© The Authors, 2026, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author: luzgomez@lamolina.edu.pe
Keywords:
Vine mealybug
Sustainable viticulture
Mass trapping
Eectiveness of sex pheromone traps in the integrated management of Planococcus cus
Signoret (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in vineyards
Ecacia de trampas con feromonas sexuales en el manejo integrado de Planococcus cus Signoret
(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) en viñedos
Ecácia de armadilhas com feromônios sexuais no manejo integrado de Planococcus cus Signoret
(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em vinhedos
Mónica Narrea-Cango
1
*
Luz Gómez Pando
2
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(1): e264304
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v43.n1.IV
Crop production
Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Pérez Pérez
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1
Programa de Doctorado en Agricultura Sustentable.
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Molina
s/n., La Molina, Lima, Perú.
2
Departamento Académico de Fitotecnia. Facultad de
Agronomía. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av.
La Molina s/n. La Molina. Lima. Perú.
Received: 11-07-2025
Accepted: 12-11-2025
Published: 28-12-2025
Abstract
Planococcus cus Signoret (Hemiptera) represents an economically
signicant pest in viticulture, requiring timely, innovative, and
eective control measures. While the application of sex pheromones
in vineyards has primarily focused on mating disruption, there
is a lack of studies evaluating their use in mass trapping as a
management tool for this pest. This study was conducted in a
commercial vineyard of the Crimson Seedless variety in Ica,
Peru, and the objective was the ecacy of pheromone-baited
traps (CINNAFIC®) deployed from postharvest 2020 through
postharvest 2021. During this period, a trap density of 15 traps.ha⁻¹
was maintained, resulting in the capture of 16,927 males, with a
peak capture rate of 112.20 males.trap⁻¹.week⁻¹ observed during
the berry development stage. The greatest control was observed at
harvest, with a 59.12 % reduction in the total mealybug population,
highlighted by the production of infestation-free, fully exportable
grape clusters, compared to 7 % infestation in control plots. Trap
deployment limited mating opportunities, signicantly altering the
population structure by reducing nymphs and ovipositing females in
treated plots. These results demonstrate that integrating pheromone
traps with cultural practices and timely applications of pesticides
and botanical extracts enables eective mealybug control without
exclusive reliance on chemical insecticides. It is concluded that
pheromone traps constitute a sustainable, eective, and viable tool
for the integrated management of P. cus in vineyards.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(1): e264304 January-March. ISSN 2477-9409.
2-7 |
Resumen
Planococcus cus Signoret (Hemíptera) constituye una plaga
de importancia económica en viticultura, su control demanda
intervenciones oportunas, innovadoras y ecaces. Si bien el uso
de feromonas sexuales en viñedos se ha centrado principalmente
en la confusión sexual, no hay estudios que hayan evaluado su uso
mediante trampas de captura como herramienta para manejar esta
plaga. Este estudio realizado en un viñedo comercial de la variedad
Crimson Seedless en Ica-Perú, tuvo por objetivo evaluar la ecacia de
trampas con feromonas sexuales (CINNAFIC®) instaladas durante
la etapa de poscosecha en el periodo 2020-2021. Se capturaron
16.927 individuos machos, con un pico de 112,20 machos.trampa
-1
.
semana
-1
en la etapa de crecimiento de las bayas. El mayor control se
observó en cosecha, con una disminución del 59,12 % en la población
total de cochinillas, destacando la producción de racimos libres de
infestación y completamente exportables frente al 7 % de racimos
infestados en la parcela control. La instalación de trampas cebadas
con feromonas limitó las posibilidades de apareamiento, lo que resultó
en una alteración signicativa de la estructura poblacional, con una
reducción de ninfas y hembras con ovisacos en la parcela tratada.
Estos resultados evidencian que el uso de trampas con feromonas,
integrado a prácticas culturales, aplicaciones justicadas y oportunas
de plaguicidas y extractos vegetales, permite un control efectivo de
la cochinilla sin necesidad de recurrir al uso exclusivo de plaguicidas
químicos. Las trampas cebadas con feromonas constituyen una
herramienta sostenible, ecaz y viable para el manejo integrado de
P. cus en viñedos.
Palabras clave: cochinilla harinosa, viticultura sostenible, trampeo
masivo.
