Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Publicación cientíca en formato digital
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185
Depósito legal pp 197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.40 N° 75
2022
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
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de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
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gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
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Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
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M. C
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Co mi té Edi tor
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Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
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Vol. 40, Nº 75 (2022), 868-878
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 24/07/22 Aceptado el 12/11/22
The issue of the application to the
European Court of Human Rights in the
context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.52
Nataliia Morska *
Mykhailo Prysiazhniuk **
Svitlana Luchkovska ***
Andrii Misiats ****
Liudmyla Mikhnevych *****
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the practical aspects
involved in ling applications to the European Court of Human
Rights in the context of armed aggression against Ukraine.
The achievement of the objective also involves the resolution
of the following tasks: the analysis of the works of scientists
who studied various aspects of human rights protection; international
legal acts, as well as the legislation of Ukraine; the determination of the
problems that exist at the present stage in the mechanism of human rights
protection at the international level, and; the determination of the level
of its eectiveness and the possibility of its application in Ukraine in the
conditions of a military conict. Specically, the subject of the study is the
prospect of implementation of the mechanism of appeal of citizens to the
European Court for the Protection of Human Rights. The methodological
basis of the research consisted in the dialectical combination of general
scientic and special legal methods. It is concluded that, in view of the new
socio-economic and political realities emerging in the modern world, it is
* PhD in Phylosophical Sciences, Associate Professor, Philosophy and Social Sciences Department,Faculty
of History Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ukraine, 46027, Ternopil 2
Maxyma. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-2802
** Candidate of Juridical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor of the Department of Law Faculty of
International Relations, Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi National University, 11,
Instytuts’ka str., Khmelnytskyi, 29016, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-7633
*** Candidate of Juridical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor of the Department of Law Faculty of
International Relations, Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi National University, 11,
Instytuts’ka str., Khmelnytskyi, 29016, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-9480
**** Candidate of Juridical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor of the Department of Law Faculty of
International Relations, Khmelnytskyi National University, 11, Instytuts’ka str., Khmelnytskyi, 29016,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-3556
***** Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Law Institute, Department of
Constitutional and Criminal Law, 54/1 Prospect Peremogy 03057 Kyiv Ukraine, Doctor of Law, docent,
Head of the Department of Constitutional and Criminal Law. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-4774-079X
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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necessary to update the whole system of human rights protection at the
international level.
Keywords: human rights; human rights protection mechanism; armed
conict; international legal responsibility; principles of
international law.
La cuestión de la solicitud al Tribunal Europeo
de Derechos Humanos en el contexto de la invasión
rusa de Ucrania
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los aspectos prácticos que implica
la presentación de solicitudes ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos
Humanos en el contexto de la agresión armada contra Ucrania. La
consecución del objetivo involucra además la resolución de las siguientes
tareas: el análisis de los trabajos de los cientícos que estudiaron diversos
aspectos de la protección de los derechos humanos; los actos jurídicos
internacionales, así como la legislación de Ucrania; la determinación de los
problemas que existen en la etapa actual en el mecanismo de protección de
los derechos humanos a nivel internacional, y; la determinación del nivel de
su ecacia y la posibilidad de aplicación en Ucrania en las condiciones de
un conicto militar. Concretamente, el tema del estudio es la perspectiva de
la aplicación del mecanismo de recurso de los ciudadanos ante el Tribunal
Europeo de Protección de los Derechos Humanos. La base metodológica
de la investigación consistió en la combinación dialéctica de métodos
cientícos generales y jurídicos especiales. Se concluye que, en atención
con las nuevas realidades socioeconómicas y políticas que surgen en el
mundo moderno, es necesario actualizar todo el sistema de protección de
los derechos humanos a nivel internacional.
Palabras clave: derechos humanos; mecanismo de protección de los
derechos humanos; conicto armado; responsabilidad
jurídica internacional; principios del derecho
internacional.
Introduction
At the present stage of the development of human civilization, the
protection of human rights is not an exclusive internal competence
870
Nataliia Morska, Mykhailo Prysiazhniuk, Svitlana Luchkovska, Andrii Misiats y Liudmyla Mikhnevych
The issue of the application to the European Court of Human Rights in the context of the Russian
invasion of Ukraine
of a certain state, there are additionally international institutions and
mechanisms controlling the fulllment by the state of its international
legal obligations in the circumscribed sphere. One of such institutions is
the European Court of Human Rights, established in accordance with the
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,
whose competence includes consideration of complaints of citizens against
those participating States that violate the rights and freedoms outlined in
the said Convention.
