Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.39 N° 71
2021
Recibido el 02/09/2021 Aceptado el 22/11/2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
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de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
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ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
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Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
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Co mi té Edi tor
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Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
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Vol. 39, Nº 71 (2021), 566-578
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Culture of legal techniques: key dominants
in the modern Russian legal system
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.33
Marina V. Baranova *
Olga B. Kuptsova **
Sergey N. Belyasov ***
Arturas S. Valentonis ****
Abstract
The article is dedicated to the conceptual and specic analysis
of the emergence of the culture of legal techniques under the
conditions of a new technological form. The identication and
analysis of key types of culture of legal techniques, allows to
show their specicity following typological groups. Its systemic
unity, which has its specicities, can be considered as the second
dominant of the culture of legal techniques. The article further
oers a primary doctrinal denition of the concept of culture
of legal techniques based on the identied dominant characteristics and
manifestations of the culture of legal techniques, studied in the context
of the search for ways of eective functioning of the system of power
and powerless principles in the Russian legal system. This phenomenon
is in the formation stage. The authors have used dialectical, historical-
political, formal-legal, and comparative-legal methods. It is concluded that
a promising systematic understanding of the essence and meaning of the
culture of legal techniques will help to improve the legal culture as a whole
and thus increase the eectiveness of the law in modern society.
Keywords: legal culture; deliberation; digitization; power and impotence
in law; dominant aspects.
* National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-9843
** National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-7745
*** State University of Humanities and Technology (GGTU), Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Russia. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2059-2413
**** State University of Humanities and Technology (GGTU), Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Russia. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8212-7157
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Vol. 39 Nº 71 (2021): 566-578
Cultura de las técnicas jurídicas: dominantes clave en
el sistema jurídico ruso moderno
Resumen
El artículo está dedicado al análisis conceptual y especíco del
surgimiento de la cultura de las técnicas jurídicas en las condiciones de
una nueva forma tecnológica. La identicación y análisis de tipos clave de
cultura de las técnicas jurídicas, permite mostrar su especicidad siguiendo
grupos tipológicos. Su unidad sistémica, que tiene sus especicidades,
puede considerarse como la segunda dominante de la cultura de las
técnicas jurídicas. El artículo además ofrece una denición doctrinal
primaria del concepto de cultura de las técnicas jurídicas basada en las
características y manifestaciones dominantes identicadas de la cultura de
las técnicas jurídicas, estudiada en el contexto de la búsqueda de formas de
funcionamiento efectivo del sistema de poder y los principios impotentes
en el sistema jurídico ruso. Este fenómeno se encuentra en la etapa de
formación. Los autores han utilizado métodos dialécticos, histórico-
políticos, formales-legales y comparativos-legales. Se concluye que una
comprensión sistemática prometedora de la esencia y el signicado de la
cultura de las técnicas jurídicas ayudará a mejorar la cultura jurídica en su
conjunto y, por lo tanto, a aumentar la ecacia del derecho en la sociedad
moderna.
Palabras clave: cultura jurídica; deliberación; digitalización; poder e
impotencia en derecho; aspectos dominantes.
Introduction
The modern reality, conditioned by a new technological way of being,
requires a new look at the interaction of man and the “state machine”, a
dierent specicity, and the development of clear permissible boundaries.
Therewith, the awareness of legal information, the perception of legal
innovations, the arrangement of a communicative action focused on
achieving mutual understanding and consent (Habermas, 2000) does not
lose relevance, especially within the framework of legal practice.
The need for equal, open dialogue between the state and society is of
particular importance in the current realities, which is possible only in
the conditions of adequate, thoughtful use of technical and legal tools by a
wide range of persons with dierent levels and volumes of legal knowledge,
skills, and abilities. The promising development of law today is presented
in the conditions of a partnership dialogue between the power (state) and
powerless (social) principles that have common legal and cultural grounds.
568
Marina V. Baranova, Olga B. Kuptsova, Sergey N. Belyasov y Arturas S. Valentonis
Culture of legal techniques: key dominants in the modern Russian legal system
As A.S. Bondarev (2010) rightly notes, legal culture is a concrete
historical phenomenon since the degree of legal maturity is directly
dependent on the concrete historical stage of development of society and
its legal values. Foreign researchers also point to the enduring claims of
culture as a necessary and inevitable mechanism by which people construct
meaning from existing reality (Rose, 2006, p. 102). It is also noted that the
legal culture is a direction of research on relatively stable patterns, focused
primarily on the specics of social relations and behavioral reactions
(Nelken, 1997, p. 69).