Resumo
Planococcus cus Signoret (Hemiptera) é uma praga de grande relevância
econômica na viticultura, exigindo intervenções oportunas,
inovadoras e ecazes para seu controle. Embora o uso de feromônios
sexuais tenha se concentrado na confusão sexual, este estudo teve
como objetivo avaliar a ecácia de armadilhas com feromônio
sexual (CINNAFIC®) como ferramenta de controle. Conduzido em
um vinhedo comercial da variedade Crimson Seedless em Ica, Peru
(2020-2021); as 15 armadilhas de feromonas.ha
-1
, capturaram 16.927
machos, com pico de 112,20 machos.armadilha
-1
.semana
-1
durante o
desenvolvimento das bagas. A maior ecácia ocorreu na colheita, com
redução de 59,12 % na população total de cochonilhas, e produção de
cachos totalmente exportáveis, frente a 7 % de infestação na parcela
controle. A limitação do acasalamento resultou em queda signicativa
de ninfas e fêmeas ovígeras na área tratada. Integradas a práticas
culturais e aplicações pontuais de pesticidas e extratos vegetais, as
armadilhas permitiram controle efetivo sem depender exclusivamente
de inseticidas químicos. Conclui-se que as armadilhas com feromônio
são uma alternativa sustentável e viável no manejo integrado de P.
cus em vinhedos.
Palavras-chave: cochonilha, viticultura sustentável, captura em
massa.
Introduction
The mealybug Planococcus cus Signoret (Hemiptera) is the
main pest of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae), aecting both the quality
and yield of the crop; its mere presence on the bunches causes
rejection for export (Castillo and Bello-Bedoy, 2022; Cocco et al.,
2018). Conventional control is carried out with chemical pesticides
(Pertot et al., 2017), however, their eectiveness has decreased due
to the resistance acquired by the insect, its cryptic habits and its high
fertility (Cocco et al., 2021). In addition, growing concern for human
health and the environment has promoted integrated management of
this cochineal, which includes other control methods, the rational
application of pesticides, plant extracts, the release of natural
enemies, and the use of sex pheromones (Pertot et al., 2017; Walton
et al., 2004).
The sex pheromone of P. cus, identied as lavandulyl senecioate
(Hinkens et al., 2001), has been used in diusers in the mating
disruption technique, demonstrating its eectiveness in vineyards in
the United States, Italy, Tunisia, and Argentina (Cocco et al., 2014,
2018; Daane et al., 2020; Hogg et al., 2021; Lucchi et al., 2019;
Mansour et al., 2017). It is postulated that factors such as high
investment costs, large area requirements, labour and complexity of
installation (between 247 and 840 dispensers per hectare are required)
(Cocco et al., 2014; Hogg et al., 2021; Pertot et al., 2017) deter wine
producers from using these products. Furthermore, the objective of
this technique is to interrupt mating by confusing the male (Rizvi et
al., 2021), without causing its direct death, which does not satisfy
agricultural producers who prefer to see the death of the pest and
prevent its persistence in the environment or migration to other elds
or crops where it can reproduce.
Another way to use pheromones is through septa placed in
adhesive traps that capture and eliminate males, interrupting the
reproductive cycle with reduced doses of pheromone. This tool has
been used successfully in the management of various agricultural
pests in several crops (Kirk et al., 2021; Levi-Zada et al., 2018;
Witzgall et al., 2010). In grapevines, the sex pheromone of P. cus
has been used exclusively for monitoring (Millar et al., 2002; Walton
et al., 2004); however, there are no studies on its eectiveness as a
direct control tool for this mealybug.
Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the
eectiveness of pheromone-baited traps as a tool in the integrated
management of P. cus, analysing the relationship between male
captures and the total population of individuals, specically rst-stage
nymphs and females with ovisacs. The aim is to generate information
that will contribute to the adoption of pheromones in a more ecient
and less polluting management of mealybugs in vineyards.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted during the 2020-2021 season in a
Crimson Seedless vineyard in the town of Ica, Peru (75°42’0.00 “ S;
14°0’0.00” W, 535 m a.s.l), with a planting density of 1,600 plants.ha
-1
,
with a history of infestation by P. cus (17.15 mealybugs.vine
-1
.week
-
1
) prior to the study; whose phenological stages and environmental
conditions are described in Table 1.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Narrea & Gómez. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(1): e264304
3-7 |
Table 1. Duration of the phenological stages of Vitis vinifera var. Crimson Seedless and average environmental conditions recorded in
Ica, Peru, during the 2020-2021 season.
Phenological stage Dates Duration Weeks Temp. (°C) (Min-Max) RH (%) (Min-Max)
Post-harvest 2020 (POSC-20) 13/03 to 19/06/2020 15 22,65 (15,49-29,73) 64,6 (47,00-82,20)
Sprouting 2020 (BROT-20) 20/06 to 04/09/2020 11 19,22 (10,00-26,01) 58,27 (38,55-78,00)
Flowering 2020 (FLOR-20) 05/09 to 02/10/2020 4 19,43 (11,60 -27,20) 57,88 (38,75-77,00)
Berry Growth 2020 (CREC-20) 03/10 to 06/11/2020 5 20,12 (11,12-29,08) 57,70 (39,80-75,60)
Veraison 2020 (ENVE-20) 7/11 to 11/12/2020 5 22,08 (14,40-29,70) 57,00 (38,80-75,20)
Harvest 2020 (COSE-20) 12/12/2020 to 22/01/2021 6 24,08 (17,83-30,28) 59,25(44,50-74,00)
Post-harvest 21 (POSC-21) 23/01 to 12/03/2021 7 25,41 (18,47-32,33) 55,71(38,00-73,43)
Temp.: temperature, HR: relative humidity.
The vineyard management programme was developed in
accordance with the principles of Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) and included the application of chemical insecticides and
biopesticides, the release of natural enemies and the implementation
of standard cultural practices.
Installation of pheromone-baited traps
Two non-contiguous experimental plots were selected: one
treated with pheromone traps (Pheromone Plot: PP) and one without
treatment (Control Plot: CP). Fifteen delta traps were distributed in the
PP, each equipped with a 400 cm² adhesive strip and a rubber septum
impregnated with 0.015 g of lavandulyl senecionate (CINNAFIC
®
),
replaced every two months according to the supplier’s instructions.
Male captures
Individuals were recorded weekly under a Leica
®
stereoscope
at the Klaus Raven Büller Entomology Museum, National Agrarian
University of La Molina. The adhesive sheets were changed after each
count, while the traps remained in place throughout the experimental
period (Figure 1).
The two main arms and the trunk of 20 randomly selected vines
in each plot (both in the PP and CP) were inspected weekly, recording
the number of nymphs (I, II-III) and females (including those with
ovisacs). The mealybugs were not removed from the plant and the
vines evaluated varied in each sampling.
Figure 1. Layout of Planococcus cus pheromone traps in the Vitis vinifera var. Crimson Seedless vineyard in Ica, Peru. a) Front view. b)
Side view. c) Field sampling slide with P. cus male population, prior to laboratory analysis.
Monitoring of the mealybug population. Incidence of
cochineals in clusters
At harvest, 32 vines (2 % of the plot) were randomly selected per
plot; 10 clusters were harvested from each vine and evaluated for the
presence or absence of P. cus according to the phytosanitary protocol
for export (Peruvian National Agricultural Health Service [SENASA],
2020). The incidence was calculated using equation 1 (Eq. 1).
