Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
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Vol. 39, Nº 71 (2021), 858-870
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 14/08/2021 Aceptado el 11/11/2021
The military-technical revolution of
the ХХI st century (Philosophical and
analytical review)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.52
Korostylov Hennadii *
Olga Dolska **
Dezhong Wang ***
Andriy Protsenko ****
Yuliia Makieshyna *****
Abstract
The article discusses the history of the military-technical
revolution, revealing its main characteristics. It was interesting
to explain to others theconnection between the revolution and
the technical and technological structure ofsociety, on the one
hand, and the changes in modern warfare, its timing, the scale
of the deployment of hostilities, on the other hand. The study is
based on the methodology of systems analysis, as well as the use of logical
generalization, synthesis, and abstraction. The authors rely on a wide range
of illustrative material, which allowed to show the changes of the sixth
military-technological revolution. The nature of the use of unmanned aerial
vehicles in modern warfare is considered factual material. Based on specic
material, it is argued that the nature of modern warfare is hybrid in nature,
but this hybridization itself is heterogeneous. Possible options for waging
war and using certain equipment are shown. Based on analytical research,
the authors focused on the transformation’s characteristic of modern wars.
It is concluded that there is a transition period between the sixth and
seventh technical-military revolutions that demand future interdisciplinary
research.
Keywords: military-technical revolution; hybrid warfare; technique;
science; unmanned aerial vehicles.
* National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute"; Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0001-5736-0507
** National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-9577-8282
*** Deputy Director, International Exchange and Cooperation Department, Jiamusi University, P.R.
China. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7014-3627
**** Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-9092-7015
***** Prydniprovsk State Academy of Physical Culture and Sport, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-2879-2930
859
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 71 (2021): 858-870
La revolución militar-técnica del siglo XXI (revisión
losóca y analítica)
Resumen
El artículo discute la historia de la revolución técnico-militar, develando
sus principales características. Interesó explicar a demás la conexión entre
la revolución y la estructura técnica y tecnológica de la sociedad, por un lado,
y los cambios en la naturaleza de la guerra moderna, su momento, la escala
del despliegue de las hostilidades, por otro lado. El estudio se basa en la
metodología de análisis de sistemas, así como en el uso de la generalización
lógica, síntesis y abstracción. Los autores se apoyan en una amplia gama
de material ilustrativo, que permitió mostrar los cambios de la sexta
revolución tecnológico-militar. La naturaleza del uso de vehículos aéreos
no tripulados en la guerra moderna se considera material fáctico. Basado
en material especíco, se argumenta que la naturaleza de la guerra moderna
es de naturaleza híbrida, pero esta hibridación en sí misma es heterogénea.
Se muestran posibles opciones para hacer la guerra y usar ciertos equipos.
Basados en la investigación analítica, los autores se centraron en las
transformaciones características de las guerras modernas. Se concluye que
hay un período de transición entre la sexta y séptima revoluciones técnico-
militar que demanda de futuras investigaciones interdisciplinarias.
Palabras clave: revolución técnico-militar; guerra híbrida; técnica;
ciencia; vehículos aéreos no tripulados.
Introducción
At the beginning of the XXI century. the term military-technical
revolution has been increasingly used. The Revolution in Military Aairs
was rst written about by M. Roberts. studying in the 1950s the fundamental
changes in the European way of warfare, which were caused by the use of
rearms, he actively began to refer to this term (Roberts, 1967). According
to E.A. Cohen:
American military experts have been forecasting revolutionary changes in
the warfare nature for the past decades. Sometimes these changes are spoken
about as military technical revolution. Such a revolution will be the beginning of a
fundamental restructuring of the defense system and this will lead to a reduction
in the armed forces, a transition to new forms of their organization, revision of the
existing army structure and investment of unprecedentedly large funds in research
and design development (Cohen, 2005: s/p).
The characteristic features of the military-technological revolution,
which is always in coherent development according to the technical-
860
Korostylov Hennadii, Olga Dolska, Dezhong Wang, Andriy Protsenko y Yuliia Makieshyna
The military-technical revolution of the ХХI st century (Philosophical and analytical review)
technological mode of society, are given. It justies the thesis of the obvious
transitional period between the sixth and seventh military-technological
revolutions, emphasizing the high-tech and informational nature of the
latter.
