Keywords:

Resistance

Coee rust

Race

Pathotypes

Reaction of coee cultivars to Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome strains in Venezuela, under

controlled conditions

Reacción de cultivares de café a cepas de Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome en Venezuela bajo condiciones

controladas

Reação de cultivares de café a cepas de Hemileia vastatrix Berk.

& Broome na Venezuela sob condições

controladas

Emma Ramírez Poletto*

Dorian Rodríguez

Alexander Hernández

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(1): e254210

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v42.n1.X

Crop production

Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Pérez Pérez

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Postgrado

de Fitopatología, Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela.

Received: 19-09-2024

Accepted: 23-12-2024

Published: 18-01-2025

Abstract

Coee rust resistance is of great importance in worldwide

coee crops, since its biotrophic pathogen shows, currently, more

than 55 identied races with diverse virulent genes. This work

was based on the determination of the reaction of ve commercial

coee cultivars inoculated, under controlled conditions, with three

strains of Hemileia vastatrix (race XXXIX and pathotypes Hv01ve

and Hv02ve) previously identied in Venezuela. Three velvet

leaves taken from six selected plants of ve cultivars (Caturra, Catuai

amarillo, Monteclaro, Colombia 27 y Castillo) were inoculated with 80

μL of a uredospore dilution (5 x 10

uredospores.mL

-1

), and incubated

at 22 °C +/- 2 °C and 12 h light photoperiod. Incubation period,

latency period, infection grade, number of initial lesions, number

of sporulated lesions, area of lesion, and area of sporulated lesion

were the variables used for evaluation. Results showed that number

of initial lesion, number of sporulated lesion and area of sporulated

lesion allowed to determine the presence of incomplete resistance

in Castillo to race XXXIX, Castillo, Catuai and Colombia 27 to

Hv01ve, and Monteclaro to Hv02ve, trials also showed possible

complete resistance in Monteclaro to race XXXIX and Colombia

27 to Hv02ve. It is suggested that these results should be taken into

account when selecting the coee cultivars to be planted.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(1): e254210 January-March. ISSN 2477-9409.

2-6 |

Resumen

La resistencia del café a la roya es un tema de gran importancia

en la cacultura a nivel mundial, motivado a que su agente causal, un

hongo biotrofo, presenta actualmente más de 55 razas identicadas

con diversos genes de virulencia en su composición génica. Este

trabajo se basó en la determinación de la reacción de cinco cultivares

comerciales de café ante la inoculación, bajo condiciones controladas,

de tres cepas de Hemileia vastatrix (raza XXXIX, patotipos Hv01ve

y Hv02ve) identicadas previamente en Venezuela. Se seleccionaron

tres hojas terciopelos de cada una de seis plantas seleccionadas de

los cinco cultivares (Caturra, Catuaí amarillo, Monteclaro, Colombia

27 y Castillo). Las hojas se inocularon con 80 μL de una dilución de

uredosporas (5 x 10

uredosporas.mL

-1

) del hongo, se incubaron a 22

°C +/- 2 °C y fotoperiodo de 12 h luz. Las variables evaluadas fueron

Periodo de incubación, Periodo de Latencia, Grado de infección,

Número de lesiones iniciales, Número de lesiones esporuladas, Área

de lesión y Área de lesión esporulada. Los resultados obtenidos

evidenciaron que las variables Número de Lesiones iniciales, Número

de Lesiones esporuladas y Área de Lesión esporulada permitieron

determinar la presencia de resistencia incompleta en los cultivares

Castillo a la raza XXXIX, Castillo, Catuaí y Colombia 27 a Hv01ve y

Monteclaro a Hv02ve. Además, las pruebas mostraron la posibilidad

de resistencia completa en Monteclaro para la raza XXXIX y

Colombia 27 para Hv02ve. Se sugiere considerar estos resultados

para la selección de los cultivares de café a sembrar.

