Keywords:

Musa acuminata

Phytochemistry

Proximate analysis

Phenols

Tannins

Chemical characterization of Musa acuminata AAB Peels (plantain, Blue Java)

Caracterización química de las cáscaras de Musa acuminata AAB (plátano, Blue Java)

Caracterização química das cascas de Musa acuminata AAB (plátano, Blue Java)

Karelys Brigitte Tandazo Atancuri

Jhomara Matilde Pindo Caiminagua

Ingrid Márquez Hernández

Mercedes Campo Fernández

Osmany Cuesta Rubio

Nubia Lisbeth Matute Castro

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(2): e264322

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v43.n2.IV

Food technology

Associate editor: Dra. Gretty R. Ettiene Rojas

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Universidad Técnica de Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.

Received: 04-12-2025

Accepted: 09-03-2026

Published: 15

-04-2026

Abstract

The peels of Musa acuminata constitute a by-product of

interest due to their richness in metabolites that inuence important

biological activities. The objective of the study was to evaluate the

chemical composition of the peels (maturation stage 1) of Musa

acuminata AAB (Blue Java), through the application of chemical

and physicochemical methods, for their utilization. A comparative

study was carried out with a single experimental factor and two

independent samples: treatment without antioxidants (ST) and

treatment with antioxidants (T). The proximate analysis performed

demonstrated the presence of ber, proteins, and minerals; moreover,

it was veried that the application of antioxidants does not alter

the nutritional prole. The absence of heavy metals was conrmed,

ensuring the safety of the samples. For the identication and structural

characterization of specialized metabolites, an HPLC-MS-UV study was

carried out, which allowed the identication of 9 avonoid glycosides

in the acetone extracts of the peels. A higher concentration of phenols

and tannins (20.21 mg GAE.g

-1

; 8.36 mg GAE.g

-1

) was quantied in

the samples treated with antioxidants (T) compared to the untreated

samples (ST) (6.46 mg GAE.g

-1

; 1.71 mg GAE.g

-1

), demonstrating

that the application of antioxidants inhibits oxidative degradation

and preserves these metabolites. These ndings show that the

immature peels of Musa acuminata AAB of the Blue Java variety

constitute a viable and safe source of phytonutrients and phenols.

Additionally, the eectiveness of a treatment with antioxidants was

conrmed for preserving these metabolites without compromising

their nutritional composition.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(2): e264322 April-June ISSN 2477-9409.

2-7 |

Resumen

Las cáscaras de Musa acuminata constituyen un subproducto de

interés por su riqueza de metabolitos que condicionan actividades

biológicas importantes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la

composición química de las cáscaras (grado de maduración 1)

de Musa acuminata AAB (Blue Java), mediante la aplicación de

métodos químicos y sicoquímicos, para su aprovechamiento. Se

implementó un estudio comparativo con un único factor experimental

y dos muestras independientes: tratamiento sin antioxidantes (ST)

y tratamiento con antioxidantes (T). El análisis proximal realizado

demostró la presencia de bra, proteínas y minerales; además, se

comprobó que la aplicación de antioxidantes no altera el perl

nutricional. Se vericó la ausencia de metales pesados garantizando

la inocuidad de las muestras. Para la identicación y caracterización

estructural de metabolitos especializados se realizó un estudio HPLC-MS-

UV, el cual permitió identicar nueve glicósidos de avonoides en los

extractos acetónicos de las cáscaras. Se cuanticó una mayor concentración

de fenoles y de taninos (20,21 mg EAG.g

-1

; 8,36 mg EAG.g

-1

) en las

muestras tratadas con antioxidantes (T) en contraste con las muestras

no tratadas (ST) (6,46 mg EAG.g

-1

; 1,71 mg EAG.g

-1

), demostrando

que la aplicación de antioxidantes inhibe la degradación oxidativa

y preserva estos metabolitos. Estos hallazgos evidencian que las

cáscaras inmaduras de Musa acuminata AAB de la variedad Blue Java

constituyen una fuente viable y segura de tonutrientes y de fenoles,

además, se constató la ecacia de un tratamiento con antioxidantes

para la preservación de estos metabolitos sin comprometer su

composición nutricional.

Palabras clave: Musa acuminata, toquímica, análisis proximal,

fenoles, taninos.