1. Methodology
The focus was on the system analysis methodology, the national defense
system of any state is a complex system that is constantly developing,
relying on the scientic achievements, industrial potential, political
national ideas and international documents of legal and ethical nature.
Since we are talking about the modern military-technical revolution and
technological order, the system analysis itself will be based on the cause-
eect relationship principle. This will be necessary because the very process
of conducting military operations must be seen as open to all changes and
unexpected factors, indicates the need to consider the unexpectedness
events. This aspect requires consideration of explanation models, both
linear and nonlinear, drawing on various forms of causality.
We actively use the methodology of M. Kondratiev about the «economic
mode» of development of any country, the world and the methodology of L.
Grinin, who adapted this idea to describe the state of science and technology
on a global scale. We also take the development of M. Trebin, which actively
applies the term «sixth-generation wars», which emphasizes the nature of
wars and the ways by which they are organized modern warfare methods.
We also x the transition from mechanization to informatization in the
organization of the weapons nature and military actions, that is why we
strengthen our reconnaissance with A. Dolskaya’s methodology of humanity
entry into the third intellectual revolution period, where the emphasis is
placed on intellectualization, informatization and mediatization.
The next line should be the methodology of strengthening the technical
and technological nature of modern society, because it is the latter has
become an indicator of the development and military position of the
countries of the world. A signicant contribution to the development of
this methodology was made by the famous American political scientist
Zb Brzezinski: «Post-industrial society becomes a technotronic society - a
society which in cultural, social and economic relations is formed under
the inuence of technology and electronics, general informatization,
which is especially developed in the computer and communications eld»
(Brzezinski, 2005: 6). It is important to understand that the military
technology development is subordinate to the general development of
science, technology, technology in their complex subordination and cannot
be detached from the nature of social development.
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Vol. 39 Nº 71 (2021): 858-870
We cannot ignore the methodology proposed by T. Kuhn about the
nature of the scientic revolutions development, their connection with
scientic rationality, which also aects the technological transformations:
«the scientic and technological revolution is a narrower concept, and it
is a form of STP, when it takes an accelerated, leapfrog character» (Kuhn,
1974: 650). The military-technical revolution is a radical restructuring of
the whole technical and technological production base, which are carried
out on the basis of the practical use of the fundamental achievements of
modern science.
M. Heidegger’s methodology provides an opportunity to embark on a
comprehension process of the essence of technology, man and the world
in general, emphasizing the broken consciousness whose beginnings
are already present in attempts to reect on the events that humanity
experienced after the First World War. That is why the methodology of M.
Heidegger with his idea of the correlation between the man and technology
development with the man’s need to constantly improve it is relevant here,
« technique is connected with the fundamental features of man’s existence
in the world « (Heidegger, 2013: 460). Modern technique, according to
M. Heidegger, reveals the essence of the hidden being in nature, placing,
ordering everything in order to bring out the unhidden. This kind of
interaction with hidden being is the marker of the modern age, and this
aggressive kind of disclosure with respect to secret being brings the danger
of turning man himself into a technical device, into a function.
2. Results and discussion
In our opinion, military revolutions are closely tied to the so-called
technological modes. This term was actively used by N.D. Kondratiev,
and today it is implemented in analytical reconnaissance by L.Y. Grinin:
«Technological modes (TM) are a set of technologies that are typical for
production development, a set of connected productions having a single
technological level developing synchronously» (Grinin, 2015: 182). We can
say that each stage of MTR, each generation of warfare corresponds to a
certain technological mode (TM).
In our opinion, modern wars organically t into the 6th technological
paradigm with the characteristic development of science, techniques and
technologies, which are the result of a new stage of science and technology
development - the so-called NBIC-technology paradigm. This is evidenced
by the state of modern warfare, warfare conditions, the use in modern wars
the newest weaponry, which is formed due to informatization (the use of IT-
technologies, compliance with the intellectual shift in the form of intellectual
revolutions, robotization processes, etc.). Moreover, the development and
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Korostylov Hennadii, Olga Dolska, Dezhong Wang, Andriy Protsenko y Yuliia Makieshyna
The military-technical revolution of the ХХI st century (Philosophical and analytical review)
implementation of innovative technologies in the military aairs gives
impetus to the development of general science, technology, economy,
industry, productive forces, employment of able-bodied population, leads
to the withdrawal of the country to a higher stage of development (Schwab,
2017).
