Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.39 N° 69
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Vol. 39, Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre) 2021, 361-372
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Information Security in E-Government:
Legal Aspects
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.22
Viacheslav Politanskyi *
Dmytro Lukianov **
Hanna Ponomarova ***
Oleh Gyliaka ****
Abstract
The article examines the characteristics of the functioning of
information security in the e-government system, a phenomenon
that is only possible based on the development of the information
security infrastructure. The authors analyze information security
as a key element of the concept of e-government, as well as various
interpretations and ways of explaining the concept of information
security. The research team’s approach to the denition of
the concept of information security is formed from the deep
understanding of this concept, in terms of general theoretical analysis.
Topics, objects, functions, types, principles, forms, levels of provision and
structural elements of information security are studied. It is concluded that
the organization of modern computer security of the State is undoubtedly a
complex, systemic and multilevel phenomenon, whose state, dynamics, and
perspectives are directly inuenced by many external and internal factors,
the most important being the political situation. In the world the presence
of possible external and internal threats; state and level of development
of information and communication of the country and internal political
situation, among other aspects.
Keywords: Information security; e-government; information
and communication technologies; digital democracy;
contemporary politics.
* Candidate of Law, Department of Theory and Philosophy of Law, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law
University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1406-8909. Email:
slavik777tom@gmail.com
** Doctor of Laws, Department of Private International Law and Comparative Law, Yaroslav Mudryi
National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-7883.
Email: global@ores.su
*** Candidate of Law, Department of Legal History, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1961-024X. Email: global@prescopus.com
**** Candidate of Law, Department of Planning and Coordination of Legal Research in Ukraine, National
Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
8074-5138. Email: info@ores.su
362
Viacheslav Politanskyi, Dmytro Lukianov, Hanna Ponomarova y Oleh Gyliaka
Information Security in E-Government: Legal Aspects
Seguridad de la información en el gobierno
electrónico: aspectos legales
Resumen
El artículo examina las características del funcionamiento de la seguridad
de la información en el sistema de gobierno electrónico, fenómeno que solo
es posible con base en el desarrollo de la infraestructura de seguridad de
la información. Los autores analizan la seguridad de la información como
un elemento clave del concepto de gobierno electrónico, así como diversas
interpretaciones y formas de explicación del concepto de seguridad de la
información. La aproximación del equipo de investigación a la denición del
concepto de seguridad de la información se forma a partir de la comprensión
profunda de este concepto, en términos de análisis teórico general. Se
estudian temas, objetos, funciones, tipos, principios, formas, niveles de
provisión y elementos estructurales de la seguridad de la información.
Se concluye que la organización de la seguridad informática moderna
del Estado es, sin duda, un fenómeno complejo, sistémico y multinivel,
cuyo estado, dinámica y perspectivas están directamente inuenciadas
por muchos factores externos e internos, siendo los más importantes la
situación política. En el mundo la presencia de posibles amenazas externas
e internas; estado y nivel de desarrollo de la información y la comunicación
del país y; situación política interna, entre otros aspectos.
Palabras clave: Seguridad de la información; gobierno electrónico;
tecnologías de la información y la comunicación;
democracia digital; política contemporánea.
1. Problem statement
The rapid growth of information technology has triggered the
redistribution of real power in society from traditional structures to
information ow control centers. Information technology is nding ever-
widening applications in such areas as nancial circulation and securities
market, communications, transport, high-tech industries (especially
nuclear, chemical, etc.), government management systems, etc. Today, the
dissatisfaction with the state of Ukrainian information legislation and the
need for urgent measures to improve it are obvious. However, there is no
unity in the ways of qualitative transformation of information legislation
of Ukraine among researchers of this issue, which is logical, given the
complexity, dynamics, and scale of modern information processes that
occur in the formation of the national legal system. That is why this issue
is poorly studied in domestic science, and a large number of scientists still
do not agree on many key points of the presented issues (Kormych et al.,
2020).
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2. Relevance
The formation of e-government entails not only undoubted positive
consequences but also certain risks. On the one hand, the transfer of a
signicant amount of information has accelerated; its processing and
implementation have accelerated. On the other hand, the spread of illegal
collection and use of information, unauthorized access to information
resources, illegal copying of the information in electronic systems, violation
of information processing technologies, the launch of virus programs,
destruction, and modication of data in information systems, manipulation
of public and individual consciousness, etc., are of serious concern
(Fedorenko et al., 2020).
