Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.39 N° 68
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Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
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avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
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Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 39, Nº 68 (Enero - Junio) 2021, 612-619
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Principles of Law and Electronic
Constitutional (Statutory) Justice in
the Constituent Entities of the
Russian Federation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.39
Gulnara Rushanovna Khabibullina *
Rishat Islamovich Shaikhiev **
Damir Ravilyevich Salikhov ***
Abstract
This article discusses constitutional (statutory) electronic
justice in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as
a method of organizing judicial activity based on information
technologies, which aims to ensure the operation, mainly,
of the principles of publicity and openness, transparency,
and accessibility of information from constitutional (statutory) legal
procedures as a variety of the latter in the Russian Federation. In the
methodological of use the technique of documentary observation. Indeed,
electronic (statutory)constitutional justice in the constituent entities of
the Russian Federation has a multifaceted nature and characteristic, as
it can be considered in several contexts, including the attribution to the
group of additional constitutional guarantees of human and civil rights. It
is concluded that electronic constitutional justice brings spaces of justice
closer to individuals and communities, making it easier to exercise their
rights and duties.
Keywords: principles of constitutional law; constitutional (statutory)
courts; constitutional (statutory) justice; subjects of the
Russian Federation; electronic justice.
* Gulnara Rushanovna Khabibullina, Kazan Federal University, Associate Professor of the Department
of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Faculty of Law, KFU. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-9024-5874. Email: gulnarakh@inbox.ru
** Rishat Islamovich Shaikhiev, Kazan Federal University, Postgraduate student of the Department of
Constitutional and Administrative Law, Faculty of Law, KFU. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-3598-2828. Email: sheih88@mail.ru
*** Damir Ravilyevich Salikhov, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Teaching Assistant of the
Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5247-
1312. Email: d_salihov@law.msu.ru
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 68 (Enero - Junio 2021): 612-619
Principios de derecho y justicia constitucional
electrónica (estatutaria) en las entidades constitutivas
de la Federación de Rusia
Resumen
Este artículo analiza la justicia electrónica constitucional (estatutaria)
en las entidades constitutivas de la Federación de Rusia como método
de organización de la actividad judicial basada en las tecnologías de
la información, que tiene por objetivo asegurar el funcionamiento,
principalmente, de los principios de publicidad y apertura, transparencia y
accesibilidad de la información de procedimientos legales constitucionales
(estatutarios) como una variedad de estos últimos en la Federación de Rusia.
En lo metodológico de empleo la técnica de la observación documental. En
efecto, la justicia constitucional electrónica (estatutaria) en las entidades
constitutivas de la Federación de Rusia tiene una naturaleza y características
multifacética, ya que puede considerarse en varios contextos, incluida la
atribución al grupo de garantías constitucionales adicionales de derechos
humanos y civiles. Se concluye que, la justicia constitucional electrónica
acerca los espacios de justicia a personas y comunidades, lo que facilita el
ejercicio de sus derecho y deberes.
Palabras clave: principios de derecho constitucional; tribunales
constitucionales (estatutarios); justicia constitucional
(estatutaria); sujetos de la Federación de Rusia; justicia
electrónica.
Introduction
The general idea of electronic justice as a kind of synthesis of the ongoing
technological, legal and institutional changes in the information society
and affecting material and procedural legislation does not disclose direct
and reverse links between legal principles and processes of informatization
of the judicial branch of government. The same can be noted in relation to
the normative denition that discloses e-justice as a way of carrying out
legal procedural actions based on information technologies in the activities
of the judiciary, including their interaction with each other, as well as with
individuals and legal entities in electronic (digital) form (Resolution of the
Presidium of the Council of Judges of the Russian Federation, 2015).
At the same time, there is a different understanding of electronic justice,
according to which the emergence of electronic tools has a direct impact on
the implementation mechanism, rst of all, of the constitutional principles
of regulating the organization of legal proceedings.
614
Gulnara Rushanovna Khabibullina, Rishat Islamovich Shaikhiev y Damir Ravilyevich Salikhov
Principles of Law and Electronic Constitutional (Statutory) Justice in the Constituent Entities of
the Russian Federation
1. Materials and Methods
The work uses both general scientic methods of cognition (analysis,
synthesis, generalization, comparison) and private scientic methods: formal
legal, comparative legal, systemic and structural. The formal legal method
of cognition makes it possible to establish the sources of consolidation
of legal principles and norms that are signicant for the organization of
electronic constitutional (statutory) justice in the constituent parts of the
federal state. The comparative legal research method is aimed at identifying
general and specic signs of the formation of electronic justice in various
subsystems of the judiciary, including the institution of specialized judicial
constitutional control. The systemic-structural approach to the knowledge
of electronic constitutional (statutory) justice allows us to determine its
internal structure at this stage of the development of legal proceedings.