Analyzing the wars of the rst quarter of the 21st century we record two
types of wars: contact wars (4th generation using conventional weapons)
and non-contact wars (6th generation using precision weapons on new
physical principles, informatization of weapons, forces and means of
electronic warfare (Slipchenko, 2002). It should be noted that we do not
consider the wars of 5th generation in this article because they are wars
using nuclear weapons. The wars of 6th generation cardinally dier from
the 4th generation also in that all power of the aggressor is functionally
directed mainly to the defeat of the enemy’s troops and economy by
simultaneous powerful information and high-precision strikes of various
weapons (Slipchenko, 2002). Along with contact wars the current numerous
combined arms units of ground forces will gradually begin to disappear,
and not only nuclear weapons, but also conventional armed forces will
nally depreciate.
Maybut wars will widely use weapons based on new physical principles,
such as geophysical, radiological, radiofrequency, laser, infrasound,
psychotronic, genetic, acoustic, electromagnetic and others (Slipchenko,
2002), i.e. the reduction, minimization of the number of troops involved in
an armed conict, localization of armed conicts (the transition to the 6th
generation war is considered to be the date of the use of guided air bombs
by the American military in Vietnam in 1967).
The wars of the 6th generation are commonly referred to as
«information wars». In practice, the transition to an «information society»
leads to increased opportunities to use methods of economic-information
confrontation to strengthen and improve methods of information warfare
(Trebin, 2005). For example, the Gulf War «Desert Storm», which lasted
ve weeks - from January to February 1991, was called the rst information
war (Colins, 2019). The wars in Yugoslavia (1998), and more recently in
Syria (2015) (Sherlock, Homsi, Neuman, 2021) and Karabakh (2020) also
t this characteristic (Gall, 2020). The main characteristics of some 6th
generation wars are provided in Table 1.
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Tab. N°1.Comparative characteristics of the 6th generation
wars
№
n/n
The name
of the war
total time
active
operational
phase
Type of war
(generation)
New types of
weapons, communications, navigation
1. The war in
the Persian
Gulf.
17.01.91-
-28.02.91
(41 days)
VI-th (with
Elemmi
IV-th)
Used more than 2,000 guided bombs,
only 10% successful launches of guided
missiles and high-precision weapons,
use of new types of communication,
navigation
2. NATO
operation
23.07.93-
03.09.93
(43 days)
VI-th (with
Elemmi
IV-th)
Used 15,000 precision weapons, the
total percentage of precision targeting
increases to 50-60%, point attacks
on command and control points and
communications predominate
3. “Desert
Storm”.
20.03.03
15.04.03
(27 days)
VI-го (with
Elemmi
IV-го)
Used more than 250 samples of high-
precision weapons, 80% of successful
launches of guided missiles and high-
precision weapons, the use of a new
generation of communication, targeting,
navigation
4. The war in
Yugoslavia.
30.09.15
11.12.17
(2 years
73 days)
VI-го (with
Elemmi
IV-го)
Use as armored vehicles samples of the
21st century, the newest aircraft models
of the 5th-6th generations, antiaircraft
defense, fundamentally new electronic
warfare means, communication
5. NATO
operation
27.09.20
10.11.20
(45 days)
VI-го (with
Elemmi
IV-го)
Active employment of unmanned aerial
vehicles (Bayraktar, Heron, Hermes
4507), high-precision weapons (Sky
Stiker, Hagor)
Source: systematized by the autor.
Considering this table, we can see that the active phase of recent military
conicts is reduced in time, and as a rule, it does NOT lead to the deployment
of conicts in other territory, but the narrowing of the geographical criterion.
The wars are becoming localized, the use of high-precision weapons is
increasing, and the defeat is primarily aimed at destroying command and
control centers, troop concentrations and large military facilities. There is
an active use of drones not only for reconnaissance purposes, but the drones
are also becoming automated weapons, and the army is turning to «smart
weapons,» which minimizes civilian casualties. The modern army is being
rapidly computerized, which also speeds up the commanders’ decision-
making, and this generally aects the timing of combat operations in the
direction of a reduction in time (Aksenov, 2020).
