Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Publicación cientíca en formato digital
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185
Depósito legal pp 197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.40 N° 75
2022
Recibido el 14/09/22 Aceptado el 25/11/22
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
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La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
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avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
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Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
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Vol. 40, Nº 75 (2022), 537-549
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Theoretical and practical aspects
of modern politics: challenges and
reformatting of the global world
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.32
Valentyna Voronkova *
Olesia Zvezdova **
Аnastasiia Khmel ***
Tetiana Lushahina ****
Liudmyla Lanoviuk *****
Abstract
The aim was to analyze the problems of global development
of the modern world, including controversial global processes
and to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of modern
politics in the conditions of challenges and reformatting of today’s
world. The novelty of the research lies in the understanding
of objective processes of intensication of global political relations in
extreme conditions, including war, crisis, uncertainty and instability.
The methodology employed consisted of the use of tools such as political
modeling and forecasting, which help to look behind the scenes of the global
world as a new integral entity in a new way. The conclusion of the study is
that the analysis of the new problems of reformatting the modern world in
the context of globalization has been carried out and the ways of solving
these problems have been shown. Theoretical and practical approaches
to nding ways to increase the eectiveness of global management and
activities of international organizations were considered. A new model of
modern politics is analyzed, within which the basic problems of globalization
are outlined and a solution to the negative political consequences of the
existing world order is proposed.
Keywords: modern politics; globalization; global reformatting of the
world; politics in the 21st century; modern world.
* Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
0719-1546
** Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolaiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-9664-5257
*** Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
4881-7859
**** Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-
2923
***** National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-6483-101X
538
Valentyna Voronkova, Olesia Zvezdova, Аnastasiia Khmel, Tetiana Lushahina y Liudmyla Lanoviuk
Theoretical and practical aspects of modern politics: challenges and reformatting of the global world
Aspectos teóricos y prácticos de la política moderna:
retos y reformulación del mundo global
Resumen
El objetivo fue analizar los problemas del desarrollo global del mundo
moderno, lo que incluye procesos globales controvertidos e investigar los
aspectos teóricos y prácticos de la política moderna en las condiciones de
desafíos y reformateo del mundo actual. La novedad de la invetsigacion
esta en la comprensión de los procesos objetivos de intensicación de las
relaciones políticas globales en condiciones extremas, que incluyen: guerra,
crisis, incertidumbre e inestabilidad. La metodología empleada consistió en
el uso de herramientas como el modelado político y la previsión, que ayudan
a mirar detrás de escena del mundo global como una nueva entidad integral
de una nueva manera. La conclusión del estudio es que se ha llevado a cabo
el análisis de los nuevos problemas de reformatear el mundo moderno en el
contexto de la globalización y se han mostrado las formas de resolver estos
problemas. Se consideraron enfoques teóricos y prácticos para encontrar
formas de aumentar la ecacia de la gestión global y las actividades
de las organizaciones internacionales. Se analiza un nuevo modelo de
política moderna, dentro del cual se esbozan los problemas básicos de
la globalización y se propone una solución a las negativas consecuencias
políticas del orden mundial vigente.
Palabras clave: política moderna; globalización; reformateo global del
mundo; política en el siglo XXI; mundo moderno.
Introduction
The relevance of global politics research is aimed at making political
decisions, studying global public solutions that apply to power relations,
understanding the civilizational dimensions of human existence as an
integral system. Global politics always aects many people, its consequences
have an echo in many spheres of activity, its decisions are made within the
community. Such community can be called a political system. Referring to
the subject of global politics, we understand it as various forms of activity
related to the control and adoption of global public decisions in relation to
a certain people living in a particular territory, possessing certain natural
and cultural resources, having its own national mentality, the code of the
nation.
Global politics refers us to political interests and conicts concerning
the use of such means, to the decision of the ways and purposes of their
application. Especially today, politics is inuenced by the processes of
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globalization associated with the transformation of the world, which is
testing its new capabilities.
