Received: 15/10/2025 Accepted: 15/01/2026 Published: 02/02/2026 1 of 8 https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e361834 Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI ABSTRACT This is the first study on monogenean ectoparasites of five cyprinoid fish species Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Carassius auratus, Acanthobrama marmid and Chondrostoma regium in the Karakaya Dam Lake, on the Euphrates river. Fish species were obtained from a commercial fisherman in the period from December 2024 to June 2025. Ten gill monogenean parasites belonging to three different genera (Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Eudiplozoon) were identified. These are Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. anoigeus D. achmerowi D. extensus, D. elegantis, D. sphyrna, D. vistulae, Eudiplozoon nipponicum, Gyrodactylus sprostonae and Gyrodactylus sp. The percentage of occurrence, mean intensity and abundance values of the identified monogenean species in their hosts were calculated. The similarity of the monogenean parasite fauna of five cyprinoid fish species was compared. The most common monogenean species is D. anchoratus, which has been identified in Carasius auratus, C. gibelio and C. carpio. All the monogenean species were recorded for the first time in the Karakaya Dam Lake. Dactylogyrus anoigeus and D. achmerowi are new records for Turkish fish parasite fauna, while E. nipponicum for A. marmid and C. gibelio, D. sphyrna for A. marmid are a new parasite records. Furthermore, the D. extensus and G. sprostonae on C. auratus is reported for the first time in Türkiye. Key words: Ectoparasites, cyprinoid fishes, Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Eudiplozoon RESUMEN Este es el primer estudio sobre ectoparásitos monogéneos en cinco especies de peces cyprinoid Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Carassius auratus, Acanthobrama marmid y Chondrostoma regium en el Lago de la Presa Karakaya, en el río Éufrates. Los especímenes de peces fueron obtenidos de un pescador comercial en el período de diciembre de 2024 a junio de 2025. Se identificaron diez especies de monogéneos branquiales pertenecientes a tres géneros diferentes (Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Eudiplozoon). que fueron Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. anoigeus, D. achmerowi, D. extensus, D. elegantis, D. sphyrna, D. vistulae, Eudiplozoon nipponicum, Gyrodactylus sprostonae y Gyrodactylus sp. Se calcularon el porcentaje de ocurrencia, la intensidad media y la abundancia de las especies de monogeneos identificadas en sus hospedadores. Se comparó la similitud de la fauna de parásitos monogéneos entre las cinco especies de peces ciprinoides. La especie de monogéneos más común fue D. anchoratus, identificada en Carassius auratus, C. gibelio y C. carpio. Todas las especies de monogéneos fueron registradas por primera vez en el Lago de la Presa Karakaya. Dactylogyrus anoigeus y D. achmerowi constituyen nuevos registros para la fauna parasitaria de peces en Turquía, mientras que E. nipponicum en A. marmid y C. gibelio, y D. sphyrna en A. marmid representan nuevos registros parasitarios. Además, la presencia de D. extensus y G. sprostonae en C. auratus se reporta por primera vez en Turquía. Palabras clave: Ectoparásitos, peces cyprinoid, Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Eudiplozoon New insights into the monogenean fauna and host-parasite associations of cyprinoid fishes from the Karakaya Dam Lake on the Euphrates river, Türkiye: First records Nuevas perspectivas sobre la fauna de monogéneo y las asociaciones hospedador-parásito en peces cyprinoid de la Presa Karakaya en el río Éufrates, Turquía: Primeros registros Arzu Güven 1 * , Türkay Öztürk 2 1 Malatya Turgut Özal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture. 44000 Malatya, Türkiye. 2 Sinop University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fish Diseases. 57000 Sinop, Türkiye. *Corresponding author: arzu.guven@ozal.edu.tr

Monogenean parasite fauna of cyprinoid fishes in Türkiye / Güven and Öztürk ____________________________________________________ 2 of 8 INTRODUCTION Monogenean parasites are the most extensive, with more than 7,000 identified species found worldwide. They primarily parasitize fish but occasionally infect aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and even a single mammalian species (the hippopotamus). Many these species present a serious risk to fish hosts, especially in aquaculture settings [1, 2]. Their presence has been shown to negatively affect fish health by reducing growth rates, increasing susceptibility to disease, and raising mortality, thereby causing economic damage [3, 4]. This group of parasites has high host specificity and is widely used as model organisms in the study of host-parasite coevolution, particularly for disentangling geographic and phylogenetic patterns of parasite diversification [5, 6]. These parasites, which have