The relevance of this study is that there is a war in Ukraine, there are
numerous violations of the rights of citizens of our state. The study focuses
on the fact that under such conditions there are problems of xation on
both war crimes and human rights violations on the territories where active
hostilities are taking place or are under temporary occupation.
1. Theoretical Framework or Literature Review
It is necessary to note the fact that the issue of appeal to the European
Court of Human Rights is relevant not only for Ukraine, but it also
attracts the attention of the world scientic community, primarily due to
the importance of man as the main social value in any democratic. state
governed by the rule of law, as well as the protection of his fundamental
rights and freedoms.
For example, (Paparinskis, 2020) explores the responsibility of states
for violations of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, compensation for material and moral damages
caused by their wrongful acts, as a fundamental principle of international
law (Paparinskis, 2020). Paparinskis (2020) also draws attention in his
scholarly work to the fact that when a state’s responsibility is exercised
before international courts and tribunals, compensation damages the
responsible state or its people (Paparinskis, 2020).
Halewood analyzes the scholarly work of St. Wallace and examines the
relationship between military operations conducted by states during armed
conicts and human rights violations. The scholar also focuses on the
recent developments in the European Court of Human Rights, which have
expanded the application of the European Convention on Human Rights
to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of victims of military
operations around the world.
Relevant for the analysis of the problems of human rights violations and
their correlation with war crimes in the context of armed aggression against
Ukraine is a scientic study by O. Cherviakova and Mekheda (2021) who
paid attention to the fact of the criminalization of war crimes, which are
871
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 75 (2022): 868-878
compared at the international and domestic legislative level in accordance
with military law (Cherviakova and Mekheda, 2021).
Sosnina, who in her research work investigated the international aspects
of the protection of the rights of victims of the armed conict in eastern
Ukraine, draws attention to the fact that in almost all regions where armed
conicts take place, laws are violated, and prohibited means and methods
of war are used against civilians (Sosnina et al., 2021).
2. Methodology
The methodological basis of the study consists of general scientic
methods (synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction) and special legal
methods (state-legal regulation, comparative legal method).
3. Results
Resolutions adopted by the UN General Assembly and other international
humanitarian law instruments provide for three fundamental principles
whose observance is mandatory for states taking part in a military conict,
and for the state itself if its regional internal conict is involved. These
principles are the foundation of humanitarian law, and, in this case, we
point to the right to choose methods and means of war, which is limited; the
prohibition of aggression and attacks on civilians; the need to distinguish
them from military and other paramilitary forces.
Violation of fundamental principles entails the need to protect
individuals during a military conict and responsibility for harm caused to
the civilian population at the end of that conict.
According to the results of the study, we can conclude that one of the
urgent needs for Ukraine, both scientists-theorists and practitioners, is to
develop an eective mechanism for the protection of the violated rights of
citizens as a result of armed aggression against Ukraine.
Problems arising in this sphere are related both to the insucient
eciency of Ukrainian national legislation under martial law and the
imperfection of the international human rights protection system. In
particular, the European Court of Human Rights has a limited period for
appealing to it, a complicated procedure for receiving and considering
complaints, as well as a long period for their consideration.
It is also necessary to note the fact that in Ukraine under the conditions
of military conict, not all citizens have the possibility to record their
violated rights and timely appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.
872
Nataliia Morska, Mykhailo Prysiazhniuk, Svitlana Luchkovska, Andrii Misiats y Liudmyla Mikhnevych
The issue of the application to the European Court of Human Rights in the context of the Russian
invasion of Ukraine
No less important factor inuencing the eciency of such protection is the
low level of awareness of the Ukrainian population about the possibility
to apply to the European Court of Human Rights for protection of their
violated rights.
We may also conclude that not only the mechanism of human rights
protection at the European Court of Justice requires renovation and
adaptation to new social, political, and economic requirements of the
world community, but also the entire system of such protection at the
international level.
4. Discussion
The armed aggression against Ukraine will provoke an increase of
cases of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights by the citizens
who suered from it to receive material and moral compensation. “The
obligation of States to provide full reparation for internationally wrongful
acts, including by full compensation, is one of the bedrock principles of
international law” (Paparinskis, 2020: 1255). “The peculiarity of a war
crime is its predominant multi-object nature: the crime causes damage to
several direct objects at the same time” (Cherviakova and Mekheda, 2021:
256), as for human rights violation, it can be both a separate type of crime
and a war crime.