Resumo

As cascas de Musa acuminata constituem um subproduto de

interesse devido à sua riqueza em metabólitos que inuenciam

atividades biológicas importantes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar

a composição química das cascas (grau de maturação 1) de Musa

acuminata AAB (Blue Java), por meio da aplicação de métodos

químicos e físico-químicos, para seu aproveitamento. Foi realizado um

estudo comparativo com um único fator experimental e duas amostras

independentes: tratamento sem antioxidantes (ST) e tratamento

com antioxidantes (T). A análise proximal realizada demonstrou

a presença de bras, proteínas e minerais; além disso, vericou-se

que a aplicação de antioxidantes não altera o perl nutricional. Foi

conrmada a ausência de metais pesados, garantindo a segurança

das amostras. Para a identicação e caracterização estrutural de

metabólitos especializados, foi realizado um estudo HPLC-MS-UV,

o qual permitiu identicar: 9 glicosídeos de avonoides nos extratos

acetônicos das cascas. Foi quanticada uma maior concentração de

fenóis e taninos (20,21 mg EAG.g

-1

; 8,36 mg EAG.g

-1

) nas amostras

tratadas com antioxidantes (T) em contraste com as amostras não

tratadas (ST) (6,46 mg EAG.g

-1

; 1,71 mg EAG.g

-1

), demonstrando

que a aplicação de antioxidantes inibe a degradação oxidativa e

preserva esses metabólitos. Esses achados evidenciam que as cascas

imaturas de Musa acuminata AAB da variedade Blue Java constituem

uma fonte viável e segura de tonutrientes e fenóis. Além disso,

constatou-se a ecácia de um pré-tratamento com antioxidantes para

a preservação desses metabólitos sem comprometer sua composição

nutricional.

Palavras-chave: Musa acuminata, toquímica, análise proximal,

fenóis, taninos.

Introduction

Plantain production is one of the most important agro-productive

activities in the province of El Oro, playing a strategic role both in

the regional economy and national food security. According to data

from El Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2024), around

8,968 tons of plantain (Musa AAB) were produced in this province.

However, this production system generates a signicant amount of

waste during primary processing and consumption, considering

that the peel represents between 40 % of the fruit’s weight. This

residual biomass is often discarded without proper management,

which generates negative impacts on the environment and the loss of

potentially useful resources (Álvarez Morales et al., 2020).

It has been reported that Musa acuminata peels have important

chemical constituents such as bers, proteins, essential amino acids,

fatty acids, minerals, among others; this nutritional prole has allowed

for their incorporation as additives in the development of food

formulations (Pilco et al., 2018). Additionally, a variety of chemical

compounds, called secondary metabolites, have been determined.

Among the metabolites identied, phenolic compounds stand out,

known for their health benets associated with their antioxidant

capacity. Research shows that immature peels have a higher phenolic

content compared to mature ones; This behavior is attributed to

metabolic changes during maturation that condition the oxidation of

this metabolite (Espinosa and Santacruz, 2019; J. Zhang et al., 2022)

Studies carried out on Musa acuminata peel extracts show that

the concentration of phenolic compounds is signicantly related to

bioactive functions such as antioxidant, anti-inammatory, anticancer,

antihypertensive, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, hepatoprotective,

and gastroprotective properties of high interest in the area of

pharmacognosy (Anupama, 2021; Chauhan et al., 2025)

As far as is known, there are no analytical studies on the chemical

prole of the immature Musa acuminata AAB peels of the Blue Java

variety; this constitutes a scientic gap that limits opportunities for

the valorization of this byproduct. The Blue Java variety is planted in

a cultivation area of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, intended to

supply the cafeterias at UTMACH. As a product of the consumption

chain of this variety, waste corresponding to its peels is generated,

which is discarded without proper management.

In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the

chemical composition of Musa acuminata AAB (Blue Java) peels,

using chemical and physicochemical methods, generating relevant

information that contributes to the valorization and potential use of

this by-product at the local level.

Materials and methods

Study area

The plantains analyzed came from a cultivation area of the Faculty

of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Machala,

located in the province of El Oro, Ecuador (3°11′36” south latitude,

79°91′38” west latitude at 12 m.a.s.l.). The area has a tropical climate

with an average temperature of 25°C, 500 mm of annual precipitation,

and 2 to 3 hours of sunshine duration per day. The plantation supplies

the institutional cafeterias, in which waste corresponding to the peels

of this variety is generated.