a direct life cycle, transmit to various hosts through the release of eggs and free-swimming infectious larvae, by encountering detached drifting parasites, or through interactions between live fish and infected dead fish [7]. The spread of monogenean parasites from one region to another can occur naturally through fish migration, as well as indirectly through human-influenced factors such as global fish trade [8]. Cypriniformes, known for their broad geographic range, represent the freshwater fish group with the highest species diversity and extensive research has been conducted on their parasites. Monogeneans are the most commonly known parasites. The health and diversity of Cypriniformes populations, which are widespread in freshwater ecosystems and inhabit lakes, rivers, and dam reservoirs, as well as their parasite communities, are greatly influenced by the dynamic and often fragile nature of freshwater habitats [9, 10]. Freshwater sources such as lakes and dam reservoirs are not stable systems and are significantly affected not only by ecological changes like climate change but also by pollution from agricultural and domestic waste [11, 12]. Monogenean parasites found on fish living in these lakes provide important information about water quality and ecosystem balance. Numerous studies have shown that especially when water quality deteriorates, there is a decrease in the abundance and species diversity of monogeneans [13]. To date, there have been many studies on monogenean parasites of Cyprinoid fish in several localities in Türkiye [1, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. On the other hand, no specific investigations have been conducted regarding monogenean parasite fauna in the Karakaya Dam Lake in Türkiye. A few studies in the Karakaya Dam Lake have predominantly focused on endo helminths [20, 21, 22]. The aim of this research study is to identify the monogenean parasite species present in five cyprinoid fish species collected from the Karakaya Dam Lake, at this peculiar part of Türkiye. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish specimens were collected from the Karakaya Dam Lake (38°26’ N–38°37’ E) situated on the Euphrates River (FIG. 1). This river that defines the boundaries of Mesopotamia, originating in Türkiye and flowing into the Persian Gulf, is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East, both ecologically and economically. Karakaya Dam Lake, situated on this river, serves as a crucial freshwater resource for the region. Despite the ecological importance of this aquatic system, limited research has been conducted on parasites in its ichthyofauna. Fish samples were collected in the period from December 2024 to June 2025 in the Boran and Hasircilar regions of the Karakaya Dam Lake, where domestic and industrial waste concentration is higher (FIG. 1). A total of 48 Acanthobrama marmid, 19 Cyprinus carpio, 16 Carassius gibelio, 13 Chondrostoma regium, and 5 Carassius auratus specimens were obtained from a commercial fisherman and transported to Malatya Turgut Özal University Aquaculture Department Laboratory in an ice-filled box. Total length (Ichthyometer) and weight (OHAUS SPX223, Compact Bench Scale, USA) of each fish were accurately measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 g, respectively. To detect monogenean parasites, the gills of the fish were removed, and slide preparations were made, and parasites were identified and counted by screening whole smears of the gills examined under a trinocular light microscope (Olympus, CX31, Japan). Parasite microphotographs were taken using Olympus BX53F digital camera. Counted monogenean parasites fixed with 70% ethaol for re-examination at a later time. Species identification for was performed based on the morphological characteristics of the sclerotized attachment structures, the arrangement of clamps, haptor and copulatory organs. The taxonomic classification and identification of the parasites observed were done on the basis of some research [15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. The percentage of occurrence (%) indicates how frequently a given parasite species is observed among the examined hosts. Mean intensity, and abundance were calculated following Bush et al. [26]. Mean intensity was defined as the average number of parasites per infected host, whereas abundance was calculated as the average number of parasites per examined host, regardless of infection status. FIGURE 1. Map of the Karakaya Dam Lake from which the fish specimens examined in the study were obtained

