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NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR MAXIMIZING BUFFALO
PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY
Estrategias nutricionales para maximizar la eciencia de la producción de búfalos
A. K. Tyagi, Sachin Kumar, Sravani Balaga, K. Barman
Indian Council Agricultural Research (ICAR). National Dairy Research Institute, Department of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, India
INTRODUCTION
Since more than 5000 years ago, bualo have played a
signicant role in Asian livestock farming, providing milk, meat,
skins, and draught power. Bualoes, described as the ‘’Black
Gold’’, are the favourite multipurpose animals of farmers and
are, in fact, the ‘’bank on hooves’’ with massive potential for so-
cial and economic changes for the agrarian community. Asia is
home to more than 90% of the world’s bualo population, with
77.9% living in South Asian nations. The 20th livestock census
between 2012 and 2019 shows that the bualo population in-
creased by 1.06%. India is the greatest producer and exporter
of bualo meat and the country with the highest population of
bualoes in the world (57% of the total). The leading states in
bualo rearing are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, Tel-
angana, and Punjab. In these states, raising bualoes gener-
ates between 54-85% of the nation’s milk production, a signi-
cant income source for rural households.
According to predictions made by Opio et al. [31], the
demand for animal products is likely to rise further by 70%
by 2050 due to industrialization and rising population, both
of which may put signicant strain on the planet’s natural re-
sources. Because there is increased demand for limited re-
sources nowadays, it is necessary to increase the eciency of
dairy animals, making improvements in feeding management
a crucial strategy. Generally, it is a well-known statistic that
feeding accounts for around 70% of the ongoing costs asso-
ciated with starting a dairy operation. Currently, the farming
community is one of many involved in feeding management.
The purpose of feeding management is also evolving as time
goes on. Also, with the increasing livestock population and
farming sectors, ruminants are blamed for global greenhouse
gas production. Animal production makes for around 37% of
the world’s CH4 emissions and 14.5% of the world’s anthropo-
genic greenhouse gas emissions within the agricultural sector
[31].
OPTIMUM FEEDING PRACTISES TO INCREASE
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
Feeding frequency
It may be possible to better understand the underlying
processes of dry matter intake by tracking circadian (virtual-
ly 24-h) feed intake trends. More recently, increasing feeding
frequency from once to twice or twice to four times daily in-
creased average feeding time per cow in group-fed lactating
cows [10]. Over the course of the 24-hour period, the cows fed
more often consumed their food more evenly. Additionally, the
more frequent feeding resulted in less feed sorting. This might
increase ber digestibility, which the frequent feeding may have
decreased.
Improving the availability of feed and fodder and advising
on ration balancing
The genetic potential of animals could be harnessed by
providing balanced nutrition and keeping them healthy. Animals
of high genetic potential are maintained with high-quality feeds,
which include fodder crops/silage, grains, and protein concen-
trates, often in the form of a total mixed ration. Like many au-
ent nations, livestock nutrition in India often consists of one or
two concentrate feed components that are locally accessible,
grasses, and forages, which might result in imbalanced feed-
ing owing to either too high or too low amounts of energy and
protein. Because the milk production capacity of dairy animals
is only partially used, imbalanced feeding harms the health
and productivity of animals in numerous ways. It also lowers
the net daily revenue to milk producers from dairying. The Ra-
tion Balancing Programme was established to inform farmers
about the eects of unbalanced feeding and the signicance of
providing animals with a balanced diet. With benets for both
farmers and the environment, “ration balancing” has been put
into place in 18 states under the National Dairy Plan-I, a proj-
ect supported by the World Bank and the government of India.
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13th World Bualo Congress ~ 13er Congreso Mundial de Búfalos / Lectures / Feed & Nutrition ___________________________________
The NDDB created this innovative initiative to balance the ratio
of animals being picked up using simple software that can be
used by committed and knowledgeable local resource person-
nel assigned to the area. By visiting milk producers and regis-
tering their animals in the NDDB’s animal identication system,
local village resource people who have been educated in an-
imal nutrition are employed by this scheme. The local village
resource people then create the optimized rations using the
ration balancing software based on body weight, milk output,
and milk fat yield.