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Tandazo et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(2): e264322

3-7 |

Selection of plant material

A bunch of Musa acuminata Blue Java variety with eight hands

and 14 ngers each was collected, selected for its low degree of

Sigatoka and health. The harvest was carried out one year from the

time of planting, at 13 weeks from owering, and with a sprinkler

irrigation system. Immediately after the fruits were peeled, the peels

were transferred to the laboratory, where those that were without

signs of deterioration were selected, and their weight was veried

using a technical balance (OHAUS brand, B6US, United States).

Sample treatment

Subsequently, the peels were divided into two equal parts to apply

two treatments that are detailed in Table 1:

Table 1. Description of treatments.

Treatment Description

Peels without antioxidant

application (ST)

Washing and disinfection by immersion in

Star-Bac solution (3 caps in 9 L of water) for

5 min.

Peels with antioxidant

mixture application (T)

Washing and disinfection with Star-Bac under

the same conditions + immersion for 10 min

in an antioxidant mixture (citric acid 1.5 %;

ascorbic acid 1 %; tartaric acid 0.5 % m/v) in

5 L of water.

The selection of antioxidants and their concentrations was based

on the procedure described by Apintanapong et al. (2007) with

modications, which indicates that the combination of these organic

acids generates a synergistic activity that favors the inhibition of

oxidative processes and conservation of metabolites in Musa peels.

Subsequently, each fraction was chopped and dried for 24 h at 40 °C

in an oven (MEMMERT 30 – 1060, Germany) with a ap and 100 %

air ventilation. An electric grinder (NM-8300, China) was used for

grinding. A No. 20 sieve was employed to obtain a particle size of

850 µm. Finally, the samples were packed in airtight plastic bags and

stored in a desiccator at a temperature of 24 °C.

Degree of maturity

It was carried out by determining the pH and Brix degrees,

followed by a correlation with the scale proposed by Von Loesecke

(Arrieta et al., 2006). The procedure detailed by Ramirez Céspedes

et al. (2010) was followed. A pH meter (Bante 900 P, China) and a

refractometer (HANNA HI 96801, Italy) were used.

Proximate analysis

Moisture

The thermogravimetric method was employed, a balance with a

halogen heat source (OHAUS MB90, China) was used, temperature

was maintained at 105 °C up to constant weight was reached. The

determination was made in triplicate for each sample.

Fats

The method described by Pilco et al. (2018) adapted from the

AOAC 991.36 standard (AOAC, 1996) was applied, and it was

developed in a Soxhlet equipment using hexane (Fisher Chemical,

United States) as the solvent. The extraction took 4 hours. A

gravimetric analysis was performed after concentration in a rotary

evaporator (Heidolph - Laborata 2001, Germany). The determination

was made in triplicate for each sample.

Proteins

The micro-Kjeldahl method was applied according to the AOAC

955.04D standard (AOAC, 1990) proteins were estimated from total

nitrogen.

Fiber

The PEEL/LA/16 INEN 522 gravimetric method was applied

(NTE INEN, 2013a).

Total ash

The method described by Enriquez Estrella and Ojeda Caiza (2020)

adapted to the AOAC 942.05 standard was applied. Incineration was

performed at 750 °C for 4 h in a mue furnace (Nabertherm, L-180,

Germany). Three replicates were made for each sample.

Heavy metals

For the determination of arsenic, the Modied Gutzeit method was

employed (NTE INEN, 2013b), and for lead the Modied Standard

Methods 3111B (NTE INEN, 1984).

Minerals

The technique of wet digestion with nitric and perchloric acid

was used to remove organic matter according to the AOAC 985

standards (AOAC, 1988). The minerals Zn, Cu, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Mn,

and Na were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

(ThermoScientic SOLAAR, Germany), and the phosphorus content

was evaluated by UV spectroscopy at 820 nm.

Secondary metabolites

Preparation of extracts

Sample extraction was performed using ultrasonic extraction,

employing an acetone:water mixture (8:2 % v/v) as the extraction

solvent at a 5 % sample-to-solvent ratio for 30 min, at room

temperature, in an ultrasonic bath (Fisher Scientic, 40 KHz,

United States). Once the extraction time was completed, the extracts

were ltered and concentrated to dryness in a rotary evaporator.

Subsequently, they were defatted through solid-phase extraction

(C18 reverse-phase column with 85 % methanol (v/v) as the mobile

phase). The resulting solution was concentrated to dryness in a rotary

evaporator, and a 10 mg.mL

-1

solution (methanol:water, 80:20 v/v)

was prepared with the solid residue.