In addition, the current scientic and practical challenge in information
security of Ukraine is to achieve a unied approach to determining the
optimal models and ways to ensure the information security of the state by
identifying the most important qualitative and quantitative properties and
parameters of this phenomenon as a key element (Kharytonov et al., 2019).
3. Analysis of recent research and publications
The study of the functioning aspects of information security in
e-government and the generalization of the existing array of developments
on this issue is quite dicult, which explains its little scientic research.
Some aspects of this issue have been somewhat studied by such foreign and
domestic scientists as Ashenden (2008), Kudryavtsev (2014), Fedorenko et
al., (2020), and others.
4. Objective
The objective of the article is to study the features of information
security in e-government, analyze various interpretations of and ways
of explaining the concept and formulation of the author’s denition of
information security, study subjects, objects, functions, types, principles,
forms, levels, and structural elements of information security, and provide
author’s conclusions.
5. Main part
Protecting its interests, each state must take care of its information
security. The strengthening of Ukrainian statehood requires the same.
Thus, Kharytonov, et al consider information security as a component of
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Viacheslav Politanskyi, Dmytro Lukianov, Hanna Ponomarova y Oleh Gyliaka
Information Security in E-Government: Legal Aspects
the national security of Ukraine (Kharytonov et al., 2019). Balanced state
information policy of our state develops as an integral part of its socio-
economic policy, based on the priority of national interests and threats to
national security. From the legal point of view, it is based on the principles of
a democratic state governed by the rule of law and is implemented through
the development and implementation of relevant national doctrines,
strategies, concepts, and programs under current legislation. Also, the
state information security policy is determined by the priority of national
interests, the system of dangers and threats, and is carried out through
relevant doctrines, strategies, concepts, and programs in the information
sphere under applicable law.
The eciency of government agencies is determined by three factors:
the eectiveness of interaction with citizens and entrepreneurs, the
eectiveness of the internal work of each institution, and the eectiveness
of interaction between public authorities. Thus, the successful overcoming
of these factors in e-government is possible through the development
of information security infrastructure using condential information
exchange systems (Okot-Uma and London, 2000).
Considering any e-government project, one should realize that its
implementation could cause a number of serious problems, the main of
which, according to experts, is information security. Statistics show that
citizens use government websites more as sources of information rather
than online transactions. This may be due to the fears of citizens and
entrepreneurs about unauthorized access to their data.
Information security had initially considered, rst, as information
security of the state. Subsequently, the intensication of informatization
processes in all areas, and especially the growing importance of technical
protection of information has led to the formation of legal support for
information protection as an integral part of the security of enterprises,
institutions, and organizations, as well as individual industries. At the
turn of the millennium, the issue of international information security
has become acute, so has the issue of cybersecurity as part of information
security. However, at each of these stages, human information security
remained a minor matter. This is what the analysis of scientic research on
information security has shown (Ashenden, 2008).
According to O.Yu. Kudryavtsev, the analysis of the conceptual
foundations of information security and their impact on the level of
legitimacy of political power remains an important issue. The conceptual
framework of e-government is to provide open access to public services
anywhere at any time. This can potentially lead to huge problems of
security and condentiality in the eld of information society management,
especially given the fact that management processes in the public sector
are signicantly dierent from similar processes in private partnership and
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production (Kudryavtsev, 2014).
Information security, on the one hand, is part of the concept of
e-government, and on the other hand, it is a much broader concept that
appeared well before the phenomenon under consideration. Information
security issues that somehow relate to the legitimation of political power can
be divided into four major groups. E-government, as has been repeatedly
emphasized, acts in its instrumentalist manifestations as a model of the
organization of interaction between the state, citizens, and business based
on the use of information and communication technologies (Bryan et al.,
2002).
Information security as a scientic category is interpreted in dierent
ways. It has both doctrinal, encyclopedic, and legal denitions. At the
same time, methodological approaches, logical ways of their formation and
consolidation, spheres of existence, and applied use dier signicantly. This
is also because the category of safety itself is ambiguous and is determined
based on the scientic eld it is studied in.