In general, the relevance of this problem, the need for its research, and
the predetermination of the transformation of the legal system depending
on the characteristics of the legal culture of a certain period have been
emphasized in foreign legal doctrine for decades (Cowan, 2004; Friedman,
1975; Gibson, Caldeira, 1996; Wilhelmsson et al., 2007). The ideas of a
partnership between the state and society in the modern Russian legal
system, typical of the European model of statehood, have undergone
signicant changes, following the specics of the national and legal culture,
which is natural and justied.
Building an eective mechanism for such interaction using the
achievements of technological progress is inevitable and desirable, but,
at the same time, it is very dicult, is ambiguously evaluated by society,
and can lead to bipolar consequences. It should be recognized that any
innovation requires time, implementation eorts, and adjustments. The
construction of legal communication in a new format, by unusual means,
is aimed at a more extensive introduction of the ideas of deliberative
democracy, embodying in real life the equal interaction of the power and
powerless principles of law through special technical and legal tools.
Already today, an active policy of integrating information technologies
that mediate legal communication into the activities of state authorities
is being implemented. There are calls to: “Digitalize the entire system of
public administration, increase the transparency of the activities of state
structures, increase the speed of processing citizens’ appeals, reduce
bureaucratic barriers, introduce new forms of interactive communication
with citizens” (Bakanova, 2020: 24). The same trends take place in the
modern foreign legal doctrine. Scholars are increasingly turning to a
comprehensive study of cultural phenomena from the positions of both
legal and social analysis, they need a deeper understanding and appeal to
irrational approaches or more variable aspects of the rationality of public
life (Cotterrell, 2006).
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1. Methods
Author have used dialectical, historical-political, formal-legal,
comparative-legal methods.
2. Results
Modern national legal systems function within the process of
technologization and permanent dialogue of cultures, which actualizes
the understanding of the elements of the language of the law that serve
the purpose of the eective functioning of the power and powerless
principles of law. The harmonious, interdependent coexistence of power
and powerless beginnings enriches the legal culture and legal practice,
providing innovative opportunities for the use of technical and legal tools,
creates a resource for eective legal communication between the state and
society.
Many researchers emphasize that the legal culture is a poly structural
formation (Kartashov and Baumova, 2008). Moreover, some of its
components have not been studied, and the attempt to comprehend such
an important phenomenon as a culture of legal techniques is an important
stage in the development of legal doctrine. Technical and legal culture is a
dierentiated part of the legal culture, which is characterized by a system
of technical and legal (power) and ethical and deontological (powerless)
values.
This phenomenon reveals and states the level of development of legal
technology in the state, the degree of awareness of the need for a respectful
attitude to technical and legal tools. The technical and legal culture serves
as the basis for the eectiveness of the implementation in the legal practice
of professional legal rules, techniques, means necessary for the qualitative
functioning of the spheres of law-making, legal interpretation, power and
powerless implementation of the law, ensuring the perfection of the form
and content of the law.
The technical and legal culture within the framework of legal practice
is based on the perception of the subject from the standpoint of his/her
culture, his/her knowledge, and ability to own technical and legal tools.
Technical and legal culture as an independent phenomenon is currently in
the stage of formation, its active development will contribute not only to
the improvement of legal culture in general but also to the development of
various spheres of modern society.
The problem of determining the main dominants of various
manifestations of the existence of culture as a systemic and integral
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Marina V. Baranova, Olga B. Kuptsova, Sergey N. Belyasov y Arturas S. Valentonis
Culture of legal techniques: key dominants in the modern Russian legal system
phenomenon is not new. Several studies are devoted to this, emphasizing
the most important system-forming foundations of cultural phenomena,
which allow understanding the process of their formation and genesis.
For example, cultural dominants are understood as the most essential
meanings for a certain culture, the totality of which forms a type of culture
(Frolova, 2017). Of the existing variations of a cultural nature that reveal
this category, understanding it in line with the dominant idea that reveals
the essence and content of the analyzed legal phenomenon will play a
scientic and practical signicance as the main semantic meaning.
3. Discussion
It is necessary to recognize the increasing relevance of legal knowledge
in the conditions of active legalization of relations, which determines the
immersion in legal regulatory processes not only of subjects of legal practice
but also of citizens. The legal culture of society comes to the fore, since:
...the legal mechanism is a complex apparatus, for the eective operation of
which a purposeful spiritual activity of all members of society is required. Each
individual, by his/her participation in the exercise of the right, transforms the
necessary into the requirement of the due in social relations. This creative process
is possible only due to the conscious and volitional activity of all members of
society – self-sucient citizens of their state (Karasik, 2002: 128).
