Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.39 N° 70
2021
Recibido el 09/06/2021 Aceptado el 24/08/2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
:
Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
ORTILLO
Co mi té Edi tor
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Die ter Nohlen
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Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
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Vol. 39, Nº 70 (2021), 640-648
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Comparative analysis of the essence
of abuse of power in international legal
sciences and Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.38
Anna Nesterenko *
Nataliia Maryniak **
Marta Trush ***
Serhii Yesimov ****
Yaryna Bohiv *****
Vita Pervii ******
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to develop a comparative analysis
of the essence of the abuse of the occupational (ocial) position
within the framework of the science of criminal law. It is indicated
that criminal liability for the abuse of the occupational (ocial)
position in the performance of his duties has been established for certain
specic oences under the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
To achieve the stated objective and solve the stipulated tasks, general and
special scientic methods were used, in particular, the structural system to
analyze crime in the eld of ocial activities and prevent it as a theoretical
problem and holistic phenomenon throughout the process. The results
obtained allow us to conclude that, in most countries of continental Europe
there is a simplication of the qualication of the actions committed by an
* Anna Nesterenko, PhD, Postgraduate student of the Department of Administrative and Information
Law of the Educational-Scientic Institute of Jurisprudence, Psychology and Innovative Education,
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1482-7132.
Email: annach0584@gmail.com
** Nataliia Maryniak, Postgraduate student of the Private institution of higher education «Lviv University
of Business and Law», Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5434-4843. Email:
natalia.m.marinyak@gmail.com
*** Marta Trush, Candidate of Science in Law, Assistant, Department of Administrative and Financial Law,
Faculty of Law Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-8492-7783. Email: martatrush85@gmail.com
**** Serhii Yesimov, PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Department of Administrative and Legal Disciplines,
Lviv State University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-
0071. Email: esimov_ss@ukr.net
***** Yaryna Bohiv, Associate Professor, Doctor of Science in Law, Associate Professor of Theory and
Philosophy of Law, Constitutional and International Law of the Educational-Scientic Institute of
Jurisprudence, Psychology and Innovative Education, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-2023. Email: yaryna_bohiv@ukr.net
****** Vita Pervii, Adjunct of the Department of Criminal Procedure, Dnipropetrovsk State University of
Internal Aairs 26 Gagarin Ave., Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
3131-0610. Email: vita.perviy85@gmail.com
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 640-648
ocial in a single article, however, there is a clear link with the consequences
caused in the form of pecuniary damage, which allows the prosecution to
build much faster a causal component of the actions of a person within a
single legal criminal corpus and pass evidence to the court.
Keywords: abuse of power; corruption; criminal responsibility; criminal
analysis; international experience.
Análisis comparativo de la esencia del abuso de poder
en ciencias jurídicas internacionales y Ucrania
Resumen
El propósito de la investigación es desarrollar un análisis comparativo
de la esencia del abuso de la posición ocupacional (ocial) en el marco
de la ciencia del derecho pena. Todo indica que, se ha establecido que la
responsabilidad penal por el abuso del cargo ocupacional (ocial) en el
desempeño de sus funciones se produce por ciertos delitos especícos en
virtud de la Parte Especial del Código Penal de Ucrania. Para lograr el
objetivo planteado y resolver las tareas estipuladas, se utilizaron métodos
cientícos generales y especiales, en particular, el sistema-estructural para
analizar la delincuencia en el ámbito de las actividades ociales y prevenirla
como un problema teórico y fenómeno holístico a lo largo de todo el
proceso. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que, en la mayoría de
los países de Europa continental hay una simplicación de la calicación de
las acciones cometidas por un funcionario en un solo artículo, sin embargo,
existe un vínculo claro con las consecuencias causadas en forma de daño
pecuniario, lo que permite a la scalía construir mucho más rápido un
componente causal de las acciones de una persona dentro de un solo corpus
delictivo legal y pasar pruebas al tribunal.
Palabras clave: abuso de poder; corrupción; responsabilidad criminal;
análisis penal; experiencia internacional.