According to the encyclopedic denition, “information security” should
be understood to mean: 1) legislative formation of state information policy;
2) provision in accordance with the laws of Ukraine of opportunities for
information suciency for decision-making by public authorities, citizens,
and associations of citizens, other legal entities in Ukraine; 3) guarantee of
freedom of information activities and the right of access to information in
the national information space of Ukraine; 4) comprehensive development
of the information structure; 5) support for the development of national
information resources of Ukraine, considering the achievements of science
and technology and the peculiarities of the spiritual and cultural life of the
people of Ukraine; 6) creation and implementation of secure information
technologies; 7) protection of the property rights of all participants in
information activities in the national space of Ukraine; 8) preservation of
the state ownership right to strategic objects of information infrastructure
of Ukraine; 9) protection of state secrets, as well as information with limited
access, which is the object of property rights or the object of only possession,
use or disposal of the state; 10) creation of a general system of information
protection, in particular protection of state secrets, as well as other limited-
access information; 11) protection of the national information space of
Ukraine from the dissemination of distorted or prohibited for distribution
by the legislation of Ukraine information products; 12) legal establishment
of the regime of access of foreign states or their representatives to the
national information resources of Ukraine and the procedure for the use
of these resources on the basis of agreements with foreign states; and 13)
legislative denition of the distribution procedure of foreign information
products on the territory of Ukraine (Kharytonov et al., 2019).
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Viacheslav Politanskyi, Dmytro Lukianov, Hanna Ponomarova y Oleh Gyliaka
Information Security in E-Government: Legal Aspects
Kormych denes information security as a state of protection of
parameters of information processes, relations, and norms established by
the legislation. This provides the necessary conditions for the existence
of society, state, and a person as subjects of such processes and relations
(Kormych et al., 2020).
Information security is a state of balanced protection of vital interests of
the state, society, and a person, namely the national interests of the country,
from internal and external threats in the information sphere (Mishra et al.,
2021).
This concept is quite similar to that enshrined in paragraph 13 of the
Law of Ukraine “On Basic Principles of Information Society Development
in Ukraine for 2007-2015” of 09.01.2007 No. 537 (Zhavoronkova and
Zhavoronkov, 2016). Fedorenko understands information security as a set
of means to ensure the information sovereignty of Ukraine, protection of
the information sphere from external and internal information threats.
This security should include eective counteraction to a set of information
threats (Fedorenko et al., 2020).
During the development of the draft Law of Ukraine “On the principles
of information security of Ukraine” by the sta of the Research Institute
of Informatics and Law of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of
Ukraine V.H. Pylypchyk, I.F. Korzh, N.A. Savinova, M.P. Stelbytskyi, and
V.M. Furashev proposed the following denition: information security is a
state of protection of the vital interests of man and citizen, society and state,
which prevents harm due to incompleteness, timeliness, and inaccuracy
of information disseminated, violation of the integrity and availability
of information, unauthorized circulation of limited-access information,
as well as due to the negative information and psychological impact and
intentional iniction of negative consequences of the use of information
technology (Sopilnyk et al., 2020).
As for the denition of information security, researchers still do not
have any holistic approach to its denition. However, despite the author’s
variety of interpretations of the concept of information security, it still
requires a slightly dierent interpretation. That is why information security
is a state of protection of conditions, opportunities, and processes of safe
and unhindered functioning of subjects of society and realization of state
interests in the information sphere connected with the free acquisition,
creation, and distribution of information, from threats, through a set
of measures guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, which ensures
the prevention, detection, and neutralization of internal and external
information dangers, protection of information resources, realization of
human and civil rights and freedoms, preservation of state information
sovereignty and safe development of international information cooperation.
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Objectively, the category of information security arose with the advent of
information communication between people, as well as with the recognition
by a human of the presence of interests of people and their communities
that can get compromised by acting on information communication, the
presence and development of which provides and sets information exchange
between all elements of society.
In the time of growing interconnections and interdependence of the
states and the preservation of many global dangers and threats information
security becomes a component of the general world safety, eorts of all
people in the preservation of the world, democracy, humanization of
modern relations.
