Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.39 N° 69
Julio
Diciembre
2021
Recibido el 23/03/2021 Aceptado el 12/05/2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
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avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
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Vol. 39, Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre) 2021, 317-325
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
National Security: Theoretical-
Legal Research
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.18
Marina A. Anyushina *
Elena V. Bestaeva **
Viacheslav V. Suyazov ***
Svetlana V. Shiryaevа ****
Nataliya S. Shutikova *****
Abstract
The study is relevant as the category of «national security» is
multilevel. The work reveals the characteristics and components
of this system. The concept of national security exists all over
the world. It is one of the most important types of security and
is studied by academics from dierent countries. Furthermore,
the concept of national security means a set of scientic and
theoretical ideas, opinions and views that dominate in each society and is
a subjective reection of objective ties and national security relations in
the public consciousness. From a documentary methodology the article
aims to study the legal nature and essence of national security. It is
concluded that the genesis of this concept tracks the dialectical interaction
of objective and subjective factors. The legal regulation of national security
is a comprehensive and multifaceted process based on a complex system of
legal rules and regulations. The most signicant ones are analyzed in this
study. However, academics have not considered all the legal components of
national security.
Keywords: economic security; information security; State and
constitution; human rights; legal investigation.
* Academy of Labour and Social Relations, Moscow, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
7840-1141. Email: anyushina_m@icloud.com
** Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2875-2947. Email: elvbestaeva@fa.ru
*** St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-
2751. Email: v.v.suyazov@gmail.com
**** Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPSU), Moscow, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-2140-0228. Email: sv.shiryaeva@mpgu.su
***** Moscow City Teacher Training University, Moscow, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-3654-8038. Email: Shutikovanat@rambler.ru
318
Marina A. Anyushina, Elena V. Bestaeva, Viacheslav V. Suyazov, Svetlana V. Shiryaevа y
Nataliya S. Shutikova
National Security: Theoretical-Legal Research
Seguridad Nacional: Investigación teórico-legal
Resumen
El estudio es relevante ya que la categoría de «seguridad nacional»
es multinivel. El trabajo revela las características y componentes de este
sistema. El concepto de seguridad nacional existe en todo el mundo. Es uno
de los tipos de seguridad más importantes y es estudiado por académicos
de diferentes países. Además, el concepto de seguridad nacional signica
un conjunto de ideas, opiniones y puntos de vista cientícos y teóricos
que dominan en una sociedad determinada y es un reejo subjetivo de los
vínculos objetivos y las relaciones de seguridad nacional en la conciencia
pública. Desde una metodología documental el artículo tiene como objetivo
estudiar la naturaleza jurídica y la esencia de la seguridad nacional. Se
concluye que la génesis de este concepto rastrea la interacción dialéctica de
factores objetivos y subjetivos. La regulación legal de la seguridad nacional
es un proceso integral y multifacético basado en un complejo sistema
de normas y regulaciones legales. Los más signicativos se analizan en
este estudio. Sin embargo, los académicos no han considerado todos los
componentes legales de la seguridad nacional.
Palabras clave: seguridad económica; seguridad de información; estado
y constitución; derechos humanos; investigación legal.
Introduction
The analysis of the current Russian legislation (Federal Laws of the
Russian Federation “On Security”, “On the Government of the Russian
Federation”, “On the Federal Security Service”, “On Operational Search
Activities”, etc.) demonstrates that the following concepts are used in
the eld security: “state security”, “security of the Russian Federation”,
“personal security”, “military security”, “national security”, “public safety”,
and “economic security” (Gutsenko and Kovalev, 2002). The concepts of
“state security”, “security of the Russian Federation”, and “public safety” are
not given a full and comprehensive interpretation in the above-mentioned
legal acts (Gutsenko and Kovalev, 2002). The genesis of this concept traces
the dialectical interaction of objective and subjective factors.
1. Subjective factors are represented by the following ideological
foundations: elements of political and military ideology, religious
consciousness, philosophical and political concepts, ethical ideas typical of
a given society, as well as its national-historical and cultural traditions.
2. Objective factors are geopolitical conditions of the environment and a
set of basic potentials that ensure the national power of any state: economic,
social, political, scientic, and military.