The legal culture of modern Russian society is characterized by a
change in its essential basis, which is based on the revival of a series of
traditions, the formation of innovations in line with the active processes of
digitalization of society. Currently, there is a solid accumulated experience
of doctrinal and scientic-practical developments containing a system of
requirements for the creation of various types of legal acts developed in line
with the Nizhny Novgorod scientic school under the leadership of V.M.
Baranov.
In this regard, the basis of this accumulated heritage, its popularization,
and practical implementation gives reason to believe that there is a need
to distinguish and delimit an independent legal category from related legal
phenomena – culture of legal techniques. The prerequisites for its isolation
have gradually developed over a certain amount of time, and recently
several researchers have revealed its aspects to one degree or another.
For example, V.M. Baranov refers to lawmaking culture (2018, p. 1), G.A.
Tosunyan and L.V. Sannikova investigate the culture of lawmaking (2018,
p. 28-34), L.A. Petruchak highlights the culture of lawmaking and law
enforcement (2012, p. 304), S.N. Boldyrev highlights the culture of legal
technology (2011, p. 37), and S.A. Bogolyubov characterizes the culture of
the legislative technique (2006, p. 52). This list can be continued.
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The prospective relevance of the study of the culture of legal techniques
is based, rst of all, on the challenges of legal practice, which determine a set
of clear requirements for the professional activity and training of a lawyer.
The realities of life dictate the need to form not only a wide range of special
knowledge, mastery of techniques and means of legal technology, but also
real skills and abilities of their implementation in the proposed conditions.
Only in this case can we talk about the eectiveness of the lawyer’s activity,
the eectiveness of the functioning of the law as a whole.
Today, the legal technique harmoniously combines the power and
powerless principles. Being aware of the familiarity and primacy of the
power component, which is subjected to regular doctrinal analysis, it is
necessary to recognize the need to address powerless aspects that cause a
dierent manifestation outside of the technical and legal tools. Initially, the
basic component of ideas about legal technology was the imperious principle
of lawmaking technology in Russian legal science (narrow approach).
Later, an approach took root that combined the spectrum of power
and powerless legal activities and the typical special tools for this (a
broad approach). In the context of this approach, the subject series allows
talking about the technique of power and powerless legal activity. Indeed,
not all subjects of legal communication have authoritative powers, which
means that it is quite justied to single out and analyze these types of legal
equipment, but everything is ambiguous in the real relations of the state
and society – the types are sometimes dicult to separate, especially in the
conditions of technologization.
The use of the Internet has simplied and accelerated legal communication
and legal acculturation. The globalized, legalized reality for the participation
of the dialog requires the special legal knowledge, authoritative powers,
possession of the skill of using special technical and legal forms. Within
the framework of legal practice, it is assumed that there is a power, or an
action on behalf of the power, on the authority’s instructions, within the
framework of power requirements, forms, competence, mandates.
It should be particularly noted that the professional activity of a
lawyer includes a powerless component – the requirements for functional
professional suitability, the required socio-psychological qualities. The
component that characterizes the personality allows not only identifying
accentuations, character traits, possible dominant behaviors, willingness to
cooperate but also aects the set and combination of power and powerless
culture of legal techniques tools required in the future. Ultimately, it aects
the level of legal technology in general. The legal doctrine has now been
conrmed in the opinion about the importance of the role of legal technology
for identifying the level and quality of the legal culture of society.
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Culture of legal techniques: key dominants in the modern Russian legal system
Jurisprudence continues to develop intensively and opens up new
meanings of established phenomena, which actualizes the rethinking of
the conceptual apparatus. Thus, approaches to the denition of the concept
of culture as a whole today dier in variability and discussion. Therewith,
the axiological approach is dominant, focusing on the signicant, positive
results of people’s activities, on the good produced. As G.P. Vyzhletsov
rightly noted, who justied the concept of the axiology of culture, the value
doctrine of culture, unlike many other theoretical approaches to it, allows
seeing culture from the inside (Vyzhletsov, 1996, p. 3). From the point of
view of this concept, legal culture in a general abstract understanding is a
set of legal values developed by humanity, reecting the progressive legal
development of society.
The essential basis of legal culture is manifested in the process
of inuencing the formation and modernization of signicant social
institutions. Having a systematic character, the legal culture absorbs and
arranges legal values, xes the level of development of legal technology,
the instrumental value of law within a specic period. The legal culture in
Russia has a pronounced feature – it has been historically developed based
on the basic value guideline of “truth”/”justice”/”conscience”, and the
echoes of the key components of this approach, to one extent or another,
manifest themselves in the modern legal culture of the country, and the
national legal system as a whole. Initially, these components served to
evaluate behavior, choose a model of behavior, and the form of exercising
the functions of law.
