Birds at a feeder in an urban garden in Venezuela: abundances, interactions and fruit preferences
Pájaros en un comedero de un jardín urbano en Venezuela: abundancias, interacciones y preferencias de frutas
Keywords:
feeder, feeding preferences, interspecific, interactions, Neotropics, urban birds
Abstract
From December 2019 to May 2020 the birds visiting a feeder with fruits were recorded. Six trials were performed, varying the location of the feeder (at open sky or under a tree canopy) or the two pieces of fruits offered (selected among banana, plantain, papaya or mango), which were placed in contact in the center of the feeder or separated toward its corners. The video recordings were watched to identify and quantify the number of species and individuals visiting the feeder and their fruit preferences. The hierarchies and the degree of exclusivity (monopoly) in the use of the feeder (%Exc) were analyzed to determine their relationships with the weight of the birds. The effects of the placing of the fruit pieces and of the feeder itself on the frequency of visits were also analyzed. Sixteen species went down to the feeder for a total of 2493 visits. The Blue-gray Tanager, the Pale-breasted Thrush, and the Tropical Mockingbird jointly represented 66% of the total time spent at the feeder, whereas eight species together represented less than 10% of that time. The frequency of visits (v/h) and the time spent at the feeder per recording hour (min/h) varied widely among trails. There was a positive correlation of the hierarchies and the %Exc with the weight of the birds (n=12; rs = 0.745, P =0.005, y rs = 0.731, P =0.007, respectively). The v/h increased when the pieces of fruits were located separated in the feeder but were not affected by the position of the feeder. When two types of fruits were offered simultaneously to the birds, always three or more species showed preference for one of them. The frequency of visits and the time spent at the feeder by each species varied widely depending on the fruit offered and hierarchical interrelations among the birds.
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References
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Bellocq, M. I., L. M. Leveau & J. Filloy. 2017. Urbanization and bird communities: spatial and temporal patterns emerging from Southern South America. pp. 35–54. In: Murgui, E. & M. Hedblom (eds.). Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
Bosque, C. & R. Calchi. 2003. Food choice by Blue grey tanagers in relation to protein content. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 135: 321–327.
Burton, D. & K. A. Doblar. 2004. Morbidity and mortality of urban wildlife in the midwestern United Status. I. pp. 171-181. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation. Tucson, Arizona.
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Chace, J. F. & J. J. Walsh. 2004. Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74: 46–79.
Corlett, R. T. 2011. How to be a frugivore (in a changing world). Acta Oecologica 37: 674–681.
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Echeverría, A. I. & A. I. Vassallo. 2008. Novelty responses in a bird assemblage inhabiting an urban area. Ethology 114: 616–624.
Evans, K. L., S. E. Newson & K. J. Gaston. 2009. Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages. Ibis 151: 19–39.
Faeth, S. H., C. Bang & S. Saari. 2011. Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1223: 69–81.
Fleming, T. H. 1979. Do tropical frugivores compete for food? American Zoologist 19: 1157–1172.
Foster, M. 1987. Feeding methods and efficiencies of selected frugivorous birds. Condor 89: 566–580.
Fuller, R. A., P. H. Warren, P. R. Armsworth, O. Barbosa & K. J. Gaston. 2008. Garden bird feeding predicts the structure of urban avian assemblages. Diversity and Distributions 14: 131–137.
Galbraith, J. A., D. N. Jones, J. R. Beggs, K. Parry & M. C. Stanley. 2017. Urban bird feeders dominated by a few species and individuals. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5 (81): 1–15.
Gaston, K. J., R. A. Fuller, A. Loram, C. MacDonald, S. Power & N. Dempsey. 2007. Urban domestic gardens (XI): variation in urban wildlife gardening in the United Kingdom. Biodiversity and Conservation 16: 3227–3238.
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Hammer, O. 2020. Past: PAleontological STatistics. Version 4.02 reference manual. Oslo, Norway: Natural History Museum, University of Oslo.
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Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 878 pp.
Hostetler, M. E., G. Klowden, S. Webb Miler & K. N. Youngentob. 2003. Landscaping backyards for wildlife: Top ten tips for success. University of Florida, Gainesville. IFAS Extension (Cir 1429): 1–9.