Garg et al. [14] studied the eect of ration balancing on
twenty-six lactating bualoes. They reported that the average
increase in milk yield, fat (%), 6% FCM yield (kg/day), and
microbial nitrogen supply in lactating bualoes were higher
(p<0.01) than before the implementation of the program. Simi-
larly, methane emission in terms of g/kg DM intake, g/kg OM in-
take, and g/kg milk yield were also reduced (p<0.01). The gross
energy lost as methane was reduced (@ 18.13%; p<0.01) in
bualoes after balancing the ration. The ration balancing pro-
gram has reduced the cost of feed per liter of milk for cows in
Gujarat and Punjab by roughly 18–19% and for bualoes in Gu-
jarat by about 2.6%, according to eld-level statistics by Sirohi
et al. [40]. Tomar et al. [41] conducted a eld survey to assess
the ration balancing program undertaken by ICAR-NDRI on the
extent of productivity increase and cost reduction on the adop-
tion of balanced animal ration. Results revealed that the aver-
age daily milk yield of Murrah, HF, and Jersey crossbreds was
signicantly increased by 25.7%, 18.8%, and 37%, respective-
ly. Fat% and SNF% were improved signicantly (p<0.01) only in
Murrah bualoes fed with a balanced ration. However, the feed
cost per kg of milk of the RBP animals was around 15%, sta-
tistically signicant (p< 0.01) lower than the non-RBP animals.
BENEFITS OF RBP
1. An increase in milk output that contains more fat and fat-
free solids
2. Increased fertility eciency
3. Reduction in the inter-calving period, thereby increasing
the productive life of animals
4. A decrease in the emissions of methane.
5. Farmers in various parts of the nation who provide ba-
lanced animal rations have seen a rise in their net daily
revenue of between Rs.15-25 per animal.
UREA MOLASSES BLOCKS
Although the major base feed for bualoes is cellulos-
ic material, seasonal shortages sometimes happen during
weather extremes, droughts, and ood conditions, negatively
impacting the bualo output. Solid blocks containing a mix of
urea, molasses, and minerals have been created and fed to
bualoes. These blocks are chosen over ammoniating crop
leftovers as a source of fermentable carbohydrates and nitro-
gen because they are simple to export and secure for usage
by farmers. Urea molasses block supplementation to bualoes
enhanced growth and milk production when given with straw-
based diets [35].
PRECISION NUTRITION
Providing an animal with feed that satises its nutritional
needs for maximum production eciency to create better-qual-
ity animal products is referred to as precision feeding. It is a tool
for eectively utilizing available feed resources to maximize the
animal’s response to nutrients for economic production. Pre-
cision nutrition aims to precisely meet the nutritional needs of
livestock, increase production eciency, reduce environmental
pollution, improve nutrient utilization, lower feeding costs, de-
crease feed refusal by livestock, reduce nutrient excretion in
feces and urine, lower labor costs, and increase overall prot.
Tools to achieve precision animal nutrition
Processing methods for food: It consists of methods
like grinding and pelleting. The feed should be ground to a ho-
mogeneous particle size of 600 µm since this enhances nutri-
ent uptake. Enhancing digestibility, improving feed conversion
eciency, and accelerating calf growth are all made possible
by particle size reduction. According to one study, feeding pel-
lets reduced feed waste by up to 5% and decreased DM excre-
tion by 23%, N excretion by 22%, and feed eciency by 6.6%.
Strategic nutrient supplementation: Some nutrients,
particularly mineral combination and vitamin premix, are need-
ed in extremely small doses. However, their inclusion in the
diet is necessary for optimal production. Specic nutrient sup-
plementation (e.g., AA, iodine, lipids, vitamins, minerals) has
altered important performance variables, including lactation,
reproduction, ospring survival, and growth at crucial devel-
opmental time windows. However, occasionally, the diet may
include enough levels of nutrients, but the animal may have a
deciency condition and be unable to use them eectively. This
might be caused by: a) The animal not having the enzyme nec-
essary to break down the meal and use that specic nutrient,
such as lignied cellulose or phytic phosphorus, b) Antagonistic
interaction of nutrients among themselves, e.g., Copper – Zinc
mineral interaction (bioavailability decreases) c) Parasitic infes-
tation also decreases voluntary feed intake, absorption of nutri-
ents, e.g., stomach worms, liver ukes, and intestinal parasites.