The object of the study of global politics is the phenomenon of world
reformatting associated with globalization, which involves almost all
countries of the West and East, North and South, resulting in their fruitful
interaction. Today, there are two problems associated with the concept of
global politics: 1) it implies that a unique system of connections, where the
capital and goods markets, information ows, mental images are located,
and it permeates the entire socio-political and economic space; 2) it can be
understood as the fact that we are in a “global” era.
Behind the notion of “global politics” as an organic entity is the desire
to understand the interconnections between dierent parts of the world,
to explain the new mechanisms that govern the movement of capital,
people and cultures, and to invent institutions capable of regulating them.
However, the current debate does not include historical questions or a
precise analysis of the structure of connection mechanisms of and their
limitations.
The world has long been - and still is - a space where economic and
political relations are very unequally distributed, where еру power is
contested and conictual, so it is necessary to study political processes as
discourses, as statements of a global world, or as a global process, a set
of changes that really aect the world’s population. Contrasting the global
with the local - even if it is to study how they construct each other – is
clearly underlining the inadequacy of modern tools to analyze everything
else. It must be noted, that pressure on the part of the United States, the
IMF and transnational corporations is breaking down national barriers
that have impeded the movement of capital. This view is an argument for a
global rules new regime that would remove residual barriers to the ow of
capital and goods. It is also an argument that the global market, conceived
as a network of transactions, now obliges governments to obey its dictates.
Global policies are constantly used to encourage rich countries to roll back
the welfare state and poor countries to cut social spending, all in the name
of the need to compete in a globalised economy. The social democratic
political left has devoted much of its energy to softening the brutality of
capitalism through policy intervention.
The object of the study is global politics as a unique system of relations that
faces the challenges of modernity and contributes to the reformatting of the
global world, where the market of capital and goods, ows of information,
mental images that permeate the world are located. Globalization as an
expression of global politics raises serious concerns in public opinion.
The acceleration of globalization is accompanied by the intensication
of commercial, nancial and migration ows under the inuence of not
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Valentyna Voronkova, Olesia Zvezdova, Аnastasiia Khmel, Tetiana Lushahina y Liudmyla Lanoviuk
Theoretical and practical aspects of modern politics: challenges and reformatting of the global world
only the opening of markets, but also rapid technological changes leading
to technological breakthroughs due to digitalization, globalization,
intensication of international relations.
The novelty of this study is the analysis of the new phenomenon of
geopolitical reformatting of the world in the context of globalization,
which is based on the objective processes of intensication of world
political relations in extreme conditions, including war, crises, uncertainty,
instability, digitalization. As a result of globalization, globalism as a political
theory of deepening the management of globalization and the world system
is being formed. and the theory of globalization is an appendage of the
theory of modernization, - noted in the author’s article “Philosophy of
Geopolitical Reformatting of the World in the Context of Modern Challenges
of Globalization” (Voronkova et al., 2021).
1. Materials and methods
Political forecasting methodology often uses mathematics, statistics and
data science, psychology. Such models include average poll results, such
as the RealClearPolitics poll average. Political scientists and economists
often use regression models of past elections. The purpose of this task is
to help predicting the votes of political parties - for example, Democrats
and Republicans in the United States. This information helps the next
presidential candidate from their party to predict the future. Most models
include at least one public opinion variable, a sample poll or presidential
approval rating. The principles of global political forecasting are:
1. uncertainty, which corresponds to the new scientic picture of the
world associated with the criticism of classical determinism and the
discovery of stochastic processes;
2. bifurcation - the bifurcation of the course of certain processes that
have reached a certain critical value, after which the unambiguous
relationship between the past and future states of the system is lost;
3. discreteness of space-time, which means that at the bifurcation
points the preconditions for qualitatively new states are formed,
giving a qualitatively dierent future (Voronkova et al., 2020).
An important role was played by the method of modeling political
processes, which includes a set of principles, techniques, methods,
technologies, aimed at a new understanding of global politics, based on
global reformatting of the world, understanding of new roles and functions
of global politicians, the formation of new concepts, theories, models of
global politics.