Hurd, P. L. & M. Enquist. 2001. Threat display in birds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 931–942.
Ishigame, G. & G. S. Baxter. 2007. Practice and attitudes of suburban and rural dwellers to feeding wild birds in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Ornithological Science 6: 11–19.
Jackson, S., S. W. Nicolson & C. N. Lotz. 1998. Sugar preferences and “side bias” in cape sugarbirds and lesser double collared sunbirds. The Auk 151: 156–165.
Kantak, G. E. 1979. Observations on some fruiteating birds in Mexico. The Auk 96: 183–186.
Klem, D. J. 2008. Avian mortality at windows: the second largest human source of bird mortality on earth. Proceedings of the Fourth International Partners in Flight Conference: 244–251.
Leck, C. F. 1972. Seasonal changes in feeding pressures of fruit and nectar eating birds in Panamá. Condor 74: 54–60.
Leveau, L. M. & C. M. Leveau. 2004. Comunidades de aves en un gradiente urbano de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Hornero 19: 13–21.
Levey, D. J. 1987. Sugar testing ability and fruit selection in tropical fruit eating birds. The Auk 104: 173–179.
Levín, L., L. Fajardo & N. Ceballos. 2000. Orden de llegada y agresiones en aves urbanas en una fuente de alimento controlada. Ecotropicos 13: 75–80.
Marzluff, J. M. 2005. Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human dominated landscapes. Urban Ecosystems 8: 157–177.
Miller, J. R. 2005. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 430–434. Orros, M. E., R. L. Thomas, G. J. Holloway & M. D. E. Fellowes. 2015. Supplementary feeding of wild birds indirectly affects ground beetle populations in suburban gardens. Urban Ecosystems 18: 465–475.
Phelps, K. 1999 [1954]. Aves venezolanas: cien de las más conocidas. Caracas: Armitano Editores, C.A. 103 pp.
Rose, P. & L. Soole. 2020. What influences aggression and for aging activity in social birds? Measuring individual, group and environmental characteristics. Ethology 126: 900–913.
Sainz Borgo, C. 2017. Estudio del comportamiento de aves que visitan una fuente artificial de alimento. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas 50(3): 212–224.
Sainz Borgo, C., G. A. Benaim, Z. Díaz, A. M. Fernandes, I. Formoso, M. L. González Azuaje, S. Marín, L. M. Montilla, F. Riera, A. Rivera, I. Santana & E. Sardinha. 2018. Avifauna de zonas verdes de la ciudad de Caracas: un estudio comparativo. Acta Biológica Venezuelica 38: 127–145.
Sainz Borgo, C. & L. E. Levín. 2012. Análisis experimental de la función antidepredadora del agrupamiento en aves que visitan una fuente de alimento. Ecotropicos 25: 15–21.
Sanz, V. & S. Caula. 2014. Assessing bird assemblages along an urban gradient in a Caribbean island (Margarita, Venezuela). Urban Ecosystems: doi 10.1007/s11252-11014-10426-11254.
Schaefer, H. M., V. Schmidt & F. Bairlein. 2003. Discrimination abilities for nutrients: which difference matters for choosy birds and why? Animal Behaviour 65: 531–541.
Seijas, A. E., A. Araujo Quintero, J. J. Salazar Gil & D. Pérez Aranguren. 2011. Aves de la ciudad de Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas 45: 51–72.
Seijas, A. E., & S. F. Seijas Falkenhagen. 2020. Fauna de mi casa. Columbia, S.C. (USA): Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP).
136 pp.
Senar, J. C., M. Camerino & N. B. Metcalfe. 1989. Agonistic interactions in siskin flocks: Why are dominants sometimes subordinate? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 25: 141–145.
Shelley, E. L., M. Y. U. Tanaka, A. R. Ratnathican & D. T. Blumstein. 2004. Can Lanchester’s law help explain interspecific dominance in birds? Condor 106: 395–400.
Soriano, P., M. E. Naranjo, C. Rengifo, M. Figuera, M. Rondón & R. L. Ruiz. 1999. Aves consumidoras de frutos de cactáceas columnares del enclave semiárido de Lagunillas, Mérida, Venezuela. Ecotropicos 12: 91–100.
