Alfred Russel Wallace: el naturalista humilde, descolonizado y moderno
Resumen
El 8 de enero de 2023 se cumplieron 200 años del nacimiento de Alfred Russel Wallace (n. Llanbadoc, Gales: 8.01.1823; m. Broadstone, Inglaterra: 7.11.1913), personaje destacado en la historia principalmente como viajero, explorador y naturalista, pero fundamentalmente por ser coautor de la teoría de la selección natural como la fuerza directriz principal del proceso evolutivo en los seres vivientes (Darwin & Wallace 1858), llamado poco después “origen de las especies” (Darwin 1859). Se trata de un conjunto de ideas que propiciaron la mayor transformación de las ciencias biológicas y cuyo prolongado debate se expande aún hacia muchos campos del conocimiento (Dennett 1995). En una parte por la propaganda popular y en otra por la voluntaria actitud de Wallace de mantener su nombre en el segundo plano (Williams-Ellis 1966), esta hipótesis, todavía la más importante de la biología suele atribuirse exclusivamente a Charles Darwin. Tanto Darwin como Wallace fueron personas humildes, pensadores profundos sustraídos paulatinamente de los entornos ruidosos de la sociedad que los aplaudió, los criticó y los hizo célebres, dedicados a la lectura, la reflexión y a la expresión de ideas a través de la escritura.
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Citas
Bueno H., A. & J. Llorente B. 2003. El pensamiento biogeográfico de Alfred Russel Wallace. Colección Luis Duque Gómez No. Bogotá, D. C.: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 191 pp. + [v].
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray, x + 502 pp. + [32] pp.
Darwin, C. & A. R. Wallace. 1858. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection [communicated by Sir Charles Lyell and Joseph D. Hooker to the LSL meeting of 1 July 1858]. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology 3(9): 45–62.
Dennett, D. 1995. Darwin’s dangerous idea. Evolution and the meanings of life. New York & London: Simon & Schuster, 586 pp.
Lancini, A. R. 1994. Alfred Russel Wallace: un pensador universal en las selvas del Brasil y Venezuela. pp. 23–58. In: Huber, O., L. Delgado, A. R. Lancini, A. Ortega Mendoza, R. Spruce & A. R. Wallace. Dos naturalistas británicos en la Amazonia venezolana. Caracas: Fundación Cultural Orinoco.
Limeira-DaSilva, V. R. 2022. The itinerary of Alfred Russel Wallace’s Amazonian journey (1848-1852): A source for researchers and readers. Notes and Records 76: 633–652.
Lindorf, H. 2018. La botánica en Venezuela. Sus comienzos y evolución. Acta Botanica Venezuelica 41(1): 123–167.
Ortega Mendoza, A.1994. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). pp. 9–22. In: Huber, O., L. Delgado, A. R. Lancini, A. Ortega Mendoza, R. Spruce & A. R. Wallace. Dos naturalistas británicos en la Amazonia venezolana. Caracas: Fundación Cultural Orinoco.
Raby, P. 2001. Alfred Russel Wallace: A life. London: Chatto & Windus, xi + 340 pp.
Romero-González, G., C. A. Gómez Dahuena, O. González Ñáñez & G. A. Aymard Corredor. 2019. Las cuatro “Yavitas”. Boletín de Historia de las Geociencias en Venezuela 131: 1–133.
Smith, C. H. & G. Beccaloni (eds.). 2008. Natural selection and beyond. The intellectual legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xxv + 482 pp.
Slotten, R. A. 2004. The heretic in Darwin’s court: The life of Alfred Russel Wallace. New York: Columbia University Press, 602 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1853a. Palm trees of the Amazon and their uses. London: John Van Voorst, viii + 1 map + 129 pp., 48 pls.
Wallace, A. R. 1853b. Narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon valley. London: Reeve & Co., frontisp., x + 541 pp. + 1 map.
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago; The land of the orangutan and the bird of paradise; A narrative of travel with studies of man and nature. 2 volumes. London: Macmillan & Co., 1: frontisp. + xxiv + 478 pp.; 5 maps; 2: frontisp. + vi + 524 pp., 4 maps.
Wallace, A. R. 1875. On miracles of modern spiritualism. Three essays. London: James Burn, viii + 236 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth’s surface. 2 vols. London: Macmillan & Co., I: xxiv + 503 pp. + 5 maps, 13 pls.; II: xii + 607 pp. + 2 maps, 7 pls.
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan and Co., xx + 526 pp. + 26 maps.
Wallace, A. R. 1882. Land nationalisation; its necessity and its aims; being a comparison of the system of landlord and tenant with that of occupying ownership in their influence on the wellbeing of the people. London: Trübner & Co., xiv + 240 pp. + [iii].
Wallace, A. R. 1885. Bad times: An essay on the present depression of trade, tracing it to its sources in enormous foreign loans, excessive war expenditure, the increase of speculation and of millionaires, and the depopulation of the rural districts; with suggested remedies. London & New York: Macmillan & Co., xvi + 118 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism; An exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co., frontisp. + xvi + 494 pp.; fold-out map.
Wallace, A. R. 1898. The wonderful century; its successes and its failures. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., frontisp., xii + 400 pp., 12 folds.
Wallace, A. R. 1903. Man’s place in the universe; a study of the results of scientific research in relation to the unity or plurality of worlds. London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., [xii] + 330 pp., 2 fold-out star-charts.