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The research is based on a number of general philosophical methods
- analysis and synthesis, systematic, historical and logical, cross-cultural
analysis, which helped to reconstruct and take a fresh look at global
governance. It represents a dynamic and innovative sphere as the basis for
a breakthrough in the technological eld, on which the competitiveness
of states depends. Globalization means compression of the world and
intensication of awareness of the world as a whole. At the same time,
global processes play the role of social transformation of large parts of the
world (Nikitenko et al., 2021).
2. Results and discussions
2.1. New challenges of global politics
The world is entering the third year of the worst pandemic in history. No
less dramatic is the current geopolitical tension between the great powers,
the North Korean nuclear problem, the spread of hot zones in the world. All
these are major obstacles that need to be overcome to build a better world
in 2022. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres warned on January 21 that
the world is on the threshold of a new form of soft confrontation that will
be worse than the Cold War. In fact, there are many signs that geostrategic
tensions between the great powers will intensify in 2022.
Tensions between the United States and China, the world’s two largest
economic powers, have risen signicantly, and recent mutual ight
suspensions have added to the friction between the two sides. Trade
disputes, which have escalated to include accusations of cyberattacks and
human rights violations, to the thorny issues of Taiwan and the East Sea,
between Washington and Beijing have also intensied. China’s neighboring
Korean Peninsula is on alert. Since last year, the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea has been conducting missile tests.
The situation is not much better in the post-Soviet space, where
Ukraine, Armenia and Kazakhstan are on the verge of becoming the scene
of new confrontations between Russia and the West, which are multiplying
warnings against each other. In Africa, although a number of hotspots such
as Mali, Yemen, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan show no signs of cooling down,
the military of Burkina Faso announced on 24 January the overthrow
of President Roch Kabore, the suspension of the Constitution and the
dissolution of the government and the National Assembly. In this context,
the Covid-19 pandemic, which is entering its third year, shows no signs of
ending soon.
The director-general of the World Health Organization warned on
January 24 that it is dangerous to assume that the highly infectious
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Valentyna Voronkova, Olesia Zvezdova, Аnastasiia Khmel, Tetiana Lushahina y Liudmyla Lanoviuk
Theoretical and practical aspects of modern politics: challenges and reformatting of the global world
Omicron variant will be the last option or to talk about the endgame, as the
world now has ideal conditions for other options to emerge. But at the same
time globalization raises serious concerns in public and political opinion.
Globalization, instead of equalizing prices and living standards, leads to
the polarization of prots, and capital becomes the engine of capitalism
development, which often displaces knowledge (Punchenko et al., 2018).
The basis for the analysis of modern politics in the context of challenges
and the study of the reformatting of the global world is the methodology
of complexity as an instrument of self-organization, which is based on the
knowledge of philosophy, management, theory of organizations, called
Agile-methodology (agile methodology, SCRUM-methodology), which ts
into the theory and methodology of spiral dynamics (Voronkova et al.,
2022).
3. Global economic policy and intensication of international
relations and foreign aairs
In the EU countries we consider economic global policy as a process
of closer integration of world markets, either it is nancial, labour or
commodity. The integration of economies has been growing steadily for
centuries. Over the last fty years, however, this process has accelerated,
rst with the liberalization of trade after World War II and then, more
recently, with the end of the Cold War, the rapid development of Asia and
the opening up of China and many Latin American economies.
The acceleration of globalization is accompanied by intensication
of commercial, nancial and migration ows, driven not only by market
opening but also by the rapid technological changes. The share of trade in
world GDP has tripled since 1950. Foreign direct investment has quadrupled
as a share of GDP in OECD countries since the early 1970s, and global FDI
reached approximately $610 billion in 2004. As for the average number of
immigrants arriving each year in OECD countries, it has more than tripled
in the last twenty years.
Globalization has become a powerful factor of development and
economic transformation. It has helped millions of people lift themselves
out of poverty. It has fostered innovations that have increased productivity
and led to scientic discoveries that will help us live longer and healthier
lives.