In the latter case we are talking about the disappearance or death of a
loved one, xation on facts of torture, torture, being in captivity, destruction
or damage to property, restriction of a person’s right to education or to
movement, if the person, for example, is in temporarily occupied territory.
War crimes by their nature are the most dangerous for each individual
society and humanity as a whole, they do not have a limitation period, but,
unlike them, the period granted for the appeal to the European Court of
Human Rights for protection of violated rights is limited. According to the
above-mentioned, the question arises whether this term will be renewed if
the person was in the temporarily occupied territory and had no possibility
to apply for the protection of his rights in time.
Also, during active combat operations on the territory of our state a
person does not always have an opportunity to record that his rights were
violated, so additionally there is a problem of evidentiary basis of the
unlawful act committed against a person.
This issue is relevant both for Ukraine, because “soon after its
independence was declared, Ukraine chose the course towards ensuring
the fundamental principles of protecting human rights and freedoms,
rmly established in the international community” (Kononenko et al.,
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 75 (2022): 868-878
2022: 355), and for all civilized states of the world. “Recent years have seen
developments at the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) which
have expanded the application of the European Convention on Human
Rights (the Convention) to military operations throughout the world”
(Halewood, 2019: 150).
However, it is debatable whether the international mechanism for the
protection of human rights that exists today is sucient, given the fact that
most normative acts of similar content were developed and adopted at the
end of the two world wars, during the period of peace coexistence of most
states. Thus:
Despite the international community’s ratication of various conventions
on international humanitarian law and the ght against their violations, as well
as their partial implementation and the enshrined at the national level criminal
liability for war crimes, almost all wars, and armed conicts are accompanied by a
commitment of serious war crimes (Sosnina et al., 2021: 125).
Accordingly, it can be concluded that the above-mentioned normative
legal acts for the protection of human rights are eective and sucient
in peacetime, but in the context of armed aggression against Ukraine, as
well as any other military conict, which may take place in another state,
their content and implementation seems not to be able to fully ensure the
protection of human rights.
This view can be justied by two decisive factors concerning the role of
the European Court of Human Rights. Firstly, it is: “...an international court
that considers cases pertaining to violations of the European Convention
on Human Rights” (Saintano and Jewell, 2015: 25), rather than a political
body like most institutions that provide this function.
The European Court of Human Rights is a judicial body, which considers
disputes based on cases referred to it, so, secondly, those legal procedures
provided by both the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms and the Rules of Court can signicantly complicate
the recourse to it, taking into account the circumstances and conditions of
martial law.
Besides, the majority of Ukrainian citizens are not aware of the legal
aspects of the very possibility to apply to the European Court of Human
Rights, which indirectly violates the provisions of article 6 of the Convention,
guaranteeing the right to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable
time by an independent and impartial court, established by law, when
determining the civil rights and obligations of a person or when considering
any criminal charges brought against a person, at that:
874
Nataliia Morska, Mykhailo Prysiazhniuk, Svitlana Luchkovska, Andrii Misiats y Liudmyla Mikhnevych
The issue of the application to the European Court of Human Rights in the context of the Russian
invasion of Ukraine
...on (i) how general interpretative techniques that have been developed by
the Strasbourg Court were applied by the Court in its jurisprudence concerning
the said provision; (ii) on the interplay between the overall fairness of the trial
and Article 6(3)(e) ECHR; and (iii) on Article 6(3)(e) ECHR and the relationship
between legal assistance/legal aid and the right to interpretation (Vogiatzis, 2021:
29).
At the same time, as a result of the limited possibility of implementation
under martial law, an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights
for some citizens of our state may be, “... engaging with the law produces
frustration and exclusion” (Greenberg, 2020: 405).
In addition, “it can further be concluded that the Court provides both
indirect and direct access to justice and therefore both individual and
general justice, albeit only to supplement domestic remedies” (Gerards
and Glas, 2017: 25), and, given the precisely subsidiary nature of this
mechanism, it cannot act as the only means of protecting the fundamental
rights and freedoms of citizens aected by the armed aggression against
Ukraine.
On June 23, 2022, our state led a complaint to the European Court of
Human Rights against the Russian Federation for unlawful acts committed
by the aggressor state, and crimes committed against the Ukrainian people.
Regarding the similar experience of Georgia, “although the Court did
not establish Russia’s jurisdiction over the disputed territory during the
hostilities, this did not absolve Russia from all human rights violations
stemming from the events taking place between August 8–12, 2008”
(Dzehtsiarou, 2021: 293), it should be noted that there was no unanimity
among the judges in reaching this decision.
