Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Publicación cientíca en formato digital
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185
Depósito legal pp 197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.40 N° 75
2022
Recibido el 14/09/22 Aceptado el 16/11/22
ISSN 0798-1406 ~ Depósito legal pp 198502ZU132
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
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ción, dis cu sión ycon fron ta cióndelasideas y avan ces cien tí fi coscon com pro mi soso cial.
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avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
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Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
Vol. 40, Nº 75 (2022), 274-284
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Information terrorism as a threat to the
global security system of the 21st century
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.18
Yuliia Kobets *
Mykola Pogrebytskyi **
Olena Berezovska-Chmil ***
Svitlana Kharchenko ****
Andrey Pravdiuk *****
Abstract
The purpose of the research is information terrorism as a
threat to the global security system of the 21st century. The
problem of combating information terrorism requires the
analysis of the structure of terrorism itself as a phenomenon that
has come a long way of evolution from lone suicide bombers,
to huge terrorist organizations that commit destructive acts
and cause the death of a large number of people, also using the
dissemination of information to intimidate a signicant number of people.
The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal
and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation,
hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. It is
concluded that, one of the main threats to information security is presented
by computer terrorism as a form of destructive inuence aimed at
manipulating or intimidating the population or causing harm to the society,
the state or individuals with the use of information technologies and with
the purpose of forcing the authorities, an international organization, a
natural or legal person (group of persons) to commit a certain action (or
refrain from committing it).
* Associate professor, Candidate of Political Science, Department of Political Institutions and Processes,
Faculty of History, Politology and International Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
University. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9492-6119
** Professor, doctor of legal sciences, senior researcher, Department of counterintelligence defense of
critical infrastructure, professor,National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine , Kyiv Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0779-6577
*** Associate Professor, Candidate in Political Science, Faculty of History, Political Science and International
Relations, Department of Political Institutions and Processes, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
University. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-9141
**** Professor of the Department of Journalism and Linguistic Communication, Doctor of Philology,
Associate Professor, Faculty of the Humanities and Pedagogy, Department of Journalism and Linguistic
Communication, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Ukraine. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9336-1259
***** Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Management and Law, Department of Law,
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Ukraine. ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-8111
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Keywords: terrorism; global security system; information technologies;
information terrorism; political activity.
El terrorismo informativo como amenaza para el
sistema de seguridad global del siglo XXI
Resumen
El propósito de la investigación es el terrorismo de información como una
amenaza para el sistema de seguridad global del siglo XXI. El problema de
combatir el terrorismo de la información requiere el análisis de la estructura
del terrorismo en sí mismo como un fenómeno que ha recorrido un largo
camino de evolución desde terroristas suicidas solitarios, hasta enormes
organizaciones terroristas que cometen actos destructivos y provocan la
muerte de un gran número de personas, usando también la divulgación de
información para intimidar a un número signicativo de personas. La base
metodológica de la investigación se presenta como análisis comparativo-
legal y sistemático, método formal-legal, método de interpretación, método
hermenéutico, así como métodos de análisis y síntesis. Se concluye que, una
de las principales amenazas a la seguridad de la información la presenta el
terrorismo informático como una forma de inuencia destructiva dirigida a
manipular o intimidar a la población o causar daño a la sociedad, al Estado
o a los individuos con el uso de las tecnologías de la información y con el
propósito de obligar a las autoridades, una organización internacional, una
persona física o jurídica (grupo de personas) para cometer una determinada
acción (o abstenerse de cometerla).
Palabras clave: terrorismo; sistema de seguridad global; tecnologías de
la información; terrorismo de la información; actividad
política.
Introduction
The rapid development of information technologies, the scale of
applying global telecommunication networks and the process of building
an information society have caused new threats in the information sphere;
and one of such threats consists in the use of emerging opportunities for
terrorist activities that harm vital interests of individuals, the society and
the state. In such conditions, the level of information terrorism threat in the
information space is growing rapidly.
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Information terrorism as a threat to the global security system of the 21st century
No doubt that today the Internet has made it dicult to protect information
resources. Terrorist groups and individual terrorists all over the world
use its features and advantages, trying to inuence both the internal and
foreign policies of states, using various information technologies to achieve
their criminal goals. In the legal literature, it is indicated that availability
of information technologies signicantly increases risks of information
terrorism, and the development of the information infrastructure of the
society contributes to creation of additional risks of information terrorism,
which in the modern conditions of globalization and internationalization
acquires extremely destructive signicance.