Scientists estimate that liberalization of trade in industrial and
agricultural products and services, as well as trade facilitation, should
lead to signicant welfare gains. In Europe there is some unwillingness
to allow cross-border mergers and acquisitions in sectors as diverse as
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steel, banking and energy. In the United States, there are concerns about
foreign investment in oil companies or port facilities. In March 2022,
Chinese ocials warned against foreign presence in strategic sectors of
the economy. Finally, expropriations have been on the rise in some Latin
American countries for some time.
Joe Biden announced a ban on Russian oil and natural gas imports to
the United States, arguing that the new economic sanctions would deal a
«powerful blow to Putin’s war machine.» As the war in Ukraine remains a
big issue in the world, the question is how to stop a nuclear attack. However,
the brand of laissez-faire globalization that has been relentlessly promoted
since about 1990 by American banks and corporations at the expense of
American workers is now collapsing.
The sudden introduction and adoption of economic sanctions clearly
shows that democratic governments do have the power to rein in global
corporations and banks. If they can be curbed through gross human rights
violations, then perhaps labour and environmental rights are next in line.
Let’s hope that this will be a core principle of Globalization 4.0.
Today’s geopolitical cracks and their economic consequences - sky-
high gas prices, threatening wheat shortages, Europe’s energy supply
under threat, etc. - highlight the underestimated benets of the neoliberal
world order that has prevailed since about 1990. Considering Russia’s role
as a «full spectrum commodity superpower» (as British commentator
Ambrose Evans-Pritchard put it), supplying many of the world’s minerals,
it can restrict sales of titanium, palladium, neon and uranium to Western
consumer markets.
These raw materials are essential for applications in aerospace,
chip manufacturing, lasers, nuclear power, electronics and weapons.
Consequently, disruption of their global supply chains would cause
signicant economic chaos.
Another potential opportunity for Moscow is to conduct cyberattacks
against geo-economically signicant Western corporate targets, such as
investment banks, hedge funds, stock exchanges, large technology rms,
and multinational corporations involved in large-scale business operations
related to agriculture, energy, telecommunications, and the manufacture
of military equipment. Hubs such as Wall Street or the City, and oshore
nancial centers that have aligned themselves with the West, may also be
in the crosshairs.
Given that the actions taken by Washington and Brussels are intended
to trigger a chain of events that could lead to the downfall of the Russian
government, the Kremlin could be entering a sinister and dangerous global
political game.
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Valentyna Voronkova, Olesia Zvezdova, Аnastasiia Khmel, Tetiana Lushahina y Liudmyla Lanoviuk
Theoretical and practical aspects of modern politics: challenges and reformatting of the global world
4. Globalism versus globalization?
Many people would think that these two terms refer to the same
phenomenon, but there are important dierences between them. Globalism,
at its core, seeks to describe and explain a world characterized by networks
of connections covering multi-continental distances. It tries to understand
all the interconnections of the modern world and to illuminate the patterns
that underlie them. In contrast, globalization refers to the increase or
decrease in the level of globalism, focuses on the forces, dynamism or speed
of these changes.
If globalism is considered as a basic network, globalization refers to the
dynamic reduction of distance on a large scale. Globalism is a phenomenon
with ancient background. Thus, the Silk Road provided an economic and
cultural connection between ancient Europe and Asia, the transition to
dierent dimensions of globalism demonstrates globalization, the speed of
which depends on how fast it achieves it.
Of course, the Silk Road was followed by only a small group of enduring
traders, its direct impact felt primarily by a small group of consumers along
the way. In contrast, transactions in the world’s nancial markets today
aect millions of people, indicating that globalization is a process through
which globalism is becoming increasingly intense.
Analysis of globalism ideology shows that the growing intensity of
globalism in the density of networks of interdependence. The increasing
intensity of globalization changes relations because it means that dierent
relations of interdependence intersect deeper at more dierent points. It is
important to note that globalism does not imply universality, as ultimately
the ties that make up the networks dening globalism may be felt more
strongly in some parts of the world than in others.