Tablado Almeda, Z. 2006. Factors affecting bird populations in the city of Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton, Canada: Department of Biological Sciences. 60 pp.
Thomas, J. W., R. O. Brush & R. M. DeGraaf. 1973. The National Wildlife Federation says: Invite wildlife to your backyard. National Wildlife Magazine 11: 5–16.
Tryjanowski, P., P. Skórka, T. H. Sparks, W. Waldemar Biaduń, T. Brauze, T. Hetmański, R. Martyka, P. Indykiewicz, Ł. Myczko, P. Kunysz, P. Kawa, S. Czyż, P. Czechowski, M. Polakowski, P. Zduniak, L. Leszek Jerzak, T. Janiszewski, A. Goławski, L. Duduś, J. J. Nowakowski, A. Wuczyński & D. Wysocki. 2015. Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consuming supplementary food. Environtal Sciences Pollution Research 22: 15097–15103.
UN. 2019. United Nations: World urbanization prospects. The 2018 revision. New York: Department of Economics and Social Affairs. Population Division (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). Wallace, M. P. & S. A. Temple. 1987. Competitive interactions within and between species in a guild of avian scavengers. The Auk 104: 290–295.
Warren, P. S., S. Harlan, C. G. Boone, S. B. Lerman, E. Shochat & A. P. Kinzig. 2010. Urban ecology and human social organisation. pp. 172–201. In: K. J. Gaston (ed.). Urban ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wojczulanis Jakubas, K., M. Kulpinska & P. Minias. 2015. Who bullies whom at a garden feeder? Interspecific agonistic interactions of small passerines during a cold winter. Journal of Ethology 33: 159–163.
Akinnifesi, F. K., G. W. Sileshi, O. C. Ajayi, A. I. Akinnifesi, E. G. de Moura, J. F. P. Linhares, & I. Rodrigues. 2009. Biodiversity of the urban homegardens of São Luis city, Northeastern Brazil. Urban Ecosystems DOI 10.1007/s11252-009-0108-9.
Audubon. [n/d]. Las aves entran en las escuelas: Manual para facilitadores del programa de educación ambiental. Caracas: Fundación Polar y Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Venezuela. 107 pp.
Aveledo, R. 1968. Aves comunes del valle de Caracas. pp. 327–407. In: Estudio de Caracas. Ecología vegetal y fauna. Caracas: Ediciones de la Biblioteca, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Bellocq, M. I., L. M. Leveau & J. Filloy. 2017. Urbanization and bird communities: spatial and temporal patterns emerging from Southern South America. pp. 35–54. In: Murgui, E. & M. Hedblom (eds.). Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
Bosque, C. & R. Calchi. 2003. Food choice by Blue grey tanagers in relation to protein content. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 135: 321–327.
Burton, D. & K. A. Doblar. 2004. Morbidity and mortality of urban wildlife in the midwestern United Status. I. pp. 171-181. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation. Tucson, Arizona.
Caula, S. & B. Manara. 2015. Aves en libertad: 24 especies comunes de Venezuela: Caracas: Fundación BBVA Provincial, 19 pp.
Cecil, K. 2002. Urban wildlife: challenges and opportunities: University of Illinois, Urbana. Local Government Information and Education Network (LGIEN) Fact Sheet 2002-14. 3 pp.
Chace, J. F. & J. J. Walsh. 2004. Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74: 46–79.
Corlett, R. T. 2011. How to be a frugivore (in a changing world). Acta Oecologica 37: 674–681.
Dunkley, L. & M. R. L. Cattet. 2003. A comprehensive review of the ecological and human social effects of artificial feeding and baiting of wildlife. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre: Newsletters & Publications 21: 1–68.
Echeverría, A. I. & A. I. Vassallo. 2008. Novelty responses in a bird assemblage inhabiting an urban area. Ethology 114: 616–624.
Evans, K. L., S. E. Newson & K. J. Gaston. 2009. Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages. Ibis 151: 19–39.
Faeth, S. H., C. Bang & S. Saari. 2011. Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1223: 69–81.
Fleming, T. H. 1979. Do tropical frugivores compete for food? American Zoologist 19: 1157–1172.