Information security, on the one hand, provides quality and
comprehensive information to citizens and open access to various sources
of information, and on the other, controls the spread of misinformation,
promotes the integrity of society, preserves information sovereignty,
counters negative information and psychological inuences and protects
national information space from manipulation, information wars and
operations. Solving the complex problem of information security will
protect the interests of society and the state, as well as guarantee the rights of
citizens to receive comprehensive, objective, and high-quality information.
The subjects of information security are citizens of Ukraine, associations
of citizens, public organizations and other civil society institutions, the
President of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Cabinet of
Ministers of Ukraine, other central executive bodies and bodies of the
security and defense sector of Ukraine, mass media and communications of
various forms of ownership, enterprises, institutions, and organizations of
various forms of ownership that carry out information activities, scientic
institutions, educational and training institutions of Ukraine, which, in
particular, carry out research and training in various areas of information
activities in information security.
In our opinion, the objects of information security are the information
infrastructure of all spheres of society, state information resources, as well
as human rights and freedoms such as the right to access information, the
right to education, the right to access cultural values and the intellectual
property right; moral and cultural values of society; constitutional order,
democracy, and territorial integrity of the state.
According to V.V. Ostroukhov, the regulatory framework of information
security should perform primarily three main functions: 1. Regulate the
relationship between the subjects of information security, determine
their rights, duties, and responsibilities. 2. Legally ensure the actions of
the subjects of information security at all levels, namely people, society,
and the state. 3. Establish the application procedure of various means of
information security (Mishra et al., 2021).
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Viacheslav Politanskyi, Dmytro Lukianov, Hanna Ponomarova y Oleh Gyliaka
Information Security in E-Government: Legal Aspects
As for the types of information security, the most correct is to
distinguish between its two main types, namely: 1) information security
of the individual - the protection of human psyche and consciousness
from dangerous information inuences: manipulation of consciousness,
misinformation, incitement to insult, suicide, etc.; and 2) information
security of the state - characterized by the degree of protection of the state
(society) and the stability of the main spheres of life (economy, science,
technosphere, management, military aairs, etc.) against dangerous
(destabilizing) information inuences, both for the provision and acquisition
of information. The information security of the state is determined by the
ability to neutralize such inuences.
We share the view of L.S. Liubokhinets, who identies the following
forms of information security: 1) information patronage; 2) information
cooperation; 3) information confrontation (Sopilnyk et al., 2020). This
gave the impression that the forms and methods of information security
form a tool through which the information security forces address the
whole set of tasks to protect the vital interests of the individual, society, and
the state. Therefore, it is necessary to have a clear legal formulation in the
development of regulations governing the activities of information security
agencies.
The researchers distinguish between three levels of information security:
the level of the individual (the formation of rational, critical thinking based
on the principles of freedom of choice); the social level (formation of high-
quality information-analytical space, pluralism, multichannel information
retrieval, independent powerful mass media owned by domestic owners);
and the state level (information-analytical support for state bodies,
information support for domestic and foreign policy at the interstate level,
limited-access information protection system, counteraction to oenses in
the information sphere, computer crimes) (Tsimbalyuk, 2001).
Ensuring information security of e-government is a complex
phenomenon, which includes: 1) a set of information needs of public
administration in the process of functioning of state power and activities
to ensure these needs; 2) external and internal threats to the information
technology space of e-government - hardware and software (threats to the
integrity of information and hardware and software, the use of uncertied
domestic and foreign technologies in the creation and development of
information infrastructure), and public information (illegal restriction
of access to citizens to open information resources of public authorities,
unsatisfactory quality characteristics of information messages, etc.); and
3) a set of regulatory, organizational-technical, and methodical means of
counteracting information security threats (Alshehri and Drew, 2010).
The Concept of the National Informatization Program made the rst
attempt to legally dene information security (Sopilnyk et al., 2020). This
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legal act denes information security as a set of regulatory documents on
all aspects of the use of computer equipment for processing and storage
of restricted information; a set of state standards for documentation,
maintenance, use, certication testing of information security software;
bank of means of diagnostics, localization, and prevention of computer
viruses, new technologies of information protection with the use of spectral
methods, highly reliable cryptographic methods of information protection,
etc.