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Economic potential includes the power and quality of the industry,
transport, and agriculture, the eciency of an economic mechanism and its
regulatory impact on the economy, and the modernization of the economy
with due regard to scientic and technological innovations.
The social potential is the state and level of development of social
structures, the nature of relations between social groups and ethnic
communities, the quality of life of most citizens, their working conditions,
and the ability of the state to protect society from destructive actions in
these social conditions.
The political potential is the nature and state of a particular political
system, as well as all its components (socio-political, institutional,
constitutional-legal, communicative, functional and theoretical-
psychological), and their ability to mobilize the power of all potentials to
secure an individual, society, and state from any encroachment on their
interests.
The scientic potential is the development of all branches of science,
their ability to solve the current and future problems faced by a certain
country, including ensuring its security.
The military potential is a complex of state material and spiritual
capabilities to maintain and improve armed forces, increase their combat
eectiveness, and ensure the eective use of national security in the process
of military defense.
1. Methods
V.I. Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language denes
security as “the absence of danger, safety and reliability” (Dahl, 1996: 78).
The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (as amended on July
1, 2020) uses the term “security” in a broad sense. Such terms as “state
security”, “national security”, “public safety” and “security of citizens” are
also applied. When the Constitution of the Russian Federation uses the
concept of “security” in a broad sense, it should be borne in mind that this
very concept is the source and basis for state security. It is necessary to
dwell on the inuence of “homeostasis” on the system of national security.
The philosophical denition of homeostasis is as follows: homeostasis
(from Greek homoios (similar) and stasis (state)) is the desire and ability
of a system to maintain an equilibrium state that characterizes the stability,
reliability, and conservatism of such a system. Since national security is a
system, it is also characterized by stability.
The formation of the “national security” term in scientic literature
is associated with the policy pursued by the United States of America. In
320
Marina A. Anyushina, Elena V. Bestaeva, Viacheslav V. Suyazov, Svetlana V. Shiryaevа y
Nataliya S. Shutikova
National Security: Theoretical-Legal Research
the rst half of the 20
th
century, American scholars and political analysts
lled it with meaningful content, i.e. they emphasized the main tasks of
national security to which all political, economic, and social processes and
phenomena should be oriented.
The category of “national security” was ocially and widely used in the
USA. Later the American concept of national security was introduced and
developed into the doctrine of state security. The consideration of national
security as a systemic object of legal research is of theoretical and practical
relevance.
2. Results
The category of “national security” is multilevel. This article reveals the
features and components of this system. The concept of national security
exists all over the world since it is one of the most important types of
security.
The beginning of the 21
st
century is characterized by much attention
of public authorities and state structures to the issues of national security
(Kudinov, 2010). The national economy has also entered a new stage of
its development. Modern economy forms in a close connection with the
development of national security. Under the current conditions, economic
reforms are conditioned by the interests of national security. These changes
occur in the context of globalization and in connection with the active
involvement of Russia in international political and economic processes.
3. Discussion
In Russia, the issue of “science – national security” became especially
relevant after the collapse of the USSR, when the once-great state with a
powerful military and scientic potential suddenly reduced itself to the
level of developing countries. To a large extent, these are the consequences
of ill-considered and hasty reforms in political, economic, and social
spheres that were implemented in the early 1990s. Due to these reforms,
the active liberalization and denationalization of the economy, the latter
was seriously deformed, re-oriented towards the export of raw materials
and the curtailment of manufacturing industries. Under these conditions,
science and high technology became practically useless and entered the
state of a crisis.
However, the laws of social development show that all its components
are closely interconnected and interdependent. This also applies to such
spheres as science, economy, and defense. Strong science and technologies
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developed on its basis ensure a high level of economic and national
security, including defense. The needs of the national economy and security
encourage the development of science. Regarding such tasks, we have not
considered some scientic works that are of much importance for the full
perception of national security in Russian legal science. Their authors
are as follows: E.I. Balykova (2007), N.A. Boskhamdzhieva (2008), L.G.