(Eq. 1)
Design and statistical analysis
To evaluate the eectiveness of sex pheromone traps in controlling
the P. cus population, a completely randomised experimental design
was implemented. The experimental unit corresponded to each trap
installed in the vineyard. The presence or absence of sex pheromone
traps was considered as treatment, which corresponded to the plot with
P. cus pheromone traps (PP) and the control plot without traps (CP).
The total population of mealybugs, rst-stage nymphs, and females
with ovisacs was recorded. The replicates corresponded to periodic
sampling carried out at each phenological stage of the crop, totalling
53 weekly samples. The data were analysed using a one-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) to compare the populations between treatments
Incedence % =
Number of clusters with presence of P. ficus
Total number of clusters
X 100
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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(1): e264304 January-March. ISSN 2477-9409.
4-7 |
using InfoStat v. 2020
®
software. Prior to analysis, the assumptions of
normality were veried. When signicant dierences were detected
(p<0.05), Tukey’s test was applied for multiple comparison of means.
Results and discussion
Throughout the 2020-21 season, P. cus (Figure 2) was observed
in the vineyard, which is consistent with reports by Geiger et al.
(2001) in the United States, Walton and Pringle (2003) in South
Africa, and Becerra et al. (2006) in Argentina, who documented the
persistence of this pest throughout the wine-growing season.
Capture of males
The study began in the 2020 post-harvest stage, at which point the
sex pheromone traps proved highly eective, with a weekly average
of 15.58 males.trap
-1
and a maximum of 28.40 males.trap
-1
, indicating
a high population density of the insect in this phenological phase.
Except during the sampling on 6 and 15 June 2020, when a marked
decrease in catches was observed, attributable to the application of
acetamiprid (6 June 2020) and the implementation of pruning (15
June 2020), the latter being a routine vineyard management practice.
Both interventions contributed to a signicant population reduction,
with an average of 6.33 males.trap
-1
recorded at the end of this stage
(Figure 2). During the budding phase, male captures in pheromone
traps showed a further increase, with an average of 11.61 males.trap
-1
and a maximum value of 21.93 males.trap
-1
(Figure 2). These results
are consistent with those obtained by Mansour et al. (2017), who
reported similar patterns of population increase during sprouting, and
suggest a close relationship between the phenological development
of the crop and the reproductive dynamics of P. cus, reinforcing the
importance of timely control at this critical stage of the crop cycle.
Figure 2. Average number of males captured in pheromone traps and density of mealybugs (females and nymphs) in the control plot
(CP) and the plot treated with pheromones (TP), together with temperature (°C) and relative humidity (% RH) records during
the 2020-2021 season, in a Crimson Seedless vineyard in Ica, Peru.
The highest catches were recorded during the owering, berry
growth and veraison stages (Figure 2), with weekly averages of
35.22, 86.89 and 23.80 males.trap
-1
, and peak values of 83.07, 112.20
and 44.07 males.trap
-1
, respectively. These values were also used
to make decisions regarding the timing of phytosanitary product
application and were based on the additional use of pheromones
for population monitoring. Mansour et al. (2017) also reported high
catches during owering under similar conditions, although they
observed considerably lower values at veraison, possibly due to
higher temperatures than those recorded in the present study.
During the harvest and post-harvest phases, catches declined
signicantly, with weekly averages of 3.33 and 4.23 males.trap
-1
,
respectively. This result is particularly important, as it is not possible
to apply plant protection products during harvest due to regulatory
restrictions and the risk of residues in fruit intended for consumption.
In contrast, Mansour et al. (2017) reported higher capture values at
these same stages, even under comparable environmental conditions.
In total, 16,927 males were captured during the 2020-2021 campaign
(Table 2); considering the fertility rate estimated by González-Luna and
La Rossa (2016) -134.22 nymphs.female
-1
under similar conditions-,
and assuming the most conservative scenario (a single copulation per
male), it is estimated that the installation of pheromone traps could have
prevented a population of more than 2 million mealybugs.ha
-1
. This
projection highlights the potential of using sex pheromones not only as
a monitoring tool, but also as a strategic component in the population
suppression of P. cus in commercial vineyards.