Identication of secondary metabolites by HPLC-MS-UV

The identication of the secondary metabolites was carried out

in a high-performance chromatographic system (Thermo Scientic,

UltiMate 3000, United States), coupled to a mass spectrometer

(Thermo Scientic, LTQ XL, United States), equipped with a diode

array detector (DAD) and a quaternary pump (Dionex, UltiMate

300 RS). A C18 Accucore RP-MS reversed-phase column (100 x

2.1 mm; 2.6 µm) was employed; at 35 °C, ow rate of 0.4 mL.min

-1

and injection volume of 2 μL. The mobile phase corresponded to an

acetonitrile gradient: 0.1 % formic acid (A) (0-3 min 97 % A, 3-10

min 97-40 % A, 10-11 min 40-5 % A). The diode array detector was

congured to operate at wavelengths of 214 nm, 250 nm, 280 nm,

and 330 nm. The mass spectrometer was set to a capillary voltage of

-50.00 V, a spray voltage of 5.00 kV, and a capillary temperature of

225 °C. Nitrogen was used as auxiliary and purge gas. The samples

were evaluated in negative ion mode, in Full Scan with ranges of 100

– 1000 Da and in Scan dependent mode to obtain MS² spectra.

Quantication of secondary metabolites

Total phenols

The Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton et al., 1999) was

employed, using acetone extracts from the samples treated and not

treated with antioxidants; each sample was analyzed in triplicate.

Absorbance measurements were made at a wavelength of 765 nm,

using a UV spectrophotometer (Evolution 201, Thermo Scientic,

United States). A calibration curve was developed from gallic acid

(Fluka Analytical) for quantication. Results were expressed as total

gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g sample.

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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(2): e264322 April-June ISSN 2477-9409.

4-7 |

Moisture

The FAO-OMS (1985) establishes a moisture limit of 15.5 %

for vegetable our; the values obtained are within the established

regulatory limits. The control of this parameter prevents the

proliferation of microorganisms, fungi, and mold, and oxidative

degradation, preserving the stability of the metabolites (Miranda

Martínez and Cuéllar, 2014).

Fats

Although plantain peels are not a major source of fat, they

contain lipids with the presence of essential fatty acids. The low-fat

content obtained is consistent with other studies. Tapia Romero et al.

(2025) reported 0.109 g of fat in Musa paradisiaca (Dominico) peels

(maturation stage 1), while Khawas and Deka (2016) recorded 1.96 g

of fat in the peel of the culinary banana Musa ABB (maturation stage

1). The low-fat content obtained could be conditioned by metabolic or

structural factors typical of this variety, so more studies are required

to corroborate these results.

Proteins

Protein analysis of the sample without treatment showed a slightly

higher percentage compared to the sample treated. It has been reported

that ascorbic acid, one of the antioxidants used in the treatment, can

interact with proteins, generating structural modications that favor

the formation of glycosylated proteins by non-enzymatic pathways,

which can cause a reduction in lysine content. Likewise, it has been

described that the products derived from the oxidation of ascorbic

acid can condition Maillard-type reactions with proteins, causing

changes in their composition (Ortwerth and Olesen, 1988). Although

these factors could justify the dierences recorded, it is necessary to

contrast the ndings with other analytical methods.

Crude ber

No signicant dierences were recorded among the samples

analyzed, suggesting that the integrity of the brous matrix is

maintained, which is important for cellular structural stability. The

result obtained is low compared to other varieties: Handayani et al.

(2023) obtained 8.81 % crude ber in peels of Musa acuminata

Cavendish Subgroup, while Shankar et al. (2017) reported 10% crude

ber in peels of Musa acuminata Sagor variety.

Ashes

The ash content allows for the detection of inorganic materials

that would aect the authenticity of the plant material. Farmacopea

Española (2002) states that ash concentration in plant drugs should

not exceed 12 %; therefore, the results obtained comply with the

established limit.

Minerals

The results indicate that the antioxidant treatment does not

considerably aect the concentration of minerals in the variety

studied. The values of the quantication of minerals are presented

in Table 3.

Potassium was quantied as the main mineral. The other chemical

elements quantied in descending order were Ca, Mg and P; in lower

concentration Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu. These results are consistent

with other studies (Islam et al., 2023; Tapia Rosemary et al., 2025).