Introduction
Normative prescriptions on the application of criminal liability to
ocials are not a legislative novelty, as they have undergone quite a
long phase of development and continuous improvement in the national
legislation. Indeed, in this context, the Criminal Code of Ukraine has
undergone signicant changes in recent years, and it is reasonable to
argue that the concept of responsibility of ocials should be thoroughly
642
Anna Nesterenko, Nataliia Maryniak, Marta Trush, Serhii Yesimov, Yaryna Bohiv y Vita Pervii
Comparative analysis of the essence of abuse of power in international legal sciences and Ukraine
rethought; the established approaches to the issues of qualication of such
acts, establishing the limits of responsibility for their commission and so on
should be reviewed.
In the current context of the spread of corruption-related crimes, among
which the abuse of power or ocial position occupies a special place,
the problem of developing and implementing an eective mechanism to
combat these criminal phenomena has become very crucial and urgent. The
creation of such a mechanism presupposes the introduction of an eective
system of counteraction to such crimes, reform of criminal and criminal
procedural legislation, the possibility of applying urgent measures aimed at
improving investigative and judicial practice.
Currently, the issue of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of ocial
activity is relevant and debatable. Liability for corruption and similar crimes
should be detailed and logical, so the articles of the code, which provide for
liability in the eld of ocial activities, require a comprehensive, impartial
analysis for compliance with the fundamental principles of criminal law.
This requires a comparative analysis of the essence of abuse of occupational
(ocial) position in foreign and domestic criminal law science.
1. Literature review
Tiutiuhin V.I. notes that the obligatory feature of the crime of most of
the acts provided for in Section XVII of the Special Part of the Criminal
Code is the subject of the crime under Articles 368, 368-2, 368-3, 368-4,
369, 369-2 of the Criminal Code is an illegal benet. The objective side
of the crimes in question is characterized by the fact that some of them
(Articles 364, 364-1, 365-2, 367 of the Criminal Code) can be committed
either by acts or omissions; others (Articles 365, 366, 368, 368-2, 368-3,
368-4, 369, 369-2, 370 of the Criminal Code) can be committed only by
active behavior - action (Law of Ukraine, 2001). An obligatory feature of the
objective side of the vast majority of the crimes under consideration is the
presence of a direct connection between the act of a person and his ocial
activity or activity related to the provision of public services (Chernetskaya
and Shilingov, 2009).
Such an act is always: a) due to the ocial position of the subject or his
ocial powers or powers to provide public services and b) is committed
against the interests of the service or legal entity of private law or against the
interests in the satisfaction and protection of which the person is endowed
authority to provide public services during the performance of certain
professional activities. It is worth drawing attention to the fact that the law
expressly states that in the case of an oense committed by an ocial of
a legal entity of public law (Articles 364, 365, 368, 369-2 of the Criminal
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 640-648
Code), such connection is manifested in the use by the subject of his or
her ocial position, while in the case of its commission by an ocial of a
private law entity or a public service provider (Articles 364-1, 365-2, 368-3
of the Criminal Code), the subject uses only his own (granted by law) ocial
powers or authority to provide public services (Tatsiy, 2014).
Criticizing the corpus delicti provided for in Article 364 of the Criminal
Code of Ukraine, M.I. Havronyuk notes that most criminal codes in
European countries, except for the CIS states, do not provide for liability
for abuse of power or ocial position and for exceeding power or ocial
authority (Havronyuk, 2011).
2. Material and methods
The methodological basis of the study are philosophical, general, and
special scientic methods.
In order to achieve the set goal and solve the stipulated tasks, general
scientic and special methods were used, in particular, system-structural -
to analyze crime in the eld of ocial activities and to prevent it as a holistic
theoretical and applied problem throughout the work; formal-logical - in
order to provide criminal law and criminological characteristics of abuse
of power or ocial position committed by civil servants; comparative -
to identify the features of preventing abuse of power or ocial position
committed by civil servants in Ukraine and foreign countries, as well as
to assess the possibilities of implementing foreign experience in domestic
law enforcement practice; modeling - when formulating conclusions to
the sections and general assessments, as well as proposals for improving
criminological prevention and practice of its application.