Understanding of the law, the requirements of state-power dictates and
the idea of “truth”/”justice”/”consciences” have been conicting for a long
time, causing conict situations. The law has always remained the universal
guarantor of order in society. The concept of “truth”/”justice”/”conscience”,
as a basic measure in legal (power) and other social (powerless) issues,
still exists organically in the national legal system. It is resistant to
destabilization, can modernize following the realities. The specicity of the
understanding of legal culture is manifested in modern legal institutions,
determines the interaction of the state and society, the ratio of power
and powerless principles in legal technology, the elevation of a particular
phenomenon, object to the rank of value.
The range of values underlying the system of assessment of legal
phenomena and processes also extends its inuence on non-legal regulators
(powerless), since they are more or less conditioned by law (power), are
interconnected with it, are mediated by it, and mediate it. Currently, social
non-legal regulators attract the attention of legal scholars, since their
importance for a wide range of relations is visible. For example, Professor
Yu.A. Tikhomirov, referring to the issue of the admissibility of a prospective
merger of legal and non-legal regulators, proposed his vision of the social
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concept of law. He noted in a study on forecasts and risks in law, that: “Social
regulators in Russian legislation are reected in the content of economic
and other branches of law” (Tikhomirov, 2015: 97).
An emphasis on legal and non-legal social norms, an understanding of
their value directly, an analysis of related legal values will allow for more
eective implementation of legal regulation. R.Pento and M. Gravitts,
analyzing the methods of social sciences, noted that: “various social norms
can act as legal norms” (Pento and Gravitts, 1972: 54).
Recognizing the validity of the conclusion about the inseparable
connection of legal and non-legal, power, and powerless regulators and
instruments of inuence, it should be assumed that this has a signicant
impact on the specics of legal technology, legal culture, culture of legal
techniques concerning various types of legal practice.
In this regard, the analysis of the possibility of a specic division
of technical and legal culture following the distinguished varieties of
legal technology – lawmaking, interpretive law, law enforcement, law
systematizing, and others, acquires special relevance. Turning to the analysis
of the characteristic features of the formation of the legal phenomenon
under study, we note the most important of them following the specied
typological groups.
The specics of the law-making legal technique have received quite
detailed coverage in doctrinal research. Currently, there is a need for
professional specialists who would have the skills to prepare high-quality
regulatory legal acts and other sources of law, based on a mature culture
of legal techniques consciousness, awareness of the need to prepare high-
quality regulatory documents. We should not discount the activation of
citizens’ involvement in the processes of deliberation.
The Russian state expresses its power interest in this, for example, a
serious step was taken in 2011 in recognizing the value of the participation
of a wide range of citizens in the process of legal education – the following
entered into force: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No.
167 of February 9, 2011:
On the public discussion of the draft Federal Constitutional laws and federal
laws” and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 183 of March
04, 2013 “On consideration of public initiatives sent by citizens of the Russian
Federation using the Internet resource “Russian Public Initiative.
The complexity of this task should be noted while recognizing the
unconditional importance of deliberative processes. The insuciency, and,
sometimes, the complete lack of legal knowledge, skills in dealing with a
legal matter, technical and legal tools programmable causes dicult-to-
overcome or unavoidable problems in underestimating the current and
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Marina V. Baranova, Olga B. Kuptsova, Sergey N. Belyasov y Arturas S. Valentonis
Culture of legal techniques: key dominants in the modern Russian legal system
desired legal regulations. The available range of technical and legal means
is unreasonably narrowed, approaches, forms are primitivized, ideas are
impoverished.
Professional knowledge of legal technology provides a wealth of
opportunities and tools, the appropriate choice of which is based on systemic
legal knowledge, specic critical thinking, experience, skills, and abilities.
This is especially important in law-making; therefore, we should agree with
the position of Professor V.M. Baranov on the need to professionalize the
rule-making process. At this stage of development and demand for practical
knowledge about legal technology, the issue of organizing the training of
“norm-writers” – specialists who do not pass regulatory legal acts, namely,
write them, develop the structure and architectonics of the document
(Baranov, 2017) is relevant.
The gradual formation of a positive attitude to the use of foreign language
vocabulary in the textual expression of normative prescriptions of various
sources of law should also be noted among the characteristic features of the
culture of legal techniques. This is a reection not only of the developing
legal culture of society, which is characterized by the revival of the traditions
of Latin legal terminology in the language of law and the language of legal
doctrine but is also a consequence of the development of linguistic culture,
which, in the context of digitalization of public relations, is distinguished
by the active introduction of foreign lexis into the vocabulary. Reasonably
and timely used foreign lexis contributes to the development of law, its
enrichment with new constructions that have a more eective regulatory
potential.