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Korostylov Hennadii, Olga Dolska, Dezhong Wang, Andriy Protsenko y Yuliia Makieshyna
The military-technical revolution of the ХХI st century (Philosophical and analytical review)
We have come to live in the Hybrid War era. Researchers of hybrid
warfare recognize that all major wars have an element of hybridity. Indeed,
no war has ever been reduced to the actions of the military on the battleeld;
wars have always had at least a political and economic dimension.
The hybrid combination forms were unique. C. von Clausewitz compared
the variability of the conditions of warfare to water, which has no form
of its own. But the uniqueness of hybrid warfare today is that the usual
instruments of hybrid inuence on the course and outcome of the war is
now joined by the factor of new technologies, the use of the newest means
of warfare, which are already moving in their technological indicators from
the 6th to the next - 7th technological paradigm.
Depending on what factors inuence on the course of military actions,
some or other warfare hybridization characteristics become transparent,
making it possible to x dierent hybrid warfare characteristics (Homan,
2007). Hybrid wars have the character of locality, short in time active
phases, which are replaced by protracted armed conicts, and this, as a
consequence, is reected in the course of the war. That is why its name is
«hybrid»: beside the main warring parties, there are also external inuence
levers - global-political and transnational-economic, which decide their
geopolitical interests in conducting a small local war.
In the course of these conicts a completely new terminology emerged,
which traces the trends towards the transition to the next generation of
warfare - the 7th: non-contact, contact, asymmetric, information, hybrid
warfare; informatization of military aairs, network command systems
and de-italization of military control systems; information technology,
computer and cyber warfare; robotic systems with articial intelligence
(drones, works, drones) remote defeat with precision weapons; use of
nanotechnologies and other means of communication.
In spite of the fact that these terms began to be used in everyday life,
it gives us a hint to consider that we are in a transitional stage of military
development with new characteristics of precision defeat, miniaturization
of means of defeat, minimization of personnel involved in a military conict.
The ontologization of military aairs is shaped by new techniques and
technologies and gives us an opportunity to talk about new characteristics
of military space.
Today all developed states pay much attention to the creation and
nancing of military information technologies («technologies of creation
of visible and invisible» - hybrid information technologies as one of the
elements of technological hybridization of warfare), modern military-
scientic centers, engaged in research in creating modern weapon systems,
military robotics, autonomous weapon systems, unmanned systems of air
and ground, sea-based, nanobiotechnology in military sphere and so on.
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The use of information technology as an information weapon is considered
more promising. The latter are an integral part of high-precision munitions.
Therefore, it is reasonable to consider these functional subsystems as
information weapons as well. The more we dijetalize troop control systems,
immerse ourselves in the world of information technology, the more we
become unprotected from intrusion of intruders into our electronic bases
and electronic troop control systems as a whole. Information weapons based
on software code, so-called «cyber weapons,» are being actively developed.
At the Defense One Tech Summit on June 23, 2021, U.S. Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Cybersecurity Mieke Yeoyang said: «We want to
convince everyone that the issue of cybersecurity is the most signicant and
its size is an impediment to the entire Department of Defense» (Vergun,
2021: n/p).
The second characteristic of the changes in the transition to the next
phase of warfare should be called the growing nature of cybersecurity.
The only existing international legal document in the eld of information
security today is the European Cyber Convention (ETS No. 185 Budapest,
2001), which provides for the possibility to conduct investigative actions in
the information space of another state without notifying its law enforcement
authorities.
Back in the mid-2000s, at a conference in Washington on the problems
of defense against cyberterrorists R. Clark explicitly acknowledged that
«electronic Pearl Harbor is not a theory. This is reality. In such a context,
information operations against control systems become particularly
important.
The most famous organization that deals with the latest military
technology is the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA
(USA). It was established in 1958 during the Cold War. The success of
the DARPA phenomenon has led to the creation of counterparts of this
organization in other countries. For example, DRDO (India) MAFAT
(Israel), SASTIND and SRSC (China), the Research Center «Bureau of
Defense Solutions» (Russia), GDA (France) and GARDA (Ukraine).
Above, we have already drawn your attention to the fact that even in
the 6th generation wars of the early 21st century robotic systems of various
purposes are actively used. With the example of drones and drones, we would
like to show how their demand in the weapons market is changing. And this
is an indication of what changes are taking place in the nature of combat,
warfare in general. As for drones, they, strictly speaking, do not belong
to the category of classical robots, because they do not reproduce human
activity and cannot function successfully without human intervention.