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. 2 vols. London: Chapman & Hall, I: frontisp., xii + 435 pp. + 2 fold. Maps; II: frontisp., viii + 459 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1907. Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell’s book “Mars and its canals”, with an alternative explanation. London: Macmillan and Co., xii + 110 pp. + [ii].
Wallace, A. R. 1913a. Social environment and moral progress. London, New York, Toronto & Melbourne: Cassell & Co., Ltd., frontisp., viii, 164 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1913b. The revolt of democracy. London, New York, Toronto & Melbourne: Cassell & Co., Ltd., frontisp., xlvi + 82 pp.
Williams-Ellis, A. 1966. Darwin’s moon. A biography of Alfred Russel Wallace. London: Blackie, x + 261 pp.
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray, x + 502 pp. + [32] pp.
Darwin, C. & A. R. Wallace. 1858. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection [communicated by Sir Charles Lyell and Joseph D. Hooker to the LSL meeting of 1 July 1858]. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology 3(9): 45–62.
Dennett, D. 1995. Darwin’s dangerous idea. Evolution and the meanings of life. New York & London: Simon & Schuster, 586 pp.
Lancini, A. R. 1994. Alfred Russel Wallace: un pensador universal en las selvas del Brasil y Venezuela. pp. 23–58. In: Huber, O., L. Delgado, A. R. Lancini, A. Ortega Mendoza, R. Spruce & A. R. Wallace. Dos naturalistas británicos en la Amazonia venezolana. Caracas: Fundación Cultural Orinoco.
Limeira-DaSilva, V. R. 2022. The itinerary of Alfred Russel Wallace’s Amazonian journey (1848-1852): A source for researchers and readers. Notes and Records 76: 633–652.
Lindorf, H. 2018. La botánica en Venezuela. Sus comienzos y evolución. Acta Botanica Venezuelica 41(1): 123–167.
Ortega Mendoza, A.1994. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). pp. 9–22. In: Huber, O., L. Delgado, A. R. Lancini, A. Ortega Mendoza, R. Spruce & A. R. Wallace. Dos naturalistas británicos en la Amazonia venezolana. Caracas: Fundación Cultural Orinoco.
Raby, P. 2001. Alfred Russel Wallace: A life. London: Chatto & Windus, xi + 340 pp.
Romero-González, G., C. A. Gómez Dahuena, O. González Ñáñez & G. A. Aymard Corredor. 2019. Las cuatro “Yavitas”. Boletín de Historia de las Geociencias en Venezuela 131: 1–133.
Smith, C. H. & G. Beccaloni (eds.). 2008. Natural selection and beyond. The intellectual legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xxv + 482 pp.
Slotten, R. A. 2004. The heretic in Darwin’s court: The life of Alfred Russel Wallace. New York: Columbia University Press, 602 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1853a. Palm trees of the Amazon and their uses. London: John Van Voorst, viii + 1 map + 129 pp., 48 pls.
Wallace, A. R. 1853b. Narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon valley. London: Reeve & Co., frontisp., x + 541 pp. + 1 map.
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago; The land of the orangutan and the bird of paradise; A narrative of travel with studies of man and nature. 2 volumes. London: Macmillan & Co., 1: frontisp. + xxiv + 478 pp.; 5 maps; 2: frontisp. + vi + 524 pp., 4 maps.
Wallace, A. R. 1875. On miracles of modern spiritualism. Three essays. London: James Burn, viii + 236 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth’s surface. 2 vols. London: Macmillan & Co., I: xxiv + 503 pp. + 5 maps, 13 pls.; II: xii + 607 pp. + 2 maps, 7 pls.
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan and Co., xx + 526 pp. + 26 maps.
Wallace, A. R. 1882. Land nationalisation; its necessity and its aims; being a comparison of the system of landlord and tenant with that of occupying ownership in their influence on the wellbeing of the people. London: Trübner & Co., xiv + 240 pp. + [iii].
Wallace, A. R. 1885. Bad times: An essay on the present depression of trade, tracing it to its sources in enormous foreign loans, excessive war expenditure, the increase of speculation and of millionaires, and the depopulation of the rural districts; with suggested remedies. London & New York: Macmillan & Co., xvi + 118 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism; An exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co., frontisp. + xvi + 494 pp.; fold-out map.
Wallace, A. R. 1898. The wonderful century; its successes and its failures. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., frontisp., xii + 400 pp., 12 folds.
Wallace, A. R. 1903. Man’s place in the universe; a study of the results of scientific research in relation to the unity or plurality of worlds. London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., [xii] + 330 pp., 2 fold-out star-charts.
Wallace, A. R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. 2 vols. London: Chapman & Hall, I: frontisp., xii + 435 pp. + 2 fold. Maps; II: frontisp., viii + 459 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1907. Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell’s book “Mars and its canals”, with an alternative explanation. London: Macmillan and Co., xii + 110 pp. + [ii].
Wallace, A. R. 1913a. Social environment and moral progress. London, New York, Toronto & Melbourne: Cassell & Co., Ltd., frontisp., viii, 164 pp.
Wallace, A. R. 1913b. The revolt of democracy. London, New York, Toronto & Melbourne: Cassell & Co., Ltd., frontisp., xlvi + 82 pp.
Williams-Ellis, A. 1966. Darwin’s moon. A biography of Alfred Russel Wallace. London: Blackie, x + 261 pp.
Publicado
2024-01-22
Cómo citar
Viloria, Ángel L., & Bosque, C. (2024). Alfred Russel Wallace: el naturalista humilde, descolonizado y moderno. Anartia, (37), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10523815
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