2. Research Results
Most of researchers consider that the aim of electronic justice as a method
of organizing judicial activity based on information technology is to ensure
the operation of the principles of openness, openness and accessibility of
legal proceedings, openness and transparency of proceedings, openness,
accessibility and transparency of legal proceedings (Globa, 2015), etc.
In addition, as some authors believe, the introduction of an electronic
justice system has an impact on the traditional principles of legal proceedings,
including the principle of equality of the parties (Isaeva, 2016), discretion,
the principle of combining oral and written language of court proceedings,
immediacy of court proceedings (Medimorec and Parycek, 2011).
However, information technologies affect not only the organizational
and procedural principles of judicial activity; they also affect the foundations
of the legal status of an individual (Serbena, 2015).
Thus, the legal literature notes that the informatization of justice should
ensure the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the context
of Article 18 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Rudneva and
Kavkaeva, 2018).
The protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, having the status
of a general principle of law and constitutional law is, on the one hand, one
of the criteria of the principle of guaranteeing rights and freedoms, and on
the other, the principle of their direct action, established constitutionally.
In turn, the principle of direct action of human and civil rights and
freedoms, interpreted as a main, stable, fundamental requirement of an
abstract, constituent and general nature, generalized expressing the basic
laws of the formation, provision and unhindered realization of human
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rights, regardless of the presence of special conditions and procedures and
implemented in legal relations on lawmaking in the eld of human rights,
realization and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, acts,
according to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, one of the
principles of the rule of law (Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the
Russian Federation, 2004).
As for the principle of security of human and civil rights and freedoms,
the informatization of judicial activity, as the experience of foreign countries
with a decentralized judicial system shows (9), is designed to inuence the
mechanism of its implementation.
In this regard, the formation and development of electronic justice as
a way of implementing constitutional (statutory) justice in the constituent
entities of the Russian Federation, which can be considered in various
aspects, including as an additional guarantee of ensuring and protecting
human and civil rights and freedoms in the constitutional legal proceedings.
At the same time, this additional guarantee is of particular importance
for the direct implementation of a number of constitutional rights and
freedoms expressing the information freedom of an individual (the right
to freely seek, receive, transfer, produce and distribute information in
any legal way, the right to get acquainted with documents and materials
affecting his rights and freedom, unless otherwise provided for by law, the
right to apply personally, as well as to send individual and collective appeals
to state bodies, which, within their competence, are obliged to consider
these appeals, make decisions on them and give a reasoned response in
accordance with the procedure established by law), which serves as the
basis for other informational rights and freedoms.
The use of tools of electronic justice in the activities of constitutional
(charter) courts is not limited to the recognition of its guaranteed nature.
The fact is that the introduction of automated information systems
and services in the procedures of constitutional proceedings means a
signicant expansion of the legal basis for the organization and operation of
constitutional and statutory courts in the constituent entities of the Russian
Federation by introducing acts of federal legislation into their composition.
We are talking primarily about the Federal Law No. 149-FZ of July 27,
2006 «On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information»,
which provides, inter alia, the right to receive information from a state body,
its ofcials, concerning the rights, freedoms and duties of a person and a
citizen, the denial of access to which can be appealed in court, Federal Law
No. 262-FZ of December 22, 2008 «On Providing Access to Information
on the Activities of Courts in the Russian Federation», securing the right
of access to information on the activities of courts, without justifying the
need to obtain the requested information about their activities, access
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Gulnara Rushanovna Khabibullina, Rishat Islamovich Shaikhiev y Damir Ravilyevich Salikhov
Principles of Law and Electronic Constitutional (Statutory) Justice in the Constituent Entities of
the Russian Federation
to which is not limited, the right to appeal in the prescribed manner the
actions (inaction) of ofcials violating the right to access information on the
activities of the courts and the established procedure for its implementation,
Federal Law No. 63-FZ of April 6, 2011 «On Electronic Digital Signature»,
etc.
In addition, the introduction of the above federal laws into the legal
framework for the organization and operation of constitutional and statutory
courts means a complication of the system of principles that determine the
organization of their internal activities, aimed at ensuring the formation
of an electronic format of constitutional legal proceedings. In particular,
the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on
constitutional (statutory) justice refers to such basic principles of providing
access to information on the activities of constitutional and statutory
courts, established by the federal legislator: openness and accessibility of
information about their activities; reliability of information about their
activities and its timely provision; freedom to search, receive, transfer and
disseminate information about the activities of courts in any legal way;
observance of the right of citizens to privacy, personal and family secrets,
protection of their honor and business reputation; observance of the rights
and legitimate interests of participants in legal proceedings, etc.