The problem of combating information terrorism requires analysis
of various crisis phenomena and the structure of terrorism itself as a
phenomenon that has gone a long way of evolution from lone suicide
bombers to huge terrorist organizations committing acts of terrorism and
entailing death of a large number of people and to the use of information
for intimidating signicant numbers of people. Therefore, research of
the phenomenon of information terrorism in the context of information
security is an important issue of the national security. Information terrorism
gives rise to new phenomena that are researched by modern scientists
(Filinovych, 2021).
1. Literature review
Despite numerous publications devoted to various aspects of the
information terrorism phenomenon, this problem has not yet received
proper scientic understanding among scientists and specialists. There is
no unity of approaches to understanding this phenomenon. There is still no
unied interpretation in the doctrine of information law. Some domestic
authors make quite successful attempts to investigate the issue of legal
provision of information security (Kuniev, 2021).
If we analyze foreign sources, we can conclude that there are several
points of view regarding the problem.
One of them boils down to the fact that “information terrorism” is a
sphere of negative inuence on individuals, the society and the state with the
help of all types of information with the aim of weakening or overthrowing
the constitutional order, and that it is a form of negative inuence through
the use of information and communication technologies (Hlotyna, 2014).
Information terrorism is often viewed exclusively within the intellectual
sphere, as one of the most promising types of terrorism that operates in
the intellectual sphere and gives rise to a new type of cyberspace-related
violence that can be directed against anyone, and its success is ensured not
by brute force, but by neurons.
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According to another point of view, information terrorism consists in
intimidation of the society through the use of high technologies for the
purpose of achieving political, religious or ideological goals, as well as in
actions leading to disconnection, disabling of critical infrastructure objects
or destruction of information (Tafoya, 2011). Such actions may include
the use of information technology to organize and execute attacks against
telecommunications networks, information systems and communication
infrastructure.
A signicant contribution to the research of information terrorism as
a means of introducing information war was made by foreign scientists.
Works by J. Baudrillard, W. Laqueur (1996) A. Toer (Tafoya, 2011),
B. Hofmann, A. Schmidt and others should be pointed out. Analysis of
scientic literature shows that most foreign researchers share the point of
view that information terrorism is a variety of terrorist activities related to
achievements in the sphere of information technologies.
At the same time, there are dierences of views among scientists
regarding forms and types of information terrorism. There is also a lack of a
comprehensive approach to determining the place of information terrorism
in the system of threats to the state’s national security.
2. Materials and methods
The research is based on the work of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
on methodological approaches of understanding principles of law in the
contexts of modern globalization transformations.
With the help of the gnoseological method, the essence of methodological
approaches to understanding information terrorism as a threat to the
global security system was claried, thanks to the logical-semantic method,
the conceptual apparatus was deepened, and the essence of the concepts
of information terrorism as a threat to the global security system was
determined. Components of methodological approaches of understanding
and information terrorism as a threat to the global security system were
investigated by means using the system-structural method.
The structural-logical method was used to dene the basic directions for
optimization of methodological approaches to understanding information
terrorism as a threat to the global security system.
3. Results and discussion
Ukrainian researchers and experts also recognize seriousness of danger
caused by information terrorism.
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Information terrorism as a threat to the global security system of the 21st century
So, V.O. Korshunov proposes to understand information terrorism as a
new type of terrorist activity focused on the use of various forms and methods
of temporary or irreversible disabling the information infrastructure of the
state or its separate elements, as well as on the illegal use of the information
structure to create conditions that entail grave consequences for various
aspects of the life of individuals, the society and the state (Korshunov,
2008).
Law enforcement bodies are obliged to counter threats of information
terrorism within their competence. According to K.S. Herasimenko, the
main threats in the sphere of information terrorism are mainly created
by foreign states, international terrorist organizations and other criminal
groups and organizations that take advantage of underdevelopment and
weakness of the relevant state structures. Therefore, it is not by chance
that there is an opinion that modern information terrorism is characterized
as a set of information wars and special operations related to national or
transnational criminal structures and special services of foreign states
(Herasymenko, 2009).
The Ukrainian legislation does not contain a denition of information
terrorism. The Law of Ukraine “On Combating Terrorism” contains the
concept of “technological terrorism”, which does not coincide with the
denition of “information terrorism”, and the Law of Ukraine “On the Basic
Principles of Ensuring Cyber Security of Ukraine” contains a denition of
“cyber terrorism”, which can be recognized as only one of the varieties of
information terrorism, which is discussed below.