Palabras clave: resistencia, roya del cafeto, raza, patotipos

Resumo

A resistência do café à ferrugem é um tema de grande importância

na cafeicultura mundial, motivada porque seu agente causal, um

fungo biotróco, possui atualmente mais de 55 raças identicadas

com diferentes genes de virulência em sua composição genética. Este

trabalho baseou-se na determinação da reação de cinco cultivares

comerciais de café à inoculação, sob condições controladas, de

três cepas de Hemileia vastatrix (raça XXXIX, patótipos Hv01ve e

Hv02ve) previamente identicadas na Venezuela. Foram selecionadas

três folhas aveludadas de cada uma das seis plantas selecionadas das

cinco cultivares (Caturra, Catuaí Amarelo, Monteclaro, Colombia 27

e Castillo). As folhas foram inoculadas com 80 μL de uma diluição de

uredinosporos (5 x 10

uredosporas.mL

-1

) do fungo e incubadas a 22

ºC) +/- 2 °C e fotoperíodo de 12 h luz. As variáveis avaliadas foram

Período de Incubação, Período de Latência, Grau de infecção, Número

de lesões iniciais, Número de lesões esporulantes, Área da lesão e

Área da lesão esporulante. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as

variáveis Número de lesões iniciais Número de lesões esporulantes

e Área de lesão esporulante permitiram determinar a presença

de resistência incompleta nas cultivares Castillo à raça XXXIX

Castillo Catuaí e Colombia 27 ao patótipo Hv01ve e Monteclaro

ao Hv02ve. Além disso, os testes mostraram a possibilidade de

resistência completa em Monteclaro para a raça XXXIX e Colômbia

27 para Hv02ve. Sugere-se considerar esses resultados na seleção das

cultivares de café a serem plantadas.

Palavras-chave: resistência, ferrugem do cafeiro, raças, patótipos.

Introduction

The apparent loss or broken down of coee rust resistance in

materials previously free of the disease is a frequent fact in coee

producer countries worldwide (Avelino & Rivas, 2013). These

changes are related to the high adaptive potential of the fungus and

to variations and relative frequency of the races of Hemileia vastatrix

Berk. & Br. (Pires et al., 2020), limiting C. arabica production in

the world. Its genetic resistance is the main control measure of the

pathogen which has been transferred to C. arabica commercial

cultivars through Timor hybrid (natural crossing of C. arabica x C.

canephora) (Avelino & Rivas, 2013; Talhinhas et al., 2017).

In the development of the pathogenesis cicle of the rust disease,

three processes can be recognized: infection, sporulation, and

dissemination. Infection can be subdivided into spore germination,

penetration and colonization. In the coee-rust pathosystem, this

process is highly inuenced by environmental conditions which

should be favorable to the pathogen. H. vastratix developed and

maintained only one reproductive structure, the uredospore, with thick

walls, which is adapted for survival, dispersion, infection, and also

for sexual reproduction, by means of cryptosexuality, contributing to

the epidemic development (Avelino et al., 2018).

In the interaction coee-H. vastratix, the plant has developed

eective mechanisms for recognition and response to infection.

Biotrophic parasites, such as mildews and rusts, have developed

specic mechanisms to maintain host cells alive during infection

(Schulze-Lerfert & Panstruga, 2003). In its interaction, the

fungus uses various strategies to infect its host, among which the

extended and eective suppression of the immunological system,

and, simultaneously, induction of specic genes for biotrophic

establishment (Lima

et al., 2022; Schulze-Lerfert & Panstruga, 2003).

Silva et al. (2022) indicated that induced resistance to pathogens

in plants is associated to a set of defense responses; activation of these

responses depends on the eciency of the host to recognize the presence

of pathogens by its mechanisms of perception and sign transduction,

which implies, among others, formation of oxygen reactive species

(ROS), transitory changes in the ions ow through the plasmatic

membrane and changes in phosphorilation state (phosphorilation of

kinase protein (MAPK) and other diverse proteins).