The proximate analysis estimates the nutrient content and

provides relevant information to establish appropriate drying,

Total tannins

The procedure of (Mex-Álvarez et al., 2022) was performed. The

GAE was determined using the standard curve described above for

the quantication of total phenols.

Experimental design and statistical analysis

A comparative study was established with a single experimental

factor (application of treatments) and two independent samples

(treatments: ST and T). The following studies were performed in each

independent sample: proximate analysis, heavy metals, HPLC-MS-

UV analysis, and quantication of phenols and tannins to evaluate the

inuence of antioxidant treatment.

Descriptive statistics were performed using Jamovi software

(version 2.4.11), and Student’s t-test for independent samples was

applied. The Shapiro-Wilk test was carried out to evaluate the

normality acceptance criteria, and Levene’s test was used to verify

homogeneity with a signicance level of 0.05. Experimental results

were expressed as mean/standard deviation. Correlation coecients

and linear regressions were performed using Excel software.

Results and discussion

Determination of the degree of maturity

The pulp analyses indicated an acidic pH (5.740) and a low

concentration of soluble solids (5.33 °Brix), values characteristic of

an immature fruit. These parameters were evaluated in the fruit pulp

because the main biochemical and physiological transformations of

maturation take place in this tissue. The green pigmentation of the

peels studied corresponds to a maturation stage 1, according to the

Von Loesecke scale (Etienne et al., 2013). Integrally, these results

determine the degree of maturity, which is essential in studies of

chemical composition and biological activity, as the components of

the fruit and its peels vary according to their physiological state.

Proximate analysis

The parameters evaluated did not present statistically signicant

dierences (p>0.05) among the treatments applied. This demonstrates

that the application of the antioxidant treatment does not signicantly

alter the content of the compounds analyzed. Table 2 shows the values

obtained in this determination.

Table 2. Proximate analysis of extracts from Musa acuminata

(Blue Java) peels.

Parameters

Samples without

antioxidant treatment

Samples with

antioxidant treatment

Mean/standard deviation

Mean/standard

deviation

Moisture (%)

2.570 / 0.69 2.660/ 0.440

Fats (g)

0.090/ 0.005 0.077/ 0.008

Proteins (%) 11.880 11.380

Crude ber (%) 1.940 1.970

Ashes (%)

6.560/ 0.087 6.600 / 0.101

Table 3. Quantication of minerals (mg.g

-1)

Musa acuminata (Blue Java) peels.

P K Ca Mg Zn Cu Fe Mn Na

ST Samples

1.400 32.600 4.000 1.600 0.016 0.002 0.017 0.014 0.051

T-Samples

1.500 32.100 4.100 1.600 0.017 0.002 0.019 0.016 0.050

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Tandazo et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(2): e264322

5-7 |

storage, and processing conditions. Likewise, the determination of

macronutrients and minerals suggests that the Blue Java variety could

be incorporated as an input in nutritional formulations. It should

be noted that complementary studies are required to evaluate the

bioavailability of nutrients, their stability during processing, and their

technological feasibility.

Heavy metals

The concentration of lead and arsenic was determined to verify

the safety of the samples. The results obtained showed that Pb and As

contents were below 0.02 mg.kg

-1

in both samples. According to the

FAO-OMS (2018), Pb and As contents in food must be lower than

0.1 mg.kg

-1

, based on this criterion, the Blue Java variety meets the

permitted limit.

Identication of secondary metabolites

HPLC-MS-UV Analysis

It can be seen that there is a great similarity between the samples

treated and not treated with antioxidants. In particular, three intense

signals between 7.8 and 8.47 min are observed, produced by avonoid

glycosides (compounds 2, 3, and 6). From a qualitative approach,

there appear to be no signicant dierences between the two samples,

since the same components were identied in both extracts. However,

the possibility of quantitative dierences is not ruled out. The

chromatograms obtained are shown in Figure 1.

The identication made was developed by comparing mass

spectrometry and UV spectroscopy data of compounds reported for

the species in previous studies (Rodrigues Borges et al., 2021; Silva

et al., 2020), the results are summarized in Table 4.

Nine avonoids characteristic of the species were identied. Rutin

(compound 3) showed the most intense chromatographic signal, and

its MS² spectrum evidenced the loss of rhamnose (m/z 463) and the

rutinose residue that originates the base peak m/z 301, associated with

the aglycone quercetin. Rutin is the most abundant avonoid of the

Plantain cultivar (Vu et al., 2018).