For example, at the turn of the 21st century, a quarter of the US
population used the World Wide Web (Globalism Versus Globalization,
n/d). At the same time, however, only one hundredth of a percent of the
population of South Asia had access to this information network. Since
globalism is not about universality and given that globalization is about
dynamic change, it is not surprising that globalization is neither about
equity nor homogenization. In fact, it is equally likely to increase dierences
or at least make people more aware of them. Globalism and globalization
are often dened in purely economic terms, meaning that these terms refer
to the world economy as such, which denes globalism.
There are four distinct dimensions of globalism: economic, military,
environmental and social. (Globalism Versus Globalization, n/d). Economic
globalism includes the long-distance ows of goods, services and capital, as
well as the information and perceptions that accompany market exchange.
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These ows, in turn, organize other processes related to them. One example
of economic globalization is low-wage manufacturing in Asia for markets in
the United States and Europe.
Economic ows, markets and organization as in multinational
companies develop together. Environmental globalism refers to the long-
distance transport of materials in the atmosphere or oceans or biological
substances such as pathogens or genetic materials that aect human health
and well-being.
In contrast, examples of environmental globalization include the
accelerated depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer as a result of ozone-
depleting chemicals, or the spread of the AIDS virus from central Africa
around the world since the late 1970s. Military globalism refers to long-
distance networks in which force is deployed, as well as the threat or
promise of force.
A well-known example of military globalism is the «balance of terror»
between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War as a
strategic interdependence that was both acute and widely accepted (Four
Dimensions of Globalization, n/d).
What was special about this interdependence was not that it was
entirely new, but that the scale and speed of potential conict arising
from interdependence was so enormous. Military globalization was most
recently manifested in the tragic events of September 11. Here, geographical
distances shrank as the lawless mountains of Afghanistan became the
launching pad for attacks on New York and Washington some 4,000 miles
away.
The fourth dimension is social and cultural globalism, which involves
the movement of ideas, information, images and people, who of course
carry ideas and information with them.
Examples include the movement of religions or the spread of scientic
knowledge. In the past, social globalism often followed military and
economic globalism. However, in the modern era, social and cultural
globalization is driven by the Internet, networking platforms, and human
interaction in the networked space (Voronkova et al., 2017).
5. Directions for overcoming international conicts and
achieving peace, dialogue and cooperation
Faced with these challenges, the world will have to redouble its eorts
in 2022 to create a peaceful environment conducive to economic recovery.
Dialogue and cooperation remain the main means to resolve the current
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Valentyna Voronkova, Olesia Zvezdova, Аnastasiia Khmel, Tetiana Lushahina y Liudmyla Lanoviuk
Theoretical and practical aspects of modern politics: challenges and reformatting of the global world
crises. On January 21, 2022, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called
on the United States and China to engage in dialogue and negotiations
on trade and technology to avoid polarization of the world’s market and
economy.
Today, all countries are united to overcome six pressing challenges: 1)
Covid-19 pandemic; 2) global nancial reform; 3) climate emergency; 4)
anarchy in cyberspace; 5) conicts; 6) Russian-Ukrainian war. We need to
put people at the center of the digital world and advanced technologies.
Earlier in his New Year’s message for 2022, Antonio Guterres called on
countries and the world to act «in a renewed spirit of dialogue, compromise
and reconciliation» for the sake of humanity, the planet and prosperity.
At the Pearson Institute for the Study and Resolution of Global Conict
and the Pearson Global Forum, we study societies and people divided by
conict. We ask empirically relevant questions. We use rigorous research
methodologies. By collaborating with partners and policymakers, we can
shape public policy. Our goal is simple but ambitious: to reduce human
suering and create peace in the world.
Conicts cause 80% of all humanitarian needs and reduce gross
domestic product (GDP) growth by an average of two percentage points
per year. During this decade, the number of civilian deaths in violent
conict has doubled. The Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute (SIPRI) cultivates dialogue in Northeast Asia, whose members use
dialogue and mediation to prevent conicts from escalating into violence.