Precise ration formulation
Many nutritionists suggested that developing a low-cost,
adequate feed is key to the dairy industry’s protability. Con-
cerns about the unjustied use of hormones and antibiotics in
food animals to increase output and their harmful eects on
consumers owing to their residues have been raised in recent
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years. Therefore, a modern animal nutritionist must provide di-
ets devoid of antibiotics, hormones, meat and bone meals, and
other unpleasant feed components, which harm both animal
and human health and result in signicant nancial loss. Even
though it might be dicult for animal nutritionists to develop
feeds that generate animal products that consumers would
accept, do not cause environmental pollution, preserve animal
health, and stay commercially viable. Ration must be balanced
and palatable for the animals.
METABOLIC AND FERMENTATION MODIFIERS
In general, substances given, injected, or implanted into
animals are called metabolic modiers. These compounds en-
hance nutrient utilization, feed eciency, growth rate, milk sup-
ply, and composition. Products called fermentation modiers
are added to feed to control rumen fermentation and improve
feed utilization. Conjugated linoleic acid, chromium, carnitine,
magnesium, niacin, manganese, selenium betaine, and vita-
mins A, D, and E are among the metabolic and fermentation
modiers widely used in dairy and beef processing. Other fer-
mentation modiers include methane inhibitors, proteolysis and
deamination inhibitors, defaunation agents, microbial enzymes,
buer agents, ionophores, yeast cultures, and mold. Animals
given bST injections had an average milk output of 25% higher
than control animals. No adverse eects of bST injection on the
bualoes’ reproductive response were documented by Usmani
and Athar [46]. The amount of feed consumed and milk pro-
duced by bualoes getting bST injection was noticeably higher
than in controls. Niacin is produced in ruminants by rumen mi-
crobes, and its production has been deemed sucient for ru-
minant performance. Niacin addition in bualo diets increased
rumen fermentation by lowering ammonia-N concentration and
raising protein synthesis [23].
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF BUFFALO
CALVES
An eective calf-feeding method is essential for having
good dairy replacement stock since it inuences the enter-
prise’s future protability and sustainability. The bualo hus-
bandry and research area that has received the least attention
is bualo calf nutrition and feeding management. According to
Wynn et al. [52], inadequate colostrum and calves’ improper
feeding practices contributed to increased mortality and mor-
bidity losses in bualo calves. Although calves in South Asia are
often taken away from their mothers at birth, they are permitted
to drink a small amount of milk for a few weeks directly from
the dam’s teat at each milking. The calves are then typically
milk-weaned between the ages of 4 and 12 weeks. The cost
of milk, the dam’s behavior when the calf is being weaned o
of milk, and the calf’s gender are the primary factors in bualo
calf milk weaning. Therefore, it is crucial to create and employ
appropriate scientic language based on the physiology, body
mass, and age of bualo calves in the rst place. Then, for
calves raised for two dierent goals, namely milk and meat pro-
duction, considerable coordinated research eorts are needed
to design pre-weaning and post-weaning nutritional regimens
and feeding management systems.
PROBIOTICS
The concept of direct-fed microbials is dierent from
the term probiotics. Probiotics are live benecial bacteria that,
when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health bene-
t on the host [19], often by colonizing the gastrointestinal tract
and supporting the native microora that is already established
in the animal’s digestive system. The DFM has a narrower de-
nition than probiotics as it is dened as a source of life, natu-
rally occurring microorganisms alive, that improve the digestive
function of livestock. The emergence and manifestation of anti-
biotic resistance in the food chain have prompted a search for
alternatives to antibiotics that have growth-promoting eects
on livestock. Since the diversity of the rumen microbiome is
closely related to the animal’s ability to acquire and assimilate
nutrients, ideal growth promoters would have only a negligible
impact on the animal’s natural microbiome while enhancing the
animal’s growth, well-being and reproduction [8, 29].