3. Results and discussion
In the criminal law of foreign countries, the rules that provide for
criminal liability for abuse of power or ocial position, as well as for excess
of power and ocial authority dier. This can be concluded by analyzing
the articles of the Criminal Codes of foreign countries, which provide for
criminal liability for crimes related to abuse or abuse of power or ocial
authority.
The Criminal Codes of the following foreign countries were taken for
comparison: the French Republic, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of
Lithuania, Georgia, the Republic of Estonia, the Italian Republic, Hungary,
Croatia, the Swiss Confederation, and the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Anna Nesterenko, Nataliia Maryniak, Marta Trush, Serhii Yesimov, Yaryna Bohiv y Vita Pervii
Comparative analysis of the essence of abuse of power in international legal sciences and Ukraine
The Criminal Code of the French Republic, which has been in force
since 1994, devotes a signicant number of articles to abuse of oce. Their
analysis shows that they can be divided into three groups:
• abuse of power, encroaching on the order of management (Articles
432-1 to 432-3);
• abuse of power committed against private persons (Articles 432-4
to 432-9);
• breach of ocial duties (Articles 432-10 to 432-16).
Thus, Article 432-1 of the Criminal Code of the French Republic
provides for liability for acts committed by any person, who has public
authority and exercises his powers to take measures aimed at obstructing
the implementation of the law (Law of the French Republic, 1992).
The Latvian Criminal Code in Chapter XXIV of the Criminal Code of
Latvia “Crimes committed in the structure of the public service”, as well as
in Ukrainian legislation, provides for the liability of a public ocial, both
for abuse of ocial authority (Article 317) and for abuse of occupational
position (Article 318). The subject of this crime is a public servant, who
has committed intentional actions that clearly exceeds the limits of rights
and powers given to public ocials by law, if these actions have caused
signicant harm to the state, administrative order and protected human
interests (Law of the Republic of Latvia, 1998).
Article 316 of the Latvian Criminal Code sets out the following denition,
representatives of state power are recognized as state ocials, as well as
any person who permanently or temporarily performs the duties of a public
oce or self-government and has the right to make decisions binding upon
other persons or exercise supervision, control, inquiry, or punishment
functions, or to dispose of property or nancial resources of the state. In
addition, the Latvian Criminal Code (Article 325) separately provides for
the liability of civil servants for violating the restrictions imposed on a
public ocial (entrepreneurial activity, combination of positions, receiving
remuneration or exercising authority in a situation of conict of interest),
whereas in Ukrainian law the said oenses are not criminal and refer to
administrative oenses related to corruption, responsibility for which is
set out in Chapter 13-A of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Oenses
(Articles 172-4 to 172-9-2).
In the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, in contrast to the
Latvian Criminal Code, liability for crimes in the sphere of ocial activity
(for the subject of the crime) is set out very briey and is provided for in
only 3 articles of Chapter XXXIII of the Code:
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 640-648
• bribery (Article 225).
• abuse (Article 228).
• failure to perform ocial duties (Article 229).
Separately, Article 230 provides for the concept of a subject of abuse
of power, dening a civil servant or a person of equivalent status who is
employed in the civil service in accordance with the Law on Civil Service
(Law of the Republic of Lithuania, 2000).
These persons include politicians, ocials working in state or municipal
institutions or institutions, law enforcement agencies, courts, persons
supervising and auditing state institutions, persons acting as government
representatives or holding administrative positions, as well as ocial
candidates for such positions (Leheza et al., 2021).
Article 333 of the Criminal Code of Georgia provides for liability for
excess of ocial authority (Law of Georgia, 1999). The subjects of this crime
are ocials, persons equal to them, vested with ocial authority, as well
as persons holding public and political positions, whose actions resulted
in violation of rights of natural or legal entities, lawful interests of society
and state. It should be noted that the note to Article 332 of the Criminal
Code of Georgia provides an exhaustive list of persons who are subject to
the crime envisaged by Article 333 of the aforementioned Criminal Code.
In particular, such persons include ocials, persons equal to them, vested
with ocial authority, employees of legal persons of public law (except for
political and religious associations) exercising public legal powers, private
performers, as well as all other persons who exercise public legal powers in
accordance with the legislation of Georgia.
