Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.40 N° 73
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ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
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OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
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Co mi té Edi tor
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Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
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Vol. 40, Nº 73 (2022), 786-797
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 04/04/2022 Aceptado el 12/06/2022
Vaccination campaign against COVID-19
in Ukraine: Current Problems of State
Educational Policy and Outreach Work of
Higher Medical Educational Institutions
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.45
Marija Hutsol *
Olha Tatarina **
Olena Titkova ***
Anatolija Krasnova ****
Halyna Stechak *****
Abstract
The study is dedicated to the coverage of the peculiarities of
the organization of the vaccination campaign against COVID-19
in Ukraine, all this, to analyze the achievements and current
problems of the outreach work of medical institutions of higher
education. This paper is an independent scientic research review with an
analysis of the questionnaire data on the problematic issue. The study was
based on the application of a series of theoretical and empirical methods:
analysis, systematization and generalization of data on the search for
the characteristics of the organization of dissemination work in higher
medical education institutions; questionnaire survey to the participants
of the educational process.The survey involved 250 respondents from
the aforementioned medical HEIs. The results established the awareness
of the participants and also testied to the feasibility and importance of
strengthening outreach activities in the selected higher medical education
institutions. We conclude that consistent disclosure about the risks,
uncertainties and availability of vaccines fosters public condence in
vaccination.
* Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of Linguistics of Ivano-Frankivsk
National Medical University, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Halytska Str. 2. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0002-8970-8835
** Doctor Philosophy of Medical Science Assistant Professor of the Department of Orthopedic National
Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya 56 Pirogov Street, Vinnytsya, 21018, Ukraine. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-3624
*** Candidate of Medical Sciences (PhD), Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics №2 Odessa
National Medical University. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-0950
**** Candidate of Medical Sciences docent Uzhhorod national university, Faculty of medicine, Department
of Faculty Therapy 88000, Ukraine, Transcarpathian region, Uzhhorod, Narodna Square, No. 3.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-4549
***** Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences associate professor, Department of Ukrainian Studies Danylo
Halytsky Lviv National Medical University 79010 Lviv, 69 Pekarska str. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-7112-3409
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 73 (2022): 786-797
Keywords: vaccination campaign; disclosure; institutions of higher
medical education; national security; pandemic threats.
Campaña de vacunación contra el COVID-19 en
Ucrania: Problemas actuales de la política educativa
estatal y de la labor de divulgación de las instituciones de
enseñanza médica superior
Resumen
El estudio está dedicado a la cobertura de las peculiaridades de la
organización de la campaña de vacunación contra el COVID-19 en Ucrania,
todo ello, para analizar los logros y problemas actuales de la labor de
divulgación de las instituciones médicas de enseñanza superior. Este
trabajo es una revisión de investigaciónes cientícas independientes con
un análisis de los datos del cuestionario sobre la cuestión problemática. El
estudio se basó en la aplicación de una serie de métodos teóricos y empíricos:
análisis, sistematización y generalización de los datos sobre la búsqueda
de las características de la organización del trabajo de divulgación en las
instituciones de educación médica superior; encuesta por cuestionario a
los participantes del proceso educativo. En la encuesta participaron 250
encuestados de las mencionadas IES de medicina. En los resultados se
estableció la concienciación de los participantes y ademas se atestiguó la
viabilidad e importancia de reforzar las actividades de divulgación en las
instituciones de educación médica superior seleccionadas. Se concluye
que una divulgación coherente sobre los riesgos, las incertidumbres y
la disponibilidad de las vacunas fomenta la conanza del público en la
vacunación.
Palabras clave: campaña de vacunación; divulgación; instituciones
de enseñanza médica superior; seguridad nacional;
amenazas pandémicas.
Introduction
Vaccination is one of the safest and most eective methods of protection
against many infectious diseases. According to World Health Organization
(WHO) experts, increasing global awareness of the importance of
vaccination can save a signicant number of lives. The COVID-19 pandemic
has repeatedly increased the importance of immunization for both
individual and collective protection (Chertakova et al., 2020).
788
Marija Hutsol, Olha Tatarina, Olena Titkova, Anatolija Krasnova y Halyna Stechak
Vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Ukraine: Current Problems of State Educational Policy and
Outreach Work of Higher Medical Educational Institutions
In recent years, however, there has been a decline in the rate of
immunization worldwide. This is why the vaccine campaign against
Covid-19 has faced several challenges. To date, domestic and foreign
medical scientists have noted that mistrust of vaccination has hindered
the expansion of immunization coverage and have suggested strategies to
address this problem.