Numerous studies on animals have demonstrated the
benets of probiotics in terms of feed eciency [28], growth
performance [42], nitrogen retention [36], and decreased risk of
intestinal infections [38]. When symbiotic formulation was giv-
en as a supplement to Murrah bualo calves, improved digest-
ibility, average daily gain, and lower incidence of diarrhea and
fecal scores were seen. Similar outcomes were noted when
Limosilactobacillus reuteri BF-E7 and Ligilactobacillus salivar-
ius BF-17 were given to Murrah bualo calves [47, 48]. Previ-
ous research [1, 5, 25] has found similar increases in growth
performance, demonstrating the benets of probiotics, notably
LAB, for preruminant calves. Other studies found contradictory
results, such as no appreciable dierences in DMI, ADG, or
nutritional digestibility when feeding LAB to calves [53, 22]. The
variation in results might be related to the host’s age, health,
management, nutritional state, type, or changed probiotic eect
with dierent doses, feeding schedules, bacterial strains, or
other factors [51]. Feeding probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics
to Murrah bualo calves signicantly enhanced structural de-
velopment and performance, according to recent experiments
conducted in our lab [37, 39].
NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN REDUCING ENTERIC
METHANE PRODUCTION
The ruminal microbiome is extraordinarily diverse, with
bacteria (1010-1011 cfu/mL, >200 species), protozoans (104–106
cfu/mL, 25 genera), fungi (103–105 cfu/mL, 6 genera), and meth-
anogens (106 cfu/mL) making up the majority of its constituents.
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13th World Bualo Congress ~ 13er Congreso Mundial de Búfalos / Lectures / Feed & Nutrition ___________________________________
A group of microorganisms known as methanogens are found
in the Archaea domain, with certain cyanobacteria and marine
microbes also contributing in trace amounts [26]. In 2020, cattle
and dairy cows were the main sources of CH4 emissions, mak-
ing for 72% of all sector emissions [12]. According to Opio et al.
(2013), 8.7% of CH4 emissions are caused by bualos. Meth-
ane has a lifespan of 12.4 years in the atmosphere and is 84
times more powerful on a 20-year timeline than carbon dioxide
(CO2) in terms of potential for global warming [32]. Additional-
ly, ruminants lose up to 12% of their total energy intake due
to methane generation [43]. In order to reduce CH4 emissions
from animals, especially ruminants, breeders and researchers
from all over the world have been concentrating on both raising
animal output and doing so. Culling nonproductive and low-pro-
ducing animals in wealthy nations is advised to lower CH4 emis-
sions. Due to economic, cultural, and religious dierences in
emerging nations, this is both impracticable and challenging.
Various farming techniques, dietary changes, feed additives,
chemical methanogenesis modulators, probiotics, vaccination
against the rumen microbiota, selective breeding, and genetic
methods are now employed to minimize CH4 emissions in rumi-
nants. These tactics heavily rely on the direct and indirect sup-
pression of methanogens by feed additives [9, 17]. Between
1960 and 2018, the literature contained about 9000 studies on
rumen methanogenesis [7].
Leitanthem et al. [24] observed a reduction in CH4 (%)
and CH4 (mL/100 mg dDM) with increased supplementation
of Moringa olifera leaves (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and
40%) in in vitro. Gupta et al. [18] reported that daily enteric
methane production was reduced by 12.61% numerically when
sodium monensin (0.6 mg/Kg body wt) was fed to Murrah buf-
falo heifers. Dixit et al. [11] found that CH4 emissions decreased
from 34.48 to 12.73 g/Kg DMI when murrah bualo calves were
fed graded levels of dietary crude protein (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and
15%). Feeding practices like precision feeding and changing
grazing management practices can decrease CH4 emissions [6,
49]. Medium-chain fatty acids found in coconut oil and palm ker-
nel oil have been shown to suppress methanogenesis by poi-
soning protozoa. According to Zhang et al. [54], methanogens
may reduce the amount of dissolved hydrogen in the rumen
by hydrogenating unsaturated fatty acids in corn oil. Because
medium-chain fatty acids are poisonous to methanogens and
protozoa, they can stop the processes that produce CH4. A mod-
erate dietary lipid percentage of less than 6% can reduce 24-
hour CH4 emissions by up to 20% with enhanced feed eciency,
according to Beauchemin et al. [7]. Similar to this, ionophores
like monensin reduce CH4 emissions by inhibiting the action of
bacteria that break down cellulose. Ionophores have the ability
to reduce the population of gram-positive bacteria such cocci
bacteria, which eectively inhibits the formation of acetate and
CH4 [3]. The impact of probiotics on CH4 mitigation has also
been gradually reported by several researchers [33, 50] by add-
ing several probiotics like Ruminococcus avefaciens, Propion-
ibacterium and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus into
diets of sheep. A nal dose of 6*1010 cfu/animal/day of Lactoba-
cillus pentosus D31 results in a decrease of methane of around
13% [20]. Similar to this, methanogen cell lysis had been ac-
complished by carbon nanoparticle application [13].
