(

Khavroniuk, 2006).

The provisions of the Council of Europe Recommendation on New Ways

of Dealing with Juvenile Delinquency and the Role of Juvenile Justice

(2003) had a signicant impact on the criminal legislation of many European

states (CM/REC recommendation, 2008). According to the mentioned

provisions the principle of guilt should better take into account the age and

maturity of the oender and correspond to his/her level of development.

Subsequently, in the recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of

the Council of Europe a number of signicant and important provisions

for the development of the concept of the subject of crime were dened for

member states regarding European rules regarding juvenile oenders who

are subject to sanctions or restrictions (2008) (CM/REC recommendation,

2008). In particular, regarding public sanctions and restrictions applied to

minors:

• a wide range of public sanctions and restrictions selected for

dierent stages of a minor’s development must be applied at all

stages of the process;

• priority is given to sanctions and restrictions that can have an

educational impact and provide a restorative response to oenses

committed by minors;

• cases in which imposing a sanction or a restriction requires the

minor’s consent;

• which bodies are responsible for appointment, modication and

implementation of the respective sanction and restriction, as well as

their respective duties and obligations;

• conditions and procedures used to modify the respective imposed

sanction and restriction;

• procedures for regular external supervision of the work of bodies

such sanctions or restrictions are imposed by;

• the decision to impose or cancel a public sanction or restriction shall

be taken by a judicial body, and in the case when the decision is

taken by an administrative body appointed by the law, it shall be

subject to judicial review;

• depending on the progress made by the respective minor, the

competent authorities shall (if provided for by national law) have

the right to reduce the duration of the sanction or restriction, to

mitigate the imposed conditions or obligations provided for by this

sanction or restriction, or to terminate them;

CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 76 (2023): 16-25

• the rights of minors to personal benets, such as education,

professional training, protection of physical and mental health,

personal safety and social protection, should not be limited by

imposition and application of sanctions and restriction;

• if minors do not comply with the conditions and obligations of

public sanctions and restrictions applied to them, this should not

automatically lead to deprivation of their liberty. Where possible,

previous restrictions or public sanctions should be replaced by new

or modied ones (CM/REC recommendation, 2008).

Conclusions

Summing up the above on the subject of crime, we can make the following

conclusions: the legal responsibility of legal entities is not new for most

countries of the world. Such norms are found in international normative

legal acts signed by Ukraine. Therefore, it is worth taking these facts into

account and improving the norms of Ukrainian legislation regarding the

responsibility of legal entities.

The analysis of international treaties gives grounds for asserting that

the issue of the subject of crime is disclosed quite widely, special attention

is paid to the separation of the concepts of subjects of international crimes

and subjects of crimes of an international nature; the dierence between

these concepts is fundamental and extremely important.

In view of the increase in the number of crimes committed by minors,

the international community provides a wide range of measures, in addition

to criminal punishment, which shall be applied to them, as well as lowering

the age of criminal responsibility for some types of crimes.

It has been established that as early as 1954, according to the decision of

the UN General Assembly, the Commission on International Law developed

a draft code of international crimes. In 1991 at the regular session, the

commission approved the draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and

Security of the Mankind (in the rst reading). Here it was only about

a certain type of oenses that make up only a part of socially dangerous

phenomena, which are the subject of regulation of international criminal

law.

Therefore, the need to create a document that would solve one of the

biggest problems of international law enforcement, namely unication

of criminal legislation, appears quite urgent. It is obvious that the norms

established in the Code will not be binding for a sovereign state, but the

signing of an international document will be a kind of expression of each

country’s attitude to those crimes that go beyond the state borders.

Valery Kostyantynovych Matviychuk, Tamara Mykhaylivna Rad, Oksana Olegivna Cherniak,

Kostiantyn Mykhailovych Brovchenko y Vasyl Vasylovich Chudnov

Presentación

Thus, international legal principles and norms establish the special

status of a minor who has violated the criminal law and, as a result, require

special attitude to such persons in all states, without exception, that

have ratied the relevant documents. According to the criminal norms

enshrined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)

(Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998), a person is not

subject to criminal liability if at the time of committing an act or inaction

he/she was deprived of an opportunity to realize the illegality of his/her

behavior or its nature in general, or to coordinate his/her actions with the

requirements the law due to: a) mental illness or disorder; b) being in a

state of intoxication, with the exception of cases when a person was exposed

to intoxication voluntarily under such circumstances in which he/she knew

that as a result of intoxication he/she could commit an act that constitutes a

crime, or when he/she ignored the danger of committing such an act.

Bibliographic References

CM/REC recommendation. 2008. 11 of the Committee of Ministers of the

Council of Europe to member states regarding European rules regarding

juvenile oenders who are subject to the imposition of sanctions or

measures (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on November 5, 2008

at the 1040 meeting of Deputy Ministers). Available online. In: sc.gov.

ua/uploads/tinymce/les/1%20(2008)%2011.docx. Consultation date:

10/12/2022.

CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD. 1989. Available online.

In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_021. Consultation date:

10/12/2022.

KHAVRONIUK, Mykola. 2006. Criminal legislation of Ukraine and other states

of continental Europe: comparative analysis, problems of harmonization.

Kyiv, Ukraine.

LAW OF UKRAINE. 2012. Agreement between the Ministry of Internal Aairs

of Ukraine and the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Slovenia on cooperation

in the ght against crime. Ocial Gazette of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine.

LAW OF UKRAINE. 2012. Agreement between the Ministry of Internal Aairs

of Ukraine and the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Georgia on cooperation

in the ght against crime. Ocial Gazette of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine.

LAW OF UKRAINE. 2018. Memorandum between the Ministry of Internal

Aairs of Ukraine and the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Montenegro on

cooperation in the ght against crime. Ocial Gazette of Ukraine. Kyiv,

Ukraine.

CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 76 (2023): 16-25

LEHEZA, Yevhen; PISOTSKA, Karina; DUBENKO, Oleksandr; DAKHNO,

Oleksandr; SOTSKYI, Artur. 2022. “The Essence of the Principles of

Ukrainian Law in Modern Jurisprudence” Revista Jurídica Portucalense.

Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.

ic-15 https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/28026.

Consultation date: Consultation date: 10/12/2022.

ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT.1998.

Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/les/RS-Eng.

pdf Consultation date: 10/12/2022.

www.luz.edu.ve

www.serbi.luz.edu.ve

www.produccioncienticaluz.org

Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada

en enero de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,

Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela

Vol.41 Nº 76