The transition to electronic constitutional (statutory) justice is not
reduced to the emergence of new legal principles; it entails the need for a legal
regulation of new social relations on their basis, and hence the appearance in
the structure of the constitutional institution of regional specialized judicial
constitutional control of additional legal education (subinstitution), which
determines the access of subjects of appeal (complaint, request, petition) to
court materials using information and communication technologies.
3. Summary
The use of information technologies in constitutional (charter) legal
proceedings does not contradict the requirements of the Constitution of
the Russian Federation, since, as the Constitutional Court of the Russian
Federation believes, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation has the
right, along with the basic guarantees of the rights of citizens enshrined
in federal law, to establish in its law additional guarantees of these rights
and freedoms aimed at specifying them, creating additional mechanisms
for their implementation, taking into account regional characteristics
(conditions) and in compliance with the constitutional requirements on the
consistency of the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
with federal laws and on the inadmissibility of restricting the rights and
freedoms of a person and citizen in a form other than a federal law;
implementing such legal regulation, the legislator of a constituent entity
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of the Russian Federation should not introduce procedures and conditions
that distort the essence of certain constitutional rights, and reduce the level
of their federal guarantees enshrined on the basis of the Constitution of the
Russian Federation by federal law, as well as introduce any restrictions on
constitutional rights and freedoms, since such - within the purposes and
limits determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation - can be
established only by the federal legislator (Resolution of the Constitutional
Court of the Russian Federation, 2012).
Conclusion
The elements that form the system of electronic constitutional (statutory)
justice in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation include:
1) the presence of the ofcial website of the constitutional and statutory
court in the Internet with an indication of the e-mail address to which
the user of the information can send his request;
2) posting of information on the activities of the constitutional and
statutory court as part of the information portal of the constituent
entity of the Russian Federation, which acts as a state information
system that unites the ofcial websites of state and local authorities
on the Internet;
3) an electronic document as one of the legitimate forms of obtaining
documented information about the activities of the constitutional
and statutory court;
4) the creation of an electronic reception, as well as the possibility of
submitting applications, requests and petitions in electronic form
through the ofcial website of the constitutional and statutory court
in the Internet (for example, the Constitutional Court of the Republic
of Tatarstan has the Rules for submitting applications in electronic
form through the «Appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Republic
of Tatarstan» in the «Feedback» section of the ofcial website of the
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan);
5) broadcasting of open sessions on radio and television and in the
Internet in the Statutory Court of the Sverdlovsk region;
6) placement in electronic form of information about cases in the
proceedings of the constitutional and statutory courts, as well as
about judicial acts adopted by the constitutional and statutory court
(for example, according to republican legislation, it is subject to
mandatory posting on the ofcial website of the Constitutional Court
of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) decisions, rulings and opinions, as
well as messages on the state of constitutional legality in the Republic
618
Gulnara Rushanovna Khabibullina, Rishat Islamovich Shaikhiev y Damir Ravilyevich Salikhov
Principles of Law and Electronic Constitutional (Statutory) Justice in the Constituent Entities of
the Russian Federation
of Sakha (Yakutia), data from judicial statistics on citizens’ appeals
for consideration of cases in the Constitutional Court of the Republic
of Sakha (Yakutia));
7) information systems of the constitutional and statutory court (in
particular, an information system has been created in the Statutory
Court of the Kaliningrad region containing databases on laws and
other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the Kaliningrad
region and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation,
decisions of the Statutory Court of the Kaliningrad region, decisions
of the Constitutional courts of the Russian Federation and other
constitutional (charter) courts of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation);
8) electronic placement of samples of documents for appeal to the
constitutional and statutory courts (in the Statutory Court of St.
Petersburg - these are samples of complaints from citizens, requests
for compliance with the Charter of St. Petersburg with laws and other
regulatory legal acts of St. Petersburg, on the interpretation of the
Charter of St. Petersburg);
9) electronic information on the procedure and schedule for personal
reception of citizens by judges of the constitutional and statutory
courts (on the ofcial websites of the Constitutional Court of the
Komi Republic and the Statutory Court of the Sverdlovsk Region).
Other elements of the system of electronic constitutional (statutory)
justice in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, practiced
by constitutional and statutory courts, include maintaining an electronic
archive of reviewed cases, electronic support for court proceedings and
an electronic register of normative acts recognized by a constitutional
or statutory court as inconsistent with the constitution or charter of a
constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Acknowledgments
The work is performed according to the Russian Government Program
of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
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