The concept of “mistrust of vaccination” has entered medical practice
(Yakovenko, 2020: 72–77), which has been dened as situations where
people either delay or refuse immunization despite the availability of
services. The problem is complex and context-specic. Its nature may
vary according to time, place, and specic vaccine type. Factors such as
indecision, uncertainty about the vaccine, irresponsibility, and mistrust
can have an impact. In addition, the most important factor in refusal to
immunize can be considered a lack of public awareness of the importance
of vaccination in the ght against COVID-19 (Zakharchenko, et al., 2022).
As the experience with COVID-19 has shown (Syamila et al., 2021), all
structures of the state must cooperate in the ght against infectious diseases.
A special place in outreach belongs to medical institutions: institutions of
medical care as well as institutions of higher medical education, which
are called upon to actively inform the population about the benets of
vaccination and the risks associated with refusal to vaccinate. And the best
way to address the problem of vaccine hesitancy is through awareness-
raising activities that are democratic and based on full respect for human
rights (Pidyukov et al., 2021).
Consequently, the purpose of the article is determined by highlighting
the peculiarities of the organization of the vaccination campaign against
COVID-19 in Ukraine and analysis of modern achievements and problems
of awareness-raising work of medical institutions of higher education.
1. Material and methods
The above goals and objectives of the study determine the use of such
theoretical and empirical methods as: analysis, systematization, and
synthesis of data to identify the features of the organization of outreach work
in institutions of higher medical education; questioning the participants of
the educational process to identify the level of awareness of the peculiarities
of the organization of vaccination campaigns.
The study was conducted during 2021 at the Department of Linguistics
of the Faculty of Foreign Citizenship Training of the Ivano-Frankivsk
National Medical University and the Department of Faculty Therapy of
the Faculty of Medicine of the Uzhhorod National Medical University. The
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Vol. 40 Nº 73 (2022): 786-797
study involved 250 respondents of these medical HEIs. A number of works
by leading domestic and foreign scientists have been devoted to the study
of the phenomenon of population vaccination (Kozlovskyi et al., 2021),
which analyzed the fundamental principles of this process (Kaliuzhnaia et
al., 2018), noted the feasibility of using mass vaccination when spreading
infectious diseases in education (Orenstein and Ahmed, 2017); emphasized
the importance of educational work among the population on the importance
of mass vaccination (Mollarasouli et al., 2022).
However, these diverse studies did not cover all aspects of the functioning
of vaccination campaigns, and the factual data obtained from numerous
questionnaires concerned mainly subjective public opinion, skepticism
about the role of information resources in health issues, lack of necessary
knowledge about vaccination, etc. Thus, the scientic novelty of the article
lies in a multifaceted and at the same time comprehensive and holistic
consideration of the role of outreach activities of medical HEIs during the
vaccination campaign against COVID-19.
2. Results
Conducting mass vaccination campaigns as part of prevention or in
response to disease outbreaks that have widespread consequences is one
eective measure to prevent the spread of disease and reduce mortality
rates. However, due to the need for physical distance to reduce the spread
of COVID-19, many countries have decided to postpone such campaigns.
Therefore, choosing the optimal strategy for outreach work in the countries
of the world and Ukraine, in particular, has experienced certain diculties.
The challenge during such work was to balance the benets of safe and
eective anti-epidemic measures against the risk of increasing the rate of
spread of the new infection, which could aect the system of basic health
care delivery. In considering this question, one must rst rely on a detailed
examination of epidemiological data (Supriyadi, 2021). In a prolonged
COVID-19 pandemic, providing the necessary knowledge to counteract
the spread of coronavirus disease is an essential element in the phase of
organizing a vaccination campaign. At the same time, even though the
topic of vaccination is relevant and topical, there is resistance from the
population.
Thus, the source of necessary, above all, reliable and scientically
sound information for the population should be a medical professional or
a medical educator. Since the implementation of the vaccination campaign
is based on the operation, dissemination, and recording of a signicant
amount of information, the place and role of employees of institutions of
higher medical education change signicantly - a great responsibility is
imposed.