Foster, M. 1987. Feeding methods and efficiencies of selected frugivorous birds. Condor 89: 566–580.
Fuller, R. A., P. H. Warren, P. R. Armsworth, O. Barbosa & K. J. Gaston. 2008. Garden bird feeding predicts the structure of urban avian assemblages. Diversity and Distributions 14: 131–137.
Galbraith, J. A., D. N. Jones, J. R. Beggs, K. Parry & M. C. Stanley. 2017. Urban bird feeders dominated by a few species and individuals. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5 (81): 1–15.
Gaston, K. J., R. A. Fuller, A. Loram, C. MacDonald, S. Power & N. Dempsey. 2007. Urban domestic gardens (XI): variation in urban wildlife gardening in the United Kingdom. Biodiversity and Conservation 16: 3227–3238.
Gaston, K. J., R. M. Smith, K. Thompson & P. H. Warren. 2005. Urban domestic gardens (II): experimental tests of methods for increasing biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 495–413.
Goddard, M. A., A. J. Dougill & T. G. Benton. 2009. Scaling up from gardens: biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 90–98.
Gowen, J. 2004. Texas urban wildlife program networking success getting the job done with outside help. pp. 368. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation. May 1-5, 1999, Tucson, Arizona.
Grant, P. R. 1986. Ecology and evolution of Darwin´s finches. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 458 pp.
Grimm, N. B., S. H. Faeth, N. E. Golubiewski, C. L. Redman, J. Wu, B. X. & J. M. Briggs. 2008. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319: 756–760.
Hammer, O. 2020. Past: PAleontological STatistics. Version 4.02 reference manual. Oslo, Norway: Natural History Museum, University of Oslo.
Hammer, O., D. A. T. Harper & P. D. Ryan. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistical software package for education and data analysis. Paleontologia Electronica 4: 9.
Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 878 pp.
Hostetler, M. E., G. Klowden, S. Webb Miler & K. N. Youngentob. 2003. Landscaping backyards for wildlife: Top ten tips for success. University of Florida, Gainesville. IFAS Extension (Cir 1429): 1–9.
Hurd, P. L. & M. Enquist. 2001. Threat display in birds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 931–942.
Ishigame, G. & G. S. Baxter. 2007. Practice and attitudes of suburban and rural dwellers to feeding wild birds in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Ornithological Science 6: 11–19.
Jackson, S., S. W. Nicolson & C. N. Lotz. 1998. Sugar preferences and “side bias” in cape sugarbirds and lesser double collared sunbirds. The Auk 151: 156–165.
Kantak, G. E. 1979. Observations on some fruiteating birds in Mexico. The Auk 96: 183–186.
Klem, D. J. 2008. Avian mortality at windows: the second largest human source of bird mortality on earth. Proceedings of the Fourth International Partners in Flight Conference: 244–251.
Leck, C. F. 1972. Seasonal changes in feeding pressures of fruit and nectar eating birds in Panamá. Condor 74: 54–60.
Leveau, L. M. & C. M. Leveau. 2004. Comunidades de aves en un gradiente urbano de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Hornero 19: 13–21.
Levey, D. J. 1987. Sugar testing ability and fruit selection in tropical fruit eating birds. The Auk 104: 173–179.
Levín, L., L. Fajardo & N. Ceballos. 2000. Orden de llegada y agresiones en aves urbanas en una fuente de alimento controlada. Ecotropicos 13: 75–80.
Marzluff, J. M. 2005. Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human dominated landscapes. Urban Ecosystems 8: 157–177.
Miller, J. R. 2005. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 430–434. Orros, M. E., R. L. Thomas, G. J. Holloway & M. D. E. Fellowes. 2015. Supplementary feeding of wild birds indirectly affects ground beetle populations in suburban gardens. Urban Ecosystems 18: 465–475.
Phelps, K. 1999 [1954]. Aves venezolanas: cien de las más conocidas. Caracas: Armitano Editores, C.A. 103 pp.
Rose, P. & L. Soole. 2020. What influences aggression and for aging activity in social birds? Measuring individual, group and environmental characteristics. Ethology 126: 900–913.