Note that the denition of information terrorism is not included in
international legal acts such as the Council of Europe Convention on the
Prevention of Terrorism (2005), the Convention on Cybercrime (2001).
Generalization of information received from various scientic sources
gives grounds to conclude that information terrorism is a doctrinal concept
of information security theory which should be understood as follows:
1. a socially dangerous act that is a manifestation of terrorism;
2. a form of destructive informational and psychological inuence on
individuals, society and the state;
3. dangerous acts of informational inuence on social groups of
persons, state authorities and management authorities, related to
the dissemination of information containing threats of persecution,
massacre, murder, as well as distortion of objective information
which causes emergence of crisis situations in the state, instilling
fear and tension in the society;
4. a certain violent propagandistic inuence on a person’s psyche,
which does not give him/her an opportunity to critically evaluate
the information received;
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5. a new type of terrorist activity focused on the use of various forms
and methods of temporary or irreversible disabling the information
infrastructure of the state or its separate elements, as well as on
illegal use of the information structure to create conditions that
entail serious consequences for various aspects of life of individuals,
society and the state (Korshunov, 2008);
6. a number of information wars and information special operations
related to national or transnational criminal structures and special
services of foreign countries (Herasymenko, 2009);
7. fusion of physical violence with criminal use of information systems,
as well as intentional abuse of digital information systems, networks
or their components with the aim of facilitating implementation of
terrorist operations or actions (Post, 2000);
8. an ideologically based practice of inuence aimed at intimidation of
the population for decision-making or action (inaction) performed
by a government body, a local self-government body, an international
organization, a social group, a legal entity or a natural person within
the information space related to the use of information, information
technologies and/or information resources.
Traditionally, depending on the orientation, two types of information
terrorism can be conventionally distinguished: 1) “psychological” one
(propaganda of terrorism, creating an atmosphere of fear and panic in
society, etc.); 2) “technical” one (control or blocking of mass information
transmission channels, disruption of information infrastructure facilities,
etc.).
Depending on the criminal goal and the use of tools (means) to achieve it,
information terrorism can also be divided into two types: media terrorism
and cyberterrorism.
Media terrorism presupposes abuse of information systems, networks,
and their components for carrying out terrorist activities (propaganda and
dissemination of the terrorism ideology, promotion of terrorist acts). The
means of media terrorism include print mass media, broadcast and cable
mass media networks, the Internet, e-mail, spam, etc. (Bank, 2016).
Cyber terrorism is a deliberate, politically motivated attack on the
objects of the information space; it causes a danger to life and/or health of
people or occurrence of other serious consequences, if such actions were
carried out with the aim of violating state or public security, intimidating
population, provoking a military conict or a threat of committing such
actions. Politically motivated attacks that cause serious damage, such as
severe economic hardship or long-term power and water outages, can also
be characterized as cyberterrorism.
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Information terrorism as a threat to the global security system of the 21st century
The Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles of Cybersecurity of Ukraine”
denes cyberterrorism as terrorist activity carried out in cyberspace or with
its use (Art. 1). Cyberterrorism is a serious socio-political threat to humanity,
compared even to nuclear, bacteriological and chemical weapons, and the
extent of this threat due to its novelty is not yet fully understood (Bank,
2016). Certain cyber security experts predict that “new terrorists” will
direct their eorts to master information weapons with destructive power
many times greater than that of biological and chemical weapons (Laqueur,
1996).
World experience shows the indisputable vulnerability of any state,
especially since cyber terrorism has no state borders; a cyberterrorist is able
to equally threaten information systems located almost anywhere on the
globe by using special software designed for unauthorized penetration into
computer networks and organizing a remote cyber-attack on the victim’s
information resources.
The main form of cyberterrorism is information attack by criminal
groups or individuals on computer information, computer systems, data
transmission equipment, other components of information infrastructure.
The consequence of such an attack is penetration into the information
and telecommunications network or communication infrastructure,
interception of control, suppression of means of network information
exchange and implementation of other destructive actions.
Forms and manifestations of information terrorism should be taken
into account when determining the status of threats caused by information
terrorism but unfortunately not listed in the current legislation of Ukraine
(Leheza et al., 2022).
In order to determine such threats, rst of all, the essence of the “threat”
concept should be claried. The concept of “threat” should be understood as
phenomena and factors that negatively aect or may aect a certain object
or pose a danger of violating interests of certain subjects (Tykhonova, 2015).