790
Marija Hutsol, Olha Tatarina, Olena Titkova, Anatolija Krasnova y Halyna Stechak
Vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Ukraine: Current Problems of State Educational Policy and
Outreach Work of Higher Medical Educational Institutions
In addition to performing their professional duties, the scientic and
pedagogical sta of medical HEIs becomes not only a transmitter of certain
information, but also a source of information, trust, and persuasion.
By engaging in the organization of the vaccination campaign, scientic
and pedagogical employees of medical HEIs take on the responsibility
of informing the population about the vaccination process as a social
phenomenon, the involvement of resources, the choice of vaccine, possible
reactions, etc. Proper public awareness, data analysis, and monitoring
become essential for building a competent outreach eort on the need for
vaccination against COVID-19.
In this regard, the logical and quality organization of the databases
at all levels of the vaccination program requires signicant attention,
in particular, and with all the necessary requirements to protect the
condentiality and reliability of the information disseminated. Inaccurate,
falsied, or unveried information provided to the public could jeopardize
the implementation of the vaccine campaign as a whole and negatively
impact the process of establishing the evidence base for adult immunization.
Therefore, one should proceed with caution and consider all possible
risks (Mollarasouli et al., 2022). Errors and inaccuracies in outreach
work can lead to negative consequences. Hence, the development and
step-by-step implementation of reliable channels of communication and
information transfer between all participants of the process by medical
HEIs is of paramount importance.
According to the above, to organize a quality vaccination campaign
against COVID-19, outreach activities should be implemented in stages.
The main stages include the following (Remmel, 2021):
• Conducting an assessment of the possible consequences of an
outbreak according to basic epidemiological criteria.
• An analysis of the possible benets of a mass vaccination campaign
and an assessment of the country’s capacity to implement the
process safely and eectively (Iacobucci, 2021a).
• Consideration of the possible risks associated with the intensied
spread of COVID-19 as a result of a mass vaccination campaign.
• Selection of optimal algorithms of actions according to the epidemic
situation with the spread of COVID-19.
• Analysis and consideration of best practices in Europe and the
world.
The step-by-step development of vaccination outreach activities
conrms the importance of the role of scientic and pedagogical employees
of medical HEIs in improving the eectiveness of the organization of the
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 73 (2022): 786-797
vaccination campaign against COVID-19 (Iacobucci, 2021b), which is also
determined by their performance of certain functions (Fig.1).
Taking into account the new functions of scientic and pedagogical
employees of medical HEIs, it was decided to conduct a pilot study to nd
out the level of their inuence on society and the expediency and necessity
of outreach activities by them (Komykh and Nedria, 2022).
Before the start of COVID-19 vaccination outreach work, a questionnaire
survey was conducted among employees of several institutions of higher
medical education. A total of 250 respondents participated in the survey
and were asked several questions on their understanding of the importance
of COVID-19 vaccination.
Fig. 1. Functions of medical HEIs educators in the organization
of COVID-19 vaccination campaign outreach activities.
Source: author’s development.
Survey participants were asked to express their opinions on the criteria
of “very important,” “important enough,” and “not important.” So, the
results showed that 70 respondents considered COVID-19 vaccination
as very important and necessary, 120 as important enough, and 70 as
unimportant. These surveys are shown in the chart (Fig. 2).
792
Marija Hutsol, Olha Tatarina, Olena Titkova, Anatolija Krasnova y Halyna Stechak
Vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Ukraine: Current Problems of State Educational Policy and
Outreach Work of Higher Medical Educational Institutions
Fig. 2. Vaccination Awareness to Awareness Raising Data.
Source: author’s development.
Awareness of the importance and necessity of vaccination is complex
when all channels of receiving data on this process are involved. So, the
survey participants were asked a number of questions about awareness
of vaccination issues and their possession of certain information on this
issue. Respondents were asked to evaluate the level of satisfaction with the
informational work of the HEIs on vaccination, the level of awareness of
vaccination, and the level of suciency of the vaccination material.
The evaluation criteria were “very good”, “good enough” and “not good
enough”. So, the results of the survey were distributed as follows: very
good satisfaction with the information work of the HEIs was evaluated by
84 participants, fairly good by 114, and not good enough by 52. Very good
awareness of vaccination issues was evaluated by 71 respondents, good - by
124 and not good enough - by 55. 60 participants evaluated the materials on
vaccination issues as “excellent”, 118 participants as “good” and 72 as “not
good enough”. These surveys are shown in the chart (Fig.3).