Gobedzhishvili (2005), V.V. Zhilinskii (2007), N.I. Zinchenko (2006),
R.F. Idrisov (2002), V.A. Kalamanov (1999), I.B. Kardashova (2006), V.A.
Kolokoltsev (2005), A.P. Kuznetsov (2007), A.A. Kukar (2004), A.O. Linde
(2008), O.M. Kulakov (2007), A.V. Nazarenko (2008), and E.S. Palukhina
(2006).
According to the concept of global insecurity, national legislation should
fulll its international obligations to maintain international security and
strengthen cooperation with other states, indicating specic tools and
aspects of its manifestation. This concept of unied national security was
rst formulated by E. Gareth in “Cooperation for Peace”. He highlighted “a
broader denition of national security in both internal and external aspects,
where the policy of decision-making is encouraged rather than deterrence”
(Gareth, 1993: 55).
Conclusion
The legal regulation of national security is a comprehensive and
multifaceted process based on a complex system of legal norms and
regulations. The most signicant of them are analyzed in this study.
However, scholars have not considered all the legal components of national
security.
Due to regulatory uncertainty, it is dicult to properly understand and
apply the law governing competences in the eld of combating corruption.
We have concluded that it should be legislatively indicated which type of
security is in question and to which sphere of social relations it belongs
since it is of vital importance for an individual, society, and state.
Otherwise, there is not only competition of legal norms but also confusion
of competences common to law enforcement subjects, including in the eld
of ghting against corruption. Within the framework of scientic studies,
scholars and practitioners consider the existing approaches to ensuring
national security. Then scientically grounded methods are developed for
their implementation in practice. In this regard, the current Federal Law
“On Combating Corruption” does not mention that corruption poses a
threat to the security of the Russian Federation.
The fundamental documents in the eld of state security classify threats
of corruption into internal and external. The main external threats are as
follows:
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Marina A. Anyushina, Elena V. Bestaeva, Viacheslav V. Suyazov, Svetlana V. Shiryaevа y
Nataliya S. Shutikova
National Security: Theoretical-Legal Research
a) The activities of foreign intelligence services and related foreign
organizations aimed at nding, establishing, and using corrupt ties
for subversive purposes.
b) The activities of transnational criminal communities that use corrupt
ocials to realize their criminal aspirations.
A serious internal threat to the security of the Russian Federation in the
sphere of state power (legislative and executive) and state administration is
the criminal activity of corrupt ocials working in state bodies, especially
at the federal level.
In this article, national security is dened as a system or set of elements
that ensure the protection of an individual, society, and state. We consider
the homeostasis of national security. This article also reveals the essence
and features of national security and its subsystems. Being a systemic
object of legal scientic research, national security comprises such concepts
as a set of elements and features common to this system; the balance and
inuence of the environment on national security and its subsystems; types
of national security. In our opinion, the urgent problem of modern time is
the relationship between science and national security. For the rst time,
this issue is analyzed, on the one hand, as the impact of science on ensuring
national security and, on the other hand, as the security of science itself, its
protection from various threats and dangers. As a rule, the priority tasks
of the state in the eld of improving the protection of various objects from
negative activities are the preservation of integral territory, the provision
of necessary resources to dierent sectors of the national economy, the
development of the ability of control structures to predict and prevent
crises, overcome their consequences, etc. The implementation of these
provisions should strengthen the security system (Olshevskii, 2010).
Recommendations
The homeostasis of national security has critical parameters in political,
economic, and social spheres. The political sphere includes territorial
integrity, sovereignty, and political independence. The economic sphere
comprises foreign economic independence and stability of the domestic
market. The social sphere represents the unity of society, guarantees of civil
rights, and the continuity of power.
The disruption of homeostasis inuences the system of national
security in the following manner. If equilibrium (homeostasis) is violated,
the environment has such a strong eect on a system that it weakens and
worsens the critical parameters of national security.
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The existing stability of the Russian economy and its independence from
uctuations in foreign markets is high. However, the low level of resource
eciency and the weak competitiveness of the Russian economy greatly
weaken the economic security of Russia. To sum up, we need to emphasize
the importance of homeostasis as the stability of national security because
its violation undermines national security and hinders the development of
the country in dierent areas.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.39 Nº 69