Mealybug density between plots-eect of pheromone traps
The total density of mealybugs (nymphs and females) was
signicantly lower in PP (20,326 individuals) compared to CP (27,954
individuals), representing a reduction of 27.29 % (Table 2). When
analysing the period between bud break and harvest, the reduction
in population density reached 32.63 %, in agreement with Mansour
et al. (2017), who reported a 32.68 % decrease using pheromone
dispensers during the same phenological stages in vines.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
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5-7 |
Table 2. Total males and averages of total mealybugs, nymph I and females with ovisacs per vine (± SSE) and totals recorded during the
2020-2021 season in a Crimson Seedless vineyard in Ica, Peru.
Stage
Total
males
Total cochineals
% Control
Total cochineals Females with ovisacks
% Control
PC PF PC PF PC PF
POSH-20 3,506 33.94 (± 3.60) 28.25 (± 3.50) 16.76 15.31 (± 2.10) 12.40 (± 2,16) 18.97 3.78 (± 0.49) 2.95 (± 0.26) 21.80
SPRT-20 1,915 29.57 (± 3.74) 17.82 (± (2.92) 39.74* 9.05 (± 1.84) 5.41 (± 1,66) 40.18 2.57 (± 0.38) 1.29 (± 0.04) 49.82*
FLOW-20 2,113 53.84 ( ± 1.94) 44.60 (± 1.87) 17.16 26.16 (± 1.90) 21.29 (± 3.98) 18.63 2.01 (± 0.25) 0.61 (± 0.07) 69.57*
GROW-20 6,517 43.30 (± 3.34) 27.53 (± 2.22) 36.42** 21.51 (± 1.24) 6.53 (± 1.17) 69.64** 2.14 (± 0.38) 0.60 (± 0.18) 71.96**
VERIS-20 1,785 16.19 (± 4.25) 11.60 (± 4.17) 28.35* 7.86 (± 2.29) 2.00 (± 0.90) 74.55** 0.80 (± 0.20) 0.30 (± 0.06 ) 62.50*
HARVS-20 647 3.43 (± 0.37) 1.40 (± 0.14) 59.12** 1.27 (± 0.25) 0.36 (± 0.09) 71.71** 0.19 (± 0.05) 0.03 (± 0.01) 82.61**
POSH-21 444 4.29 (± 0.37) 2.01 (± 0.07) 53.00** 1.08 (± 0.20) 0.29 (± 0.04) 73.51** 0.31 (± 0.09) 0.05 (± 0.02) 83.72*
Total 16,927 27,954 20,326 27.29 11,916 7,551 36.63* 2,220 1,320 40.54*
*: Signicative (p<0.05), **: Highly signicant (p<0.01).
% Control
In all phenological stages evaluated in vines, the density of
scale insects in the PP was lower than in the CP (Table 2); however,
during the post-harvest phase of 2020, no signicant dierences
were recorded, suggesting that pheromone traps failed to alter
population dynamics in the PP, possibly due to the high infestation
prior to the study. However, at the end of this period, as with the
male population, the application of acetamiprid, combined with
winter pruning, signicantly reduced the density of P. cus in both
experimental plots (PP and CP). During budding, on the other hand,
control with pheromone traps was signicant (39.74 %), probably
due to the previous population decline, which is consistent with
Rizvi et al. (2021), who highlighted that the eectiveness of control
with sex pheromones is much greater when initial populations are
low. In addition to inducing budding, pruning contributed to pest
management by removing foliage infested with scale insects. As
highlighted by Walton and Pringle (2003), this practice, by thinning
the canopy, favours the action of natural enemies and improves the
eectiveness of phytosanitary applications.
During owering, despite the application of spirotetramat
(09/09/2020), the cochineal population increased in both plots,
probably due to favourable environmental conditions and greater
food availability; there were no signicant dierences between the
plots and the control because the eect of the pheromone traps was
limited (17.16 %). During berry growth and veraison, the dierences
between PP and CP were signicant (p<0.05) to highly signicant
(p<0.01), respectively; the applications of citrus extract (30/10/2020)
and cinnamon extract (27/11/2020), included in the integrated pest
management (IPM) carried out by the producer, would have enhanced
the eect of the pheromone traps, improving control. Lee et al. (2020)
reported nearly 100 % mortality in adult female P. citri treated with
plant extracts, including cinnamon.