_______________________________________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI 3 of 8 Statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis test (Non-parametric ANOVA) was applied to determine significant differences in the mean intensity values of identified monogenean parasites in five cyprinoid fishes. The significance of the host-parasite relationship was conducted according to the abundance (A) index by presented in Zander et al. [27]. The scales used for species were A > 2 for core species, A = 0.6–2 for secondary species, A = 0.2 – 0.6 for satellite species, and A < 0.2 for rare species. The Czekanowski-Sørensen Index (ICS, %) was used to compare the monogenea faunas of five Cypriniformes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, the total length and body weight ranges of the fish species examined in the present study varied among species. Total length ranged from 21.8 to 30.1 cm and body weight from 110.22 to 363 g in A. marmid; from 33.5 to 45.5 cm and 547 to 1284 g in C. carpio; from 19.3 to 33.4 cm and 130 to 634 g in C. gibelio; from 29.8 to 39.0 cm and 262 to 460 g in C. regium; and from 24.5 to 31.0 cm and 184 to 268 g in C. auratus. Total of 10 monogenean parasite species including Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. anoigeus, D. achmerowi, D. extensus, D. elegantis, D. sphyrna, D. vistulae, Eudiplozoon nipponicum, Gyrodactylus sprostonae and Gyrodactylus sp. were determined in five cyprinoid fish (TABLE I and FIGS. 2, 3, and 4). It was determined that the highest monogenean species diversity was observed in C. carpio with five species, while the lowest diversity was found in C. regium and C. auratus, each infected with only two species (TABLES I and II). The identified monogenean parasite species, along with their percentage of occurrence (%), mean intensity (MI), number of infected hosts, abundance (A), and the minimum and maximum parasite counts per host, are summarized in TABLE II. The levels of monogenean infection in the cyprinoid fishes were evaluated, ranging from 20% to 100%, MI was determined to be between 5.90 and 56.95, and mean A was between 2.20 and 56.95. The highest percentage of occurrence and MI values (100% and 56.95) were found in C. carpio. The lowest mean percentage of occurrence and MI values were found in C. auratus (20%) and C. regium (5.90) respectively (TABLE II). The overall MI values of monogenean parasite species varied significantly among the five fish species (P<0.05). The percentage of occurrence (%), MI and A values of each monogenean parasite species detected in this study in their respective hosts, along with category indicators depending on abundance status, are presented in TABLE III. In the present study, seven Dactylogyrus, two Gyrodactylus and one diplozoid species were identified (TABLE III, FIGS. 2, 3, and 4). While some monogenean parasite species were observed in more than one cyprinoid fish, some species were recorded in only one cyprinoid fish species. The most common monogenean species were D. anchoratus and E. nipponicum, which infect three cyprinoid fish, while D. extensus and G. sprostonae were found to be infect two fish species. D. achmerowi was recorded only in C. carpio, D. elegantis and D. vistulae were found only in C. regium, and D. anoigeus and D. sphyrna were observed only in A. marmid (TABLE III). The highest percentage of occurrence values were observed in D. achmerowi (94.74%) and D. extensus (84.21%) detected in C. carpio, while the lowest value was observed in E. nipponicum (2.08%) detected in A. marmid. The highest MI value was obtained in Gyrodactylus sp. (86.33) infecting C. carpio, while the lowest value was observed in E. nipponicum (1.00) infecting A. marmid (TABLE III). Dactylogyrus anoigeus, D. achmerowi, D. extensus, D. sprostonae D. vistulae and Gyrodactylus sp. were observed as core species, while D. sphyrna was observed as satellite species. D. anchoratus played the role of core and rare parasite depending on the host species. E. nipponicum played the rol of secondary in C. carpio, but rare in C. gibelio and A. marmid (TABLE III). TABLE I List of monogenean species found in five cyprinoid fishes in the Karakaya Dam Lake Host Family Fish species Parasite Species Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gusev, 1955 Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932 Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) Gyrodactylus sp. Carassius gibelio Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932 Gyrodactylus sprostonae Ling, 1962 Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) Carassius auratus Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Gyrodactylus sprostonae Ling, 1962 Leuciscidae Acanthobrama marmid Dactylogyrus anoigeus Řehulková, 2024 Dactylogyrus sphyrna Linstow, 1878 Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) Chondrostoma regium Dactylogyrus elegantis Gusev, 1966 Dactylogyrus vistulae Prost, 1957 TABLE II Overall infection percentage of occurrence (%), mean intensity, and abundance values of monogenean parasite species detected in cyprinoid fishes in the present study Fish species Nparasites Nin/Nex Occu (%) MI ± SE A Min-Max Cyprinus carpio 5 19/19 100.00 56.95 ± 7.20 a 56.95 1 – 314 Carassius gibelio 4 10/16 62.50 26.60 ± 9.27 ab 16.62 1 – 88 Carassius auratus 2 1/5 20.00 11.00 ± 0.00 ab 2.20 1 – 11 Acanthobrama marmid 3 31/48 64.58 6.61 ± 1.21 b 4.27 1 – 