DEVELOPMENT OF RUMINANT DERIVED
FUNCTIONAL FOODS
As animal-derived foods are the major contributors of
saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids due to bio-
hydrogenation, people are increasingly skeptical about the
adverse health eects of consuming dairy-origin foods. In the
long run, a high intake of SFA has been associated with in-
creased blood-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leading to
atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular-related diseases [16].
Most food regulatory bodies recommend that total SFA con-
sumption should not exceed 10-11% of total daily energy intake
[45]. Nutritionists are relentlessly working on dietary strategies
to reduce SFA levels in animal-derived food through rumen ma-
nipulation techniques. Such initiatives have increased conju-
gated linoleic acid (CLA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs) in milk and its byproducts.
The fatty acid metabolism can be modulated either by in-
creasing the fatty acids source/ content in the feed or by restrict-
ing the biohydrogenation process in the rumen. Research on
the modulation of milk FA composition has developed specic
nutritional strategies based on these two points. These strate-
gies rely, in particular, on feeding pasture [44], supplementing
vegetable oils [21], oilseeds, sh oils [30], and addition of phy-
toadditive or plant secondary metabolites in the ruminant diet.
Banakar et al. [4] reported increased concentrations of PUFA
such as vaccenic acid, linoleic acid and decreased concentra-
tion of saturated fatty acids when Aloe vera extract (2 and 4% of
DMI) was fed to cross-breed (Alpine × Beetal) lactating goats.
Alipanahi et al. [2] found higher milk vaccenic acid (trans-11
C18:1) and CLA (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) concentrations in goats
fed the oak acorn (9.1 g/Kg DM tannins) with or without polyeth-
ylene glycol supplementation compared to control group. Miri
et al. [27] reported that dietary supplementation of (Cuminum
cyminum) seed extract in goats increased the ruminal concen-
tration of CLA by 34.8% and VA by 11.4% in the lower supple-
mented group as compared to CSE free diet. Rana et al. [34]
reported that the concentration of stearic acid was decreased
whereas rumenic acid and CLA were increased in the Longissi-
mus dorsi muscle of young goats treated with Terminalia chebu-
la compared to the control. Gesteira et al. [15] noticed a drop in
the oleic acid and MUFA levels in the salted and sun-dried meat
from young Nellore bulls treated with condensed tannin extract
(0, 10, 30, or 50 g/kg of dry matter) from Acacia mearnsii.
CONCLUSION
Ruminant cattle do not directly compete with the human
population because they can create high-quality human food,
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especially high-quality protein, from feedstus that have little or
no value for human food. By osetting maintenance and other
nutritional expenses, strategies that boost output per animal
are an excellent way to improve the sustainability of ruminant
production. Dairy output is greatly enhanced by feeding prac-
tices such as ration balancing, precision nutrition, and meth-
ane mitigation techniques. Probiotics are fed to dairy calves
at a very young age to aid in better colonization, increased
performance, decreased mortality, and calf scours. The chal-
lenge for scientists in many developing countries is how best to
combine in a diet for dairy animals the available green forage,
crop residues, and agro-industrial by-products with the avail-
able protein resources and molasses/urea block to increase the
performance of bualoes. Think of your bualo as a family for
maximum productivity and success. You will be rewarded with
lots of nourishing milk if you take the time to attend to all of their
needs.
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