Thus, the Criminal Codes of the French Republic, the Republic of
Estonia, the Republic of Lithuania, Hungary, Croatia, and Switzerland
do not separately identify the oense of “Exceeding authority or ocial
powers”; the relevant acts are qualied as abuse of oce.
An interesting example of comparative analysis in terms of criminal
liability for ocial crimes is the Criminal Code of Germany, a systematic
collection of criminal laws, introduced in 1871 (Law of the Federal Republic
of Germany, 1871). When formulating the dispositions of the articles
(paragraphs) of the Special Part, the German legislator, in contrast to the
techniques of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, does not proceed from the
theory of punishment of the act, but from the theory of punishment of the
gure. Thus, the disposition of each article begins with the words “one who
<...>” or “an ocial who <...>” (Leheza et al., 2020).
The German Criminal Code does not contain a classic understanding of
the concept of “abuse of occupational position” or “illicit enrichment”, so
there are no paragraphs (articles) that would directly provide for liability
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Anna Nesterenko, Nataliia Maryniak, Marta Trush, Serhii Yesimov, Yaryna Bohiv y Vita Pervii
Comparative analysis of the essence of abuse of power in international legal sciences and Ukraine
for these acts. However, in the German Criminal Code, there is a similar
provision under economic crimes, which provides for liability for bribery
in business and reads as follows: “Whoever, as an ocer or authorized
person of a commercial enterprise in business dealings demands, agrees
to accept or accepts a benet for himself or a third person for what he
would dishonestly prefer to others in the acquisition of competing goods
or services shall be liable to imprisonment for up to three years or a ne” (§
299) (Liutikov et al., 2021).
In addition, the German legislator has distinguished between two
separate types of the subjective side of the civil servant during the receipt of
an undue advantage, namely the receipt of an advantage (Section 331) and
venality (receipt of a bribe) (§ 332). A qualifying feature of paragraph 332
is the receipt by a civil servant of an appropriate benet or service for what
he has done or would do in the future and thereby violate or would violate
his ocial duties, while paragraph 331 provides for liability simply for the
performance of his duties without specic action in favor of the beneciary.
Section 335 of the German Criminal Code also establishes liability for
failure to perform an ocial act. The legislator notes that non-performance
of an action is equated to the performance of an ocial action or a judicial
action within the meaning of § § 331-335. Given that the subjective side
of the criminal oense in this article is so broad and does not contain
information on the possible forms of guilt of the subject in the form of
direct or indirect intent or negligence, this gives us grounds to believe that
depending on the actual circumstances of the event, the prosecution and
the court at their discretion interpret the degree of guilt and the interest of
the subject not to perform ocial duties. Thus, German Criminal Law does
not have such concepts as “ocial negligence”, “abuse of power” and “abuse
of occupational position”(Leheza et al., 2021).
Conclusion
In view of the above, it can be concluded that in most countries of
continental Europe there is a simplication of the qualication of actions
committed by an ocial under one article. However, there is a clear link to
the caused consequences in the form of pecuniary damage, which allows
the prosecution much faster to build a causal component of a person’s
actions within a single statutory corpus delicti and pass evidence to the
court, which, when sentencing by analyzing all the evidence provided by
the prosecution and the defense, will come to the conclusion about the level
of public danger and the damage caused to the public interest, which led to
such acts.
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Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 640-648
In the criminal law of foreign countries, there is practically no dierence
between abuse of power or ocial position and excess of power or ocial
authority. This distinction is more characteristic of the criminal law of
post-Soviet countries and is mainly related to the mass violation of the
constitutional rights of citizens by law enforcement ocials during the
pre-trial investigation, in connection with which the legislator introduced a
separate rule in the form of a law enforcement ocer.
In our opinion, in the domestic criminal legislation the list of criminal
acts is prescribed quite qualitatively and meticulously, however, there
are cases when the direct link of the current version of Article 364 of the
Criminal Code of Ukraine to the amount of material damage does not allow
involving an ocial in committing a number of illegal acts contrary to the
interests of the service, in the interests of third parties, as not always the
damage can be calculated (for example, illegal transfer of subsoil for use),
and the negative eects of decisions can occur over a long period of time.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.39 Nº 70