28 Chondrostoma regium 2 10/13 76.92 5.90 ± 0.98 ab 4.53 1 – 13 Nin: Number of infected specimens, Nex: Number of specimens examined, Occu: Percentage of occurrence, MI: Mean intensity, SE: Standard error, A: Abundance

Monogenean parasite fauna of cyprinoid fishes in Türkiye / Güven and Öztürk ____________________________________________________ 4 of 8 The monogenean parasite faunas of the five cyprinoid fishes examined in this study differed from each other. The monogenean parasite fauna of C. gibelio was observed to be closely similar to the faunas of both species, C. carpio and C. auratus (ICS = 66.67%). No similarity was detected between C. regium and the other 4 cyprinoid fish species, and both between C. auratus and A. marmid and C. auratus and C. regium (TABLE IV). The study is the first to report on the monogenean parasite fauna of five cyprinoid fish in the Karakaya Dam Lake. A total of 10 gill monogenean parasites belonging to the genera Dactylogyrus (7), Gyrodactylus (2), and Eudiplozoon (1), were identified in the study. Dactylogyrus is known as one of the largest genera of parasitic helminths, 95% of which are gill parasites in fish of the family Cyprinidae. In general, most species of the genus Dactylogyrus are strictly host-specific, or limited to one or more closely related hosts [22]. D. anchoratus [28], D. extensus [15, 29, 30, 31, 32], D. minitus [14, 28, 33, 34, 35], D. vastator and D. elegantis are known as species-specific for C. carpio. Although these monogenean species (except D. elegantis) have been also reported as hosts of C. gibelio [16, 29, 36, 37, 38] none have been reported in A. marmid. D. sphyrna has been frequently reported in many cyprinoid fish species, particularly members of the Leuciscidae [14, 15, 16, 33]. However, the existence of this monogenean in A. marmid has not been previously reported. Thus, A. marmid is also added to the list of hosts of D. sphryna with this study. Gyrodactylus sprostonae is a relatively little known species. This species originally described from C. auratus and C. carpio, it has only been reported in C. gibelio in Türkiye [39]. This study reports the presence of G. sprostonae on C. auratus in Türkiye for the first time. Eudiplozoon nipponicum is a monoxenous blood-feeding ectoparasite that lives on the gills of C. carpio. The species presence in C. carpio is first reported by Kircalar et al. [40] in Türkiye, has not been reported previously in C. gibelio and A. marmid. So far, according to previous studies, two of the listed species, D. anchoratus [29, 41] and Gyrodactylus katharineri [29, 41] have been reported in presence in C. auratus different from localities of Türkiye. The number of studies on monogenean parasites of members of the Leuciscidae family living in Turkish waters is limited [14, 42, 43, 44, 45]. Monogenean parasites of cyprinoid fish exhibit a high degree of host specificity, leading to most fish species being infected by one or more specific parasites [7]. When the specificity of the TABLE III Infection values of monogenean parasite species detected in cyprinoid fishes in the Karakaya Dam Lake Monogenean species Host Nin/Nex Occu (%) MI ± SE A Category Dactylogyrus anchoratus Carassius gibelio 7/16 43.75 7.14 ± 3.78 3.12 core Carassius auratus 2/5 40.00 5.50 ± 4.50 2.20 core Cyprinus carpio 1/19 5.26 1.00 ± 0.00 0.05 rare Dactylogyrus extensus Cyprinus carpio 16/19 84.21 22.00 ± 5.51 18.53 core Carassius gibelio 7/16 6.25 78.00 ± 0.00 4.87 core Dactylogyrus anoigeus Acanthobrama marmid 26/48 54.17 6.96 ± 1.32 3.77 core Dactylogyrus sphyrna Acanthobrama marmid 16/48 33.33 1.43 ± 0.18 0.48 satellite Dactylogyrus achmerowi Cyprinus carpio 18/19 94.74 25.00 ± 7.91 23.68 core Dactylogyrus elegantis Chondrostoma regium 6/13 46.16 2.83 ± 0.60 1.31 secondary Dactylogyrus vistulae Chondrostoma regium 9/13 69.23 4.67 ± 0.81 3.23 core Gyrodactylus sprostonae Carassius gibelio 7/16 43.75 19.57 ± 7.01 8.56 core Carassius auratus 1/5 20.00 11.00 ± 0.00 2.20 core Gyrodactylus sp. Cyprinus carpio 3/19 15.79 86.33 ± 84.33 13.63 core Eudiplozoon nipponicum Cyprinus carpio 6/19 31.57 3.33 ± 0.95 1.05 secondary Carassius gibelio 1/16 6.25 6.25 ± 1.00 0.06 rare Acanthobrama marmid 2/48 2.08 1.00 ± 0.00 0.02 rare Nin: Number of infected specimens, Nex: Number of specimens examined, Occu: Percentage of occurrence, MI: Mean intensity, SE: Standard error, A: Abundance TABLE IV Czekanowski-Sorensen Index (%) in monogenean fauna of five cyprinoid fish in the study C. carpio C. gibelio C. auratus A. marmid C. regium C. carpio 100 C. gibelio 66.67 100 C. auratus 28.57 66.67 100 A. marmid 25.00 28.57 0.00 100 C. regium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Acanthobrama marmid, Chondrostoma regium, Carassius auratus