During harvest, a critical stage for managing P. cus, control
in PP reached 60 %, with highly signicant dierences (p<0.01)
compared to PC, supporting the use of sex pheromones as a key
tool in light of restrictions on the use of chemical insecticides. In
the 2021 post-harvest period, control remained at 53 % in PP, with
a weekly average of only 2.01 mealybugs per vine, i.e. a 14-fold
reduction compared to the start of the study, indicating that the next
season will begin with a low population of this insect. These results
support the implementation of a strategy of continuous pheromone
use over several seasons to achieve greater control ecacy (Cocco et
al., 2018; Sharon et al., 2016).
Eect on the population structure of nymph I and females
with ovisacs
Signicant dierences were observed between plots; the PP
recorded a lower abundance of nymphs I (7,551) compared to the
PC (11,916), equivalent to a control of 36.63 % (Table 2). Similarly,
Kamarudin et al. (2006) reported a lower percentage of Metisa plana
Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) nymphs in oil palm plots with
pheromone traps (9.10 %) compared to the control plot (28.60 %).
In females with egg sacs, 1,320 were recorded in the PP compared
to 2,220 in the CP, equivalent to a control of 40.54 % (Table 2). The
highest levels of control occurred during harvest, suggesting that the
sustained use of pheromone traps eectively reduces reproductive
stages. These results coincide with Cocco et al. (2014), who also
reported a lower proportion of nymphs and pre-ovipositing females in
plots treated with pheromone dispensers. In both studies, signicant
variations in population composition were detected, highlighting
a proportional reduction in reproductive stages; this eect is key
to the integrated management of P. cus, since fewer females with
ovisacs implies lower reproductive potential and translates into lower
infestation pressure in the next phenological cycle of V. vinifera
(Figure 3).
Presence of P. cus in V. vinifera bunches during harvest
During harvest, P. cus was not detected in clusters harvested
from the PP, while in the PC, 7 % of clusters were aected. This
result diers from that reported by Cocco et al. (2014), who, although
they observed signicant control, recorded the presence of mealybugs
in clusters from vineyards treated with pheromone dispensers.
Complementarily, Kamarudin et al. (2006) reported a 22 % increase
in the weight of V. vinifera clusters in oil palm plots with pheromone
traps compared to 15 % in the control plot, attributing this eect to the
reduction in mating and oviposition of the basket worm (M. plana),
which resulted in lower populations and less damage to the crop.
Conclusions
The use of traps baited with sex pheromones in V. vinifera reduced
Planococcus cus populations, directly aecting the population
structure and limiting the reproductive potential of the pest. This
suggests that this tool has potential as a component of integrated
management, especially when implemented early, after pruning and
in combination with other cultural and phytosanitary practices.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2026, 43(1): e264304 January-March. ISSN 2477-9409.
6-7 |
Figure 3. Population structure of Planococcus cus mealybugs
during the 2020–2021 season. A) Control plot; b) Plot
with pheromone traps in a Crimson Seedless vineyard
in Ica, Peru.
The absence of mealybugs in harvested V. vinifera clusters
demonstrates that this tool is eective at stages when chemical
insecticides cannot be applied, ensuring the safety and sanitary
quality of grapefruit for export. It is also recommended that further
studies be conducted to consider variations in pheromone density
or the number and colour of traps, in order to expand knowledge
about their eectiveness and thus optimize their implementation in
integrated pest management programmes.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank engineers Eveliz Ramos Yesquen, Cristofer
Acuña Huaracc and Rosa Juan de Dios Landeo from the National
Agrarian University of La Molina for their collaboration, and Cinnamon
SAC for providing the traps and CINNAFIC
®
sex pheromones.
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