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 73 (2022): 786-797
Fig. 3. Data on evaluation of certain moments of COVID-19
vaccination prior to outreach activities.
Source: author’s development.
The results of the surveys conducted revealed low awareness among
participants and showed the need to strengthen and improve outreach
eorts at selected medical higher education institutions.
More than 120 informational messages of thematic nature (types of
vaccines, positive eect of vaccination, consequences of refusal from
vaccination, etc.) were placed on the websites of selected medical HEAs,
more than 80 reminders about the benets of vaccination, formation, and
stability of immune protection developing after administration of various
types of vaccines against COVID-19 available in Ukraine were placed.
Presentations were organized by leading HEIs experts to promote
knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine campaign. Data from selected
studies conducted around the world on post-vaccine immunity were
presented in an accessible form.
Roundtables, webinars, and meetings of scientic circles were held to
which dierent segments of the population were invited.
In addition, students from the named medical schools also joined
the work and actively participated in health education work among the
794
Marija Hutsol, Olha Tatarina, Olena Titkova, Anatolija Krasnova y Halyna Stechak
Vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Ukraine: Current Problems of State Educational Policy and
Outreach Work of Higher Medical Educational Institutions
population on vaccination to improve knowledge and literacy of the
population about diseases, types of vaccines, complications in case of non-
vaccination, etc.
After a series of COVID-19 vaccination outreach activities, a follow-up
survey and questionnaire were administered to participants. The questions
on the questionnaires remained the same. The response parameters were
the same.
So, the results showed that after a series of COVID-19 vaccination
outreach activities, 100 respondents considered COVID-19 vaccination
very important and necessary, 130 respondents considered it important
enough, and 20 respondents considered it unimportant. These surveys are
shown in the chart (Fig. 4).
Fig.4. Data on vaccination awareness after outreach activities.
Source: author’s development.
The results of the survey assessing the outstanding points of the
vaccination campaign were distributed as follows: very good satisfaction
with the information work of the HEIs was assessed by 101 participants,
“good enough” - 119 and “not good enough” - 30. Very good awareness of
vaccination issues was shown by 91 respondents, “good” - 29. The suciency
of vaccination materials was rated as “excellent” by 84 participants, as
“good” by 140, and as “insucient” by 26. These surveys are shown in the
chart (Fig. 5).
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 73 (2022): 786-797
Fig. 5. Data on evaluation of certain moments of COVID-19
vaccination prior to outreach activities.
Source: author’s development.
The results of the surveys found increased awareness among participants
and demonstrated the feasibility and importance of strengthening and
improving outreach eorts at selected institutions of higher medical
education.
3. Discussion
When analyzing the calligraphic aspects of the impact of vaccination
outreach measures, subjective aspects should not be excluded as well. It
should be noted that there is no universal strategy that could be an eective
mechanism and guarantee 100% readiness for vaccination. Subjective
factors include public mistrust of the vaccination process (Schaefer et al.,
2021). Distrust of vaccination may be a consequence of doubts about the
safety of vaccines, but it is only one of the underlying factors (Mahase,
2021).
A number of factors can lead to distrust of vaccination, such as: negative
beliefs based on myths, e.g., that vaccination leads to infertility in women;
misinformation; distrust of professionals or the health care system; the
inuence of authority gures, etc. (Mahase, 2019). The magnitude of the
problems and the specic conditions may be dierent, but they must be
taken into account when planning and implementing public awareness and
796
Marija Hutsol, Olha Tatarina, Olena Titkova, Anatolija Krasnova y Halyna Stechak
Vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Ukraine: Current Problems of State Educational Policy and
Outreach Work of Higher Medical Educational Institutions
vaccination activities. Therefore, it is essential to eectively develop and
establish channels of communication with the population.
Conclusion
The main barriers to developing a positive attitude toward the
vaccination process are fear of the risks of complications, dissatisfaction
with the quantity and quality of information about vaccinations, uncertainty
about vaccine eectiveness, and underestimation of the severity of the
possible course of the disease. Overcoming these barriers is one of the
most important professional tasks assigned to health care providers today.
Consistent, transparent, meaningful, and proactive outreach on risks,
uncertainties, and vaccine availability will build public trust in vaccination.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.40 Nº 73