Consequently, “throughout its history, the rule of law has been the
lodestar guiding the development of the case-law of the European Court
of Human Rights” (Spano, 2021), and the decisions made by the European
Court are a necessary guide for state authorities in the process of bringing
national legislation in the eld of human rights and the practice of its
application.
It is advisable: “... the need for critical appraisal of the construction,
function, and evolution of this protection regime as well as its multi-scalar
social and political eects, both intended and unintended” (Quintavalla
and Heine, 2019: 138). “If genocide is occurring in Ukraine, the use of force
is not necessary as other measures available under Genocide Convention
to achieve the goals sought, i.e., to stop the genocide” (Dananjaya and
Dhananjaya, 2022: 34), because Ukraine and its people, is the commission
of an illegal act by an aggressor country that threatens the continued
existence of all humanity.
875
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There is also a clear need to eliminate the political dimension in the
implementation of European assistance to end the military conict on
the territory of our state, because while armed conict is ultimately about
violent interaction between combatant groups, a variety of policies are
pursued in conjunction with violence that contributes to the course of the
conict and its outcomes (Loyle and Binningsbø, 2016).
Avoidance of such a subjective attitude is extremely necessary for the
future when considering complaints of Ukrainian citizens about violations
of their fundamental rights and freedoms committed by the aggressor state
against them.
“In fact, while the lexical eld of human rights revolves around terms
like ‘absolute’ and ‘inviolable’, the Court has relentlessly sought to soften
the clout of the rights entailed in the European Convention it is supposed to
enforce” (Manco, 2015; 527), which is inadmissible in the consideration of
this category of complaints.
At the same time, there is a question of delineating the responsibility
of the state itself, which has initiated a military conict, and must bear
responsibility in accordance with the fundamental principles of international
law, as well as individuals belonging to its armed forces, as well as its other
paramilitary formations, representatives of which commit unlawful acts.
Against citizens of Ukraine. If we analyze the provisions of the Criminal
Code of Ukraine, it is clear that the identied problem goes beyond the
limits of national criminal procedural legislation or granting legal eect
within the legal system of Ukraine to international treaties in the manner
prescribed by the Constitution of Ukraine (Constitution of Ukraine, 1996).
Any democracy in the world cannot exist in political isolation; crisis
phenomena in one provoke negative tendencies in others. “Austerity
measures have led to the denial of social rights and widespread socio-
economic malaise across Europe” (Salomon, 2015: 530), the military
conict taking place in Ukraine has deepened the destructive processes in
Europe and testied to the need to revise those international normative
legal acts that regulate the protection of human rights but were not adapted
to their implementation in conditions of martial law.
Given the close connection between international and humanitarian
law, it is also necessary to change the very mechanism of human rights
protection in order to avoid the situation that occurred in post-war Kosovo,
which became: “... ‘black hole state’ reveals how the legal bureaucracies
established to usher in human rights serve to perpetuate the state of
suspension rather than realizing their utopian goals” (Mora, 2020: 90).
It is expected that changes in international law to regulate human rights
protection will be a long and contentious process, because conservative
876
Nataliia Morska, Mykhailo Prysiazhniuk, Svitlana Luchkovska, Andrii Misiats y Liudmyla Mikhnevych
The issue of the application to the European Court of Human Rights in the context of the Russian
invasion of Ukraine
values and Conservative Party politicians helped to shape the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948 and the European Convention
on Human rights (ECHR) 1950 (Tugendhat, 2019), and at the present stage,
conservatism remains the leading ideological concept.
However, despite this fact, “...the signicant role the UDHR has played in
giving individuals a voice to hold states accountable”, which is undoubtedly
important for the full functioning and implementation of the human rights
protection mechanism at the international level.
Conclusions
Based on our research, we can conclude that:
1. in connection with the new socio-economic, and political realities
emerging in the modern world, it is necessary to update the entire
system of human rights protection at the international level, as well
as the mechanism for its implementation;
2. it is urgent for Ukraine to update the current legislation in accordance
with the world standards of human rights protection, to bring it in
line with the requirements that the society faces during martial law
and after its termination;
3. territories, where there are active hostilities or those under
temporary occupation, are particularly dicult to document war
crimes and human rights violations;
4. the possibility of exercising the right to appeal to the European Court
of Human Rights is limited, in the rst place, for that part of the
population of Ukraine living in the temporarily occupied territory.
The above indicates the relevance, importance, and timeliness of the
chosen topic of research.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.40 Nº 75