In addition, one more dominant feature of the modern culture of
legal techniques should be noted – the development of the variability of
technical and legal consciousness. Currently, there are active processes of
transformation of the existing ideas about the formulation and specics of
regulatory requirements and their relationship with other phenomena. The
specics of the analysis and processing of legal information are changing
in our era of the second modernity. In this regard, it is necessary to work
out options for operating with legal norms that are combined into certain
complexes of a systemic nature and to use a dierent structuring of
normative material in their work.
There is no doubt that at present this is not yet a requirement of legal
reality, but it is necessary to understand and form the prerequisites for the
development of this area of activity right now so that the legal system and
specialists are ready for changes in social reality in general and legal reality.
There are reasons to believe that in line with these legal transformations,
research on topics in law will be constructive, timely, and in demand by
legal practice. The tops of the legal language as structural and semantic
models of a linguistic nature have a signicant potential for improving the
legal and technical components of the legal matter.
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The normative institutions of the modern system of sources of law are
gradually changing both of a substantive and formal nature in connection
with the ongoing processes of globalization and digitalization of law. In this
line of transformation processes, topical jurisprudence can be positioned as
one of the most important areas of the foundations not only of the culture of
the legal language but also of the technical and legal culture. The top of the
legal language should include the structural elements of the text of a legal
act, which have their content and interact with each other, determining
the additional internal structuring of law, as well as interpretative and law
enforcement provisions.
It is important to note that the understanding of the text, the conceptual
apparatus is signicantly inuenced by the specics of the personality
of the subject of perception. Dierences in the educational level, the
specics of knowledge, social status, life experience, the degree of language
prociency, mental characteristics play a signicant role. There is a well-
established belief in jurisprudence that the legal language forms specic
legal thinking. The versatility and consistency of the key components of
the legal language allow clearly and correctly expressing, understanding,
explaining, implementing (power and powerless) the normative command.
Conclusion
The globalized world involves national legal systems in active legal
acculturation, interaction in social and political spheres, which actualizes
the appeal to the study of modern processes of transterminologization,
universalization, standardization of elements of the language of the law
that serve the purpose of eective functioning of the system of power and
powerless principles of modern Russian law.
This system can be considered as one of the most important dominants
of the modern culture of legal techniques, which has a system-forming
character and allows identifying the main trends not only of its formation
but also of development in line with the progressive development of post-
industrial society.
The interdependence of these principles in the national law of Russia, in
the legal technique, as previously noted, is historically due to the balance
of state power dictates and the value guideline of “truth”/”justice” formed
in the legal culture/”conscience”. The harmonious, mutually conditioned
coexistence of power and powerless principles enriches the legal culture
and legal practice, providing innovative opportunities for using technical
and legal tools, creating a resource for eective legal communication
between the state and society.
576
Marina V. Baranova, Olga B. Kuptsova, Sergey N. Belyasov y Arturas S. Valentonis
Culture of legal techniques: key dominants in the modern Russian legal system
The culture of legal techniques within the framework of legal practice
is based on the perception of the subject from the standpoint of his/her
culture, his/her knowledge, and ability to own technical and legal tools.
Based on the dominant features and manifestations of culture of legal
techniques, we can oer a primary denition of the concept of culture of
legal techniques:
Culture of legal techniques is a part of legal culture, which is a system of
technical and legal (power) and ethical-deontological (powerless) values,
the level of development of legal technology, conscious respect for technical
and legal tools, which serves as the basis for the eectiveness of the
implementation in the legal practice of professional legal rules, techniques,
means necessary for the qualitative functioning of the spheres of law-
making, legal interpretation, power and powerless implementation of the
law, ensuring the perfection of the form and content of the law.
The signicance of the culture of legal techniques and its level for the
legal system can be formulated based on the well-established approach in
Russian jurisprudence to the essence and value of legal culture as a whole.
If: “... the level of culture reects the measure of reproducibility of order
factors as opposed to the chaotic state of public life” (Maltsev, 2013: 6), then
the conclusion about the indisputable value of culture of legal techniques
as a promising phenomenon reecting the measure of proper order in legal
technology, as opposed to the existing state, problems, deviations from
strict and justied technical and legal requirements in all spheres of legal
practice, both power and powerless, seems quite justied.
Promising culture of legal techniques as an independent phenomenon
will continue its formation. It can be argued with a high degree of condence
that its active development will contribute to the further improvement of
legal culture, the transformation of key areas of society, the entirely legal
system.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
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