Compounds 4 and 6 are isomers with high structural similarity;

both are rutinosides (m/z 447 evidences the loss of rhamnose) and

show very similar mass spectra. However, one of the UV spectra

(compound 6) showed a slight bathochromic shift in band I, consistent

with the absorption of kaempferol; the dierentiation was performed

on this basis (Cuesta Rubio et al., 2015).

Identied avonoids, particularly quercetin derivatives, have

been reported in plantain peels (Rodrigues Borges et al., 2021). The

glycosides of type 3-O-rutinosides and specically rutin, constitute

the group of avonols predominantly identied in plantain peels of

various species (Vu et al., 2018).

The results of this study are consistent with previous reports

regarding the presence of avonols in plantain peels. The

chemical identication of plant material is essential to predict its

possible pharmaceutical uses and provides the necessary tools for

standardization and quality control.

Quantitative determination of metabolites

Both in the quantication of phenols and tannins, statistically

signicant dierences were observed between the two samples

(p˂0.05), evidencing that the application of antioxidants considerably

increases the content of these metabolites. The results obtained are

presented in Table 5.

This behavior is attributed to the fact that the application of these

organic acids decreases the pH of the medium, inhibiting the enzymatic

activity mainly of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, avoiding the

oxidation of phenols to quinones and their subsequent polymerization;

this mechanism maintains the stability of these metabolites, justifying

their high concentration in samples with antioxidants (Tilley et al.,

2023) . In contrast to untreated samples, phenolic compounds are

exposed to oxidative degradation by decreasing their content.

Figure 1. CLAE-EM chromatograms of the extracts studied. (ST) Sample without antioxidant treatment. (T) Sample with antioxidant

treatment.

(T)

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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(2): e264322 April-June ISSN 2477-9409.

6-7 |

Table 4. Compounds identied in the analyzed extracts.

N°

Retention

Time

(min)

Name

(M-H)

m/z

MS²

m/z

(λ

max

/nm)

1 7.50

Quercetin

3-O-Rhamnosyl

(1-2)-Glucoside-7-

O-Rhamnoside

755 593* -

2 7.84

Myricetin

3-O-rutinoside

625

607, 463, 317,

316*, 301, 271

3 8.16

Rutin (quercetin

3-O-rutinoside)

609

463, 343,

301*, 271, 255

204, 255,

356

4 8.34

Luteolin

7-O-rutinoside

593

447, 357,327,

285*, 284, 255

264, 356

5 8.40 Isoquercetin 463

445, 343,

301*, 179, 151

6 8.47

Kaempferol

3-O-rutinoside

593

447, 357,327,

285*, 257

267, 365

7 8.63

Isorhamnetin

3-O-glucoside

7-O-rhamnoside

623

357, 315*,

300, 271, 255

8 8.70

Cynaroside

(luteolin

7-O-glucoside)

447

327, 284*,

255,179,151

9 8.74

Isorhamnetin-3-O-

glucoside

477 357,315, 314* -

* Base peak

Table 5. Quantication of specialized metabolites in the samples

studied.

Parameters

mg GAE in 1 g

Samples without antioxidant

treatment

Samples with

antioxidant treatment

Mean/standard deviation Mean/standard deviation

Total phenols

6.46

/ 0.48 20.21

/ 0.14

Total tannins

1.71

/ 0.54 8.36

/ 0.62

Values accompanied by dierent letters in the same row indicate signicant dierences (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results of the study show that the application of antioxidant

treatment does not signicantly alter the proximate composition

(moisture, fats, proteins, crude ber, ashes, and minerals) of the

immature peels of Musa acuminata AAB, Blue Java variety. Likewise,

the absence of heavy metals conrms the safety of the samples.

The analysis using HPLC-MS-UV allowed for the identication

of nine avonoid glycosides in the acetone extracts, evidencing

the phytochemical richness of this by-product. Additionally, the

treatment with antioxidants signicantly increased the concentration

of phenols and tannins, demonstrating their ecacy in mitigating

oxidative degradation processes and favoring metabolite preservation.

Overall, the results obtained demonstrate that the immature peels of

Musa acuminata AAB (Blue Java) constitute a promising source of

phytonutrients and phenolic compounds and show that the application

of an antioxidant treatment conditions the preservation of secondary

metabolites without altering the nutritional content in this variety.

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