But, as a rule, they are also counted as robotic systems (Bondareva,
2016). Military work is traditionally one of the most common varieties
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Korostylov Hennadii, Olga Dolska, Dezhong Wang, Andriy Protsenko y Yuliia Makieshyna
The military-technical revolution of the ХХI st century (Philosophical and analytical review)
(drones, robot-sappers, robot-sanitation, etc.). Military robotics is a well-
funded industry, as promising military developments can be applied
to civilian needs as well. Already there is the question of attempts to
equate military robots with inhumane weapons, that is, to subject them
to the «Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain
Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious
or to Have Indiscriminate Eects» (Convention, Geneva, 1980: n/p).
Public organizations, including The Future Of Life Institute, as well as
Human Rights Watch, have advocated their prohibition. The key thesis
of these organizations is that uncontrolled military works will cause great
harm to the civilian population. The fear is that the provision of articial
intelligence in their design makes it possible for them to be fundamentally
out of human control.
Global drone and robot procurement spending is projected to exceed
$200 billion in 2022 (Daily Comm, 2018). According to research rm
Gartner, total global sales of drones (of various purposes) alone have
reached 2,200,000. Units in 2016 at a value of $450,000,000. U.S. dollars,
and as early as 2021, sales of 29 million units worth more than $12 billion
are planned (Drone market outlook in 2021: industry growth trends, 7
market stats and forecast., 2017).
Tab. N°2. Analysis and forecasts of the drone sales market for
2021 (in millions of units). Source: systematized by the author
on the basis of statistical data.
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Based on fact analysis, the following modern characteristics of hybrid
warfare can be emphasized: miniaturization of weapons; providing
weapons with articial intelligence elements, which means that a favorable
outcome of battle can be achieved by using swarms of small drones and
drones invisible to enemy radar stations (Cronk, 2021a), rather than using
large numbers of armored vehicles and powerful ground forces units. And
this next characteristic is to minimize the number of divisions and the total
number of troops involved in armed conicts.
Moreover, as a result of general informatization and growing cybercrime,
technologies that once possessed the most powerful armed forces are now
in the hands of less capable forces, countries with small armies and even
non-state actors, terrorist organizations (it is now no problem to make a
ock of drones from cell phone parts or buy a small toy drone from a store)
(Cronk, 2021b).
In the development of military aairs, the anthology factor comes out
ahead of all qualitative changes. As the technical means of destruction
become more complex, as the forms of warfare themselves become more
complex (war becomes hybrid, asymmetric), the military’s responsibility
in decision-making becomes more signicant, and around this issue the
theme of the human-warrior role in the 7th generation wars will evolve.
Conclusions
More and more often scientists refer to the term «military-technical
revolution». Each revolution contributes not only to technical and
technological transformations in the troops’ armament, it will necessarily
«stimulate» the transition to a new warfare nature and, as a consequence,
will act as a factor through which war will have special characteristics.
Today, humanity is dealing with high-tech wars.
This means the next thing. Firstly, today’s warfare is conducted in a
dierent information space, where we see the intertwining of informatization
and robotization. Secondly, the use of modern scientic advances in
military equipment and technologies leads to changes and transformation
of the ontological dimension in military aairs. Thirdly, the above-
mentioned characteristics are not conclusive, but, in our opinion, allow us
making conclusions that mankind is on the verge of transition to the 7th
generation wars, where articial intellect is in the focus, nanotechnologies
are gradually being applied, informatization of troops becomes global and
multilevel, penetrates into all military structures, forms new armament
samples, digitalizes military management.
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Korostylov Hennadii, Olga Dolska, Dezhong Wang, Andriy Protsenko y Yuliia Makieshyna
The military-technical revolution of the ХХI st century (Philosophical and analytical review)
Today wars are most often characterized as hybrid wars, which have their
own characteristics in terms of the timing and nature of the weapons used.
The latest data provide an opportunity to reach the general characteristics of
modern hybrid wars, which include: the growth of information technology,
a special attitude to cybersecurity, miniaturization of weapons, providing
weapons with articial intelligence elements, minimization of the number
of divisions and the total number of military personnel, the aggravation of
the anthropological issue.
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16/05/2021.
BONDAREVA, Natalia. 2016. State and prospects of development of robotization
in the world. Publishing house «MIR», C. 49-57. Moscow, Russia.
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