In accordance with clause 6 Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On the
National Security of Ukraine”, threats to the national security of Ukraine
should be understood as phenomena, trends and factors that make it
impossible or dicult or may make impossible or dicult to implement
national interests and preserve national values of Ukraine. Literature
sources represent various approaches to identication of threats to national
security depending on the object of inuence.
In particular, one of threats to the national security of a state is called
“cyber-threat” as an objective existing possibility of committing cybercrimes
resulting in negative consequences for the vital interests of the state in
both real and virtual environments (Shelomentsev, 2010). In our opinion,
threats in the information sphere should be considered as factors that harm
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information security of the state. In the draft Concept of the Information
Security of Ukraine, threats of an informational nature are dened as
existing or potentially possible phenomena and factors that pose a danger
to vital interests of individuals and citizens, the society and the state in the
information sphere.
Major threats to national security in the information sphere include
the following: creation, distribution of information for the purpose of
supporting, accompanying or intensifying terrorist activities (subpar. “d”
par. 3 Art. 8); manifestations of cybercrime, cyberterrorism (subpar. “b”
par. 4 Art. 8).
According to the National Security Strategy of Ukraine the main task
of cyber security system development is to guarantee cyber stability and
cyber security of the national information infrastructure, in particular in
the conditions of digital transformation (par. 52), and priority tasks of law
enforcement, special, intelligence and other state bodies include active and
eective countermeasures against intelligence and subversive activities,
prevention of terrorism, special information operations and cyber-attacks.
The Strategy mentions spread of international terrorism in cyberspace as a
threat to the national security of Ukraine (Leheza et al., 2022).
The information security doctrine does not mention the threat
of information terrorism. Among the current threats to information
security only special information operations, information expansion, and
information dominance are mentioned, although their content of only
partially reproduces the concept of information terrorism (Leheza et al.,
2020).
Obviously, threats of information terrorism should be reected in the
Information Security Strategy of Ukraine, which is provided for by the
National Security Strategy of Ukraine (par. 66). This Strategy will determine
principles of ensuring information security of Ukraine, countering threats to
national security in the information sphere, protecting rights of individuals
to information and protecting personal data.
Its purpose is to ensure information security of Ukraine aimed at
protecting vital interests of citizens, the society and the state in countering
internal and external threats, ensuring protection of the state sovereignty
and territorial integrity of Ukraine. Opposition to disinformation,
manipulative information, information operations and attacks, including
those aimed at committing terrorist acts are dened as a strategic goal № 1
of this Strategy (Leheza et al., 2022).
In order to successfully address these threats, a number of key areas
should be identied:
• unication and harmonization of national legislation and
international acts;
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Yuliia Kobets, Mykola Pogrebytskyi, Olena Berezovska-Chmil, Svitlana Kharchenko y Andrey Pravdiuk
Information terrorism as a threat to the global security system of the 21st century
• carrying out scientic developments in the sphere of creating
modern technologies for detection and prevention of criminal and
terrorist inuences on information resources;
• creation of specialized subdivisions in the sphere of ghting
computer crimes and computer terrorism;
• improvement of international organizational and legal cooperation
on countering computer crime and computer terrorism;
• improvement of multilevel system of personnel training in the
sphere of information security (Havrysh, 2009).
Conclusions
In our opinion, one of the main threats to information security in the
Information Security Strategy of Ukraine is presented by information
terrorism as a form of destructive inuence aimed at manipulation or
intimidation of population or causing harm to the society, the state or
individuals with the use of information technologies for the purpose of
forcing the state authorities, an international organization, a legal or
physical person (group of persons) to commit a certain action (or refrain
from committing it).
Tasks, main principles and directions for improving the state-wide
system of combating terrorism in view of modern terrorist threats to the
national security of Ukraine and the forecast of their development are
determined by the Concept of Combating Terrorism in Ukraine; directions
of implementation of this Concept include: identication and analysis of
causes and conditions that lead to spread of terrorism; improvement of the
legal and organizational framework for combating terrorism; improvement
of existing methods as well as development and implementation of new
methods for combating terrorism; optimization of ways and methods for
protection of life and security, rights and freedoms of people and citizens,
protection of interests of the society and the state against terrorist attacks;
improvement of informational, scientic, personnel and material-technical
support of subjects ghting against terrorism. Information space and its
components are identied as objects of possible terrorist attacks.
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www.luz.edu.ve
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www.produccioncienticaluz.org
Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en diciembre de 2022, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.40 Nº 75