Sainz Borgo, C. 2017. Estudio del comportamiento de aves que visitan una fuente artificial de alimento. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas 50(3): 212–224.
Sainz Borgo, C., G. A. Benaim, Z. Díaz, A. M. Fernandes, I. Formoso, M. L. González Azuaje, S. Marín, L. M. Montilla, F. Riera, A. Rivera, I. Santana & E. Sardinha. 2018. Avifauna de zonas verdes de la ciudad de Caracas: un estudio comparativo. Acta Biológica Venezuelica 38: 127–145.
Sainz Borgo, C. & L. E. Levín. 2012. Análisis experimental de la función antidepredadora del agrupamiento en aves que visitan una fuente de alimento. Ecotropicos 25: 15–21.
Sanz, V. & S. Caula. 2014. Assessing bird assemblages along an urban gradient in a Caribbean island (Margarita, Venezuela). Urban Ecosystems: doi 10.1007/s11252-11014-10426-11254.
Schaefer, H. M., V. Schmidt & F. Bairlein. 2003. Discrimination abilities for nutrients: which difference matters for choosy birds and why? Animal Behaviour 65: 531–541.
Seijas, A. E., A. Araujo Quintero, J. J. Salazar Gil & D. Pérez Aranguren. 2011. Aves de la ciudad de Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas 45: 51–72.
Seijas, A. E., & S. F. Seijas Falkenhagen. 2020. Fauna de mi casa. Columbia, S.C. (USA): Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP).
136 pp.
Senar, J. C., M. Camerino & N. B. Metcalfe. 1989. Agonistic interactions in siskin flocks: Why are dominants sometimes subordinate? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 25: 141–145.
Shelley, E. L., M. Y. U. Tanaka, A. R. Ratnathican & D. T. Blumstein. 2004. Can Lanchester’s law help explain interspecific dominance in birds? Condor 106: 395–400.
Soriano, P., M. E. Naranjo, C. Rengifo, M. Figuera, M. Rondón & R. L. Ruiz. 1999. Aves consumidoras de frutos de cactáceas columnares del enclave semiárido de Lagunillas, Mérida, Venezuela. Ecotropicos 12: 91–100.
Tablado Almeda, Z. 2006. Factors affecting bird populations in the city of Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton, Canada: Department of Biological Sciences. 60 pp.
Thomas, J. W., R. O. Brush & R. M. DeGraaf. 1973. The National Wildlife Federation says: Invite wildlife to your backyard. National Wildlife Magazine 11: 5–16.
Tryjanowski, P., P. Skórka, T. H. Sparks, W. Waldemar Biaduń, T. Brauze, T. Hetmański, R. Martyka, P. Indykiewicz, Ł. Myczko, P. Kunysz, P. Kawa, S. Czyż, P. Czechowski, M. Polakowski, P. Zduniak, L. Leszek Jerzak, T. Janiszewski, A. Goławski, L. Duduś, J. J. Nowakowski, A. Wuczyński & D. Wysocki. 2015. Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consuming supplementary food. Environtal Sciences Pollution Research 22: 15097–15103.
UN. 2019. United Nations: World urbanization prospects. The 2018 revision. New York: Department of Economics and Social Affairs. Population Division (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). Wallace, M. P. & S. A. Temple. 1987. Competitive interactions within and between species in a guild of avian scavengers. The Auk 104: 290–295.
Warren, P. S., S. Harlan, C. G. Boone, S. B. Lerman, E. Shochat & A. P. Kinzig. 2010. Urban ecology and human social organisation. pp. 172–201. In: K. J. Gaston (ed.). Urban ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wojczulanis Jakubas, K., M. Kulpinska & P. Minias. 2015. Who bullies whom at a garden feeder? Interspecific agonistic interactions of small passerines during a cold winter. Journal of Ethology 33: 159–163.
Published
2021-03-25
How to Cite
Seijas, A. E., & Seijas-Falkenhagen, S. F. (2021). Birds at a feeder in an urban garden in Venezuela: abundances, interactions and fruit preferences: Pájaros en un comedero de un jardín urbano en Venezuela: abundancias, interacciones y preferencias de frutas. Anartia, (31), 63-77. Retrieved from https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/anartia/article/view/35582
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