_______________________________________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI 5 of 8 FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Dactylogyrus anchoratus, Dactylogyrus achmerowi, Dactylogyrus anoigenus and Dactylogyrus extensus. A: D. anchoratus specimen total view, B: Haptor of D. anchoratus, C: Copulatory organ of D. anchoratus. D: Haptor of D. achmerowi, E: Dorsal bar and median hook of D. achmerowi, F: Copulatory organ of D. achmerowi, G. D. anoigenus specimen total view, H: Haptor of D. anoigenus, I. Copulatory organ of D. anoigenus, J: D. extensus specimen total view, K. Haptor (dorsal bar and median hooks) of D. extensus, L: Copulatory organ of D. extensus FIGURE 3. Photomicrographs of Dactylogyrus elegantis, Dactylogyrus vistulae, Dactylogyrus sphyrna, Gyrodactylus sprostonae and Gyrodactylus sp. A: D. elegantis specimen total view, B: Haptor of D. elegantis, C. Copulatory organ of D. elegantis. D: Haptor of D. vistulae, E. Copulatory organ of D. vistulae, F: D. sphyrna specimen total view, G. Haptor of D. sphyrna, H: Copulatory organ of D. sphyrna, J: G. sprostonae specimen total view, K. Dorsal bar and median hooks of G. sprostonae, L. Gyrodactylus sp. specimen total view FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of Eudiplozoon nipponicum. A: diporpa larval stadium, B: general view of E. nipponicum, C-D. anterior end of body, E-F. clamps

Monogenean parasite fauna of cyprinoid fishes in Türkiye / Güven and Öztürk ____________________________________________________ 6 of 8 monogenean parasites identified in the cyprinoid fish species examined in this study was evaluated, it can be said that G. elegantis and D. vistulae parasites only infect C. regium, while G. sprostonae infects C. auratus and C. gibelio. Additionally, D. achmerowi was detected only in C. carpio, and D. sphryna and D. anoigeus were detected only in A. marmid. So far, 24 nominal monogenean species have been reported in these five Cyprinoid fishes in the Turkish freshwaters according to data of various authors. Considering the number of monogenea species reported in the five cyprinoid fishes, it is noteworthy that the species diversity in C. carpio (12 species) is higher than from the other four cyprinoid fish. So far, D. achmerowi and D. anoigeus has not been previously recorded in cyprinoid fishes from Türkiye. It is remarkable that these monogenean parasites are reported for the first time in cyprinoid fish in the present investigation. With this study, the number of monogenean parasite species in the Turkish parasitic fauna for the species Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Carassius auratus, Acanthobrama marmid, and Chondrostoma regium increased to 26 with the addition of D. achmerowi and D. anoigeus. When the other studies on the monogenean species detected in this study are considered, D. anchoratus and D. extensus were reported more frequently compared to the other monogenean species. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the study determined 10 monogenean gills parasite species present in 5 cyprinoid fish from the Karakaya Dam Lake. These monogenean parasites are new records for the Karakaya Dam Lake, and Dactylogyrus achmerowi and Dactylogyrus anoigeus are also new records for Türkiye. Acanthobrama marmid is a new host record for D. sphyrna. It was determined that the monogenean parasite faunas of C. carpio and C. gibelio were similar to each other (66.67%), but the monogenean parasite fauna of A. regium was quite different from the monogenean fauna of the other four species studied. The fact that no prior studies on monogenean parasites have been conducted in the region, and that species diversity is being reported for the first time through this study, underscores the scientific significance and contribution of the present research to existing literature. Findings in this study indicate that the region harbors a rich diversity of monogenean species. The findings of this study will provide an important foundation for future research aimed at a more comprehensive understanding of monogenean diversity, addressing current knowledge gaps, the evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions, and the identification of biogeographic patterns. Conflicts of interest The author(s) declare that they have no known competing financial or non-financial, professional, or personal conflicts that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding information This study was supported financially by The Malatya Turgut Özal University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) in Türkiye with the project number of 24G31. Authors are grateful to this support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES [1] Öztürk T, Özer A. Monogenean fish parasites, their host preferences and seasonal distributions in the Lower Kizilirmak Delta (Turkey). Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. [Internet]. 2014; 14:367–378. doi: https://doi.org/qnvg [2] Tripathi A, Wangchu L, Narba D, Matey C,. First report on the diversity and distribution of parasitic monogenoids (Platyhelminthes) from catfishes (Siluriformes) in Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. 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