The Constitution of Ukraine is the basis of the system of regulatory and
legal provision of information security. Article 17 of the Constitution of
Ukraine states that “Protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of Ukraine, ensuring it is economic and information security are the most
important functions of the state, the cause of the Ukrainian people” (Pritsak,
1998: 35).
The structural elements of Ukraine’s information security are information
and psychological security, namely the management of potential or real
dangers and threats that can harm the psyche of a person or society, as well
as the state or civil servants. Such threats include attempts to manipulate
the consciousness of society, which can be carried out by disseminating
biased, incomplete, unreliable information, spreading through the media
the cult of cruelty, pornography, violence, etc. The threat to information
security in the eld of human and civil rights and freedoms is manifested
in eorts to restrict citizens’ access to information and manifestations of
restriction of freedom of speech, disclosure of information dened by law as
condential or state secret, dissemination of condential and state-owned
information meeting the national interests and needs of the state and society.
Information and technical security - management of actual or potential
threats to protect the information and telecommunication infrastructure,
which can be threatened by computer terrorism and computer crime.
In our opinion, the legal provision of information security of Ukraine
should be based primarily on compliance with the principles of legality,
the balance of interests of citizens, society, and the state in the information
sphere.
Compliance with these principles requires following several rules. First,
the observance of the principle of legality requires the subjects of state
authorities of Ukraine to be strictly guided by legislative and other normative
legal acts regulating relations in this sphere when solving problems arising
in the information sphere.
Also, compliance with the principle of balance of interests of citizens,
society, and the state in the information sphere provides for legislative
consolidation of the priority of these interests in various spheres of society,
as well as the use of forms of public control over the activities of federal
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Viacheslav Politanskyi, Dmytro Lukianov, Hanna Ponomarova y Oleh Gyliaka
Information Security in E-Government: Legal Aspects
and state authorities. Implementation of guarantees of constitutional rights
and freedoms of human and citizen related to activities in the information
sphere is the most important task of the state in information security.
One of the main tasks for Ukraine, in our opinion, is to guarantee
the information security of the individual, which is characterized by the
protection of his psyche and consciousness from dangerous information
inuences: manipulation, misinformation, incitement to insult, etc. It
is believed that the main purpose of information security is to create a
branched and secure information space; protect national interests of the
state in the formation of world information networks; protect the country’s
economic potential from illegal use of information resources; exercise the
rights of citizens, institutions, and the state to receive, disseminate, and use
information.
We are broadly sympathetic to Hassan and Khalifa that the
e-government system and the information security system are interrelated
elements of the general system of public administration. In particular,
according to the author, there are obvious groups of information and
technical dangers common to both systems: 1) a new class of social crimes
based on the use of modern information technologies (electronic money
fraud, computer hooliganism, etc.); electronic control over the life, moods,
plans of citizens and political organizations; 2) use of new information
technologies for political purposes; and 3) the impact of information
weapons on the psyche, consciousness of people (Hassan and Khalifa,
2016).
Proceeding from such understanding of the problem, the author
believes that information security in the implementation of e-government
is a complex phenomenon, which includes: 1) a set of information needs
of public administration in the process of functioning of state power and
activities to ensure these needs; 2) external and internal threats to the
information technology space of e-government - hardware and software
(threats to the integrity of information and hardware and software, the
use of uncertied domestic and foreign technologies in the creation and
development of information infrastructure), and public information (illegal
restriction of access to citizens to open information resources of public
authorities, unsatisfactory quality characteristics of information messages,
etc.); and 3) a set of regulatory, organizational-technical, and methodical
means of counteracting information security threats (Hassan and Khalifa,
2016).
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Conclusion
Thus, the organization of modern information security of the state is
concluded to be undoubtedly a complex, systemic, multilevel phenomenon,
the state, dynamics, and prospects of which are directly inuenced by many
external and internal factors, the most important of which are the political
situation in the world; the presence of potential external and internal
threats; state and level of information and communication development
of the country; and domestic political situation. Having said that, the
progressive development of Ukraine as a sovereign, democratic, legal, and
economically stable state is possible only if ensure the most appropriate
level of information security, which in our opinion is also possible through
the use of the methodological potential of information security, which will
contribute to the creation and development of a modern regulatory and
legal framework for regulating public relations in the information sphere in
general and in information security in particular.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en julio de 2021, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.39 Nº 69