The Ulaanbaatar Process, a civil society dialogue for peace and stability
in Northeast Asia, was launched by GPPAC in the Mongolian capital
Ulaanbaatar in June 2015.
The process, which is coordinated by the GPPAC Global Secretariat
and the Northeast Asia Regional Secretariats, together with the Mongolian
NGO Blue Banner, promotes eective regional Track 2 dialogue (non-
governmental, informal and informal dialogue) to strengthen the role
of civil society. This complements a process aimed at developing an
institutionalized regional peace and security mechanism for Northeast Asia.
To develop a habit of dialogue, the process envisages: regular face-to-
face closed-door meetings among members of civil society groups in the
Northeast Asia region, and, most importantly, an annual meeting of the
Ulaanbaatar Process in the Mongolian capital. Convening additional annual
working group meetings on thematic issues (e.g., the Korean Peninsula and
gender) (BRANDT, n/d).
Dissemination of strategic and targeted action-oriented policy
recommendations through presentations to actors and public/constituency
meetings in relevant capitals, including Seoul, Tokyo, Washington, Beijing
and Pyongyang. Publication of journal articles analysing key issues in the
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region and recommendations from civil and digital society (Voronkova et
al., 2022).
Conclusions
In order to solve the problems of global politics and the new reformatting
of the world, humanistic explication of programs and reliable democratic
control, which is required by the global challenges of civilization, are
necessary. «Peace is not everything, but without peace everything is nothing»
(Guidelines On Preventing Crises, Resolving Conflicts, Building Peace,
n/d). In this succinct phrase, coined in a speech in 1981, former Federal
Chancellor Willy Brandt summarized a thought that particularly emerged
from the history of Germany in the 20th century, and has remained a
constant reminder and mission for other countries.
It is the duty of all progressive forces on the planet to stand up for
crisis prevention, conict resolution and peace building around the world
out of moral obligation as well as for our own interests. It is a vision that
focuses more on the structural causes of violent conict, such as poverty,
social inequality, human rights violations and restrictions on political
participation (Foundation for Partnership Initiatives in the Niger Delta -
PIND, n/d).
Conicts are a natural part of social processes of change (Dialogue in
Northeast Asia, n/d) However, peace and development depend on the
ability to resolve conicts constructively and without resorting to violence.
This is where peace eorts come into play: to prevent violence as a means of
conict resolution, to reduce instability as a breeding ground for violence,
and to create opportunities for long-term development.
Respect, protection and fullment of human rights, participation in
public and political life, gender equality, social cohesion and the rule of law
are key in this regard. What we see now is a world that «seems to be falling
apart».
Civil wars, ethnic and religious conicts, suppression and violation of
human rights, as well as poverty, hopelessness and lack of access to natural
resources, the Russian-Ukrainian war create fertile ground for ideological
radicalization and terrorism. Modern prosperity is based on peace, absence
of wars and free and fair global trade.
Even today, our future largely depends on our ability to attract the
best ideas and brains to our country through international exchange. The
pursuit of peace not only reects our fundamental values - it is in fact in our
best interests. The state of law must nd ways to respond to new threats
that meet the security needs of our citizens while protecting the principles
of a free democratic order.
548
Valentyna Voronkova, Olesia Zvezdova, Аnastasiia Khmel, Tetiana Lushahina y Liudmyla Lanoviuk
Theoretical and practical aspects of modern politics: challenges and reformatting of the global world
International engagement in crisis prevention, conict resolution and
peacebuilding is a long and hard work. However, perseverance and a long-
term approach will pay o in the end. After war, terrorism and genocide,
it has nally been possible to put an end to unresolved territorial wars,
overcome bloody civil wars and lay the foundation for economic recovery.
Promoting peace requires the concerted eorts of foreign, security and
development policies, as well as the contribution of educational, cultural,
trade, environmental and economic policies to the international context.
The new principles aim to set a new strategic course in the global era.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en diciembre de 2022, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.40 Nº 75