Plants have the ability to recognize a potential invasion by a

pathogen and thus develop various defense mechanisms; in turn,

pathogens develop strategies to overcome them during evolutive

mechanisms (Ríos & Debona, 2018). The pathogen, in general,

employs several strategies to infect the host; one of these is the

secretion of eector proteins capable of suppressing defense responses

of the plant and allowing colonization of host tissue. In response to

infection, plants have developed an innate immunological system

consisting of two lines of defense that limit pathogen proliferation in

the tissue. Pattern triggered Immunity (PTI) is activated by pathogen

associated molecular pattern (PAMP), and the second line of defense,

eector triggered immunity (ETI) which ts to the gene by gene

theory proposed by Flor in 1971 (Pires et al., 2020). This theory

explains the interaction between coee and H. vastratix, by which

resistance in coee plants is conditioned by at least nine dominant

genes with main eects (SH1-SH9). Genes SH1, SH2, SH4 and SH5

are found in C. arabica, while SH6, SH7, SH8 and SH9 are present

in C. canephora, and SH3 is located in C. liberica (Pires et al., 2021).

There are two types of resistance: vertical and horizontal. Vertical

resistance, also known as qualitative, specic, total, or resistance due to

major eect genes, is specic against some pathogenic races, slowing

down its reproduction, which is equivalent to an immunity reaction.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Ramírez et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(1): e254210

3-6 |

The main eect associated to vertical resistance is reduction of initial

inoculum and, consequently, delay on the start of the epidemic. This

initial delay is considered determinant because reduces the damage in

a critical phase of crop production (Ríos & Debona, 2018; Dallangnol

& Vieira de Araujo, 2018).

In horizontal resistance, also called partial or incomplete, the

host shows a susceptible reaction, but with a lower rate of disease

development; its genetic nature implies that many genetic changes in

pathogen population are required to be able to overcome resistance

(Dallangnol & Vieira de Araujo, 2018).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate, under controlled

conditions, the reaction of commercial coee cultivars to three strains

of Hemileia vastratix previously identied in Venezuela, in order to

know the level of resistance of these materials to the pathogen.

Materials and methods

The trial was conducted in the Virology and Molecular Biology

laboratory of the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado.

Uredospores of three H. vastratix strains previously identied

as race XXXIX, Hv01ve and Hv02ve (Venezuelan pathotypes)

(Ramirez-Poletto et al., 2024), which are maintained on plants

located at the Trompillo experimental eld of the Instituto Nacional

de Investigaciones Agrícolas of Táchira state (INIA-Tachira). Spores

were collected from the lesions on the medium high leaves, using 3

cm long plastic straw sections. Uredospore viability was evaluated by

germination test on potato broth (200 g potato.L

-1

O + 2 g glucose).

Inoculum was prepared with a suspension of 5.7 x 10

uredospores.

-1

, treated with a 40 °C water bath for 10 minutes to increase

germination rate (Deepak et al., 2012).

Seed of cultivars Caturra (susceptible control), Catuai Amarillo,

Monteclaro, from INIA Táchira; Colombia 27 and Castillo, from

grower farms of Sanare (Lara state) and Campo Elias (Yaracuy state),

respectively, were placed in water for 22 days (changing the water

every 3 days) to speed germination process. Seeds were then sowed in

organic soil until plant development. When plants had six leaves were

transplanted to new polyethylene bags with similar organic soil and

kept under plant nursery conditions for six months. They were then

taken to the laboratory for the trial.

Following Lizardo-Chávez et al. (2022) procedure, in the

laboratory, temperature was set up to 22 °C using an air conditioner,

light was supplied by uorescent lamps (1770 μmol.m

-2

-1

) connected

to a timer (Exceline Mastertime 120 V, República Bolivariana de

Venezuela) for a 12/12 h photoperiod; to keep humidity near 80 %,

mini-humidiers (Shenzhen, China), were used, in addition, water

was maintained in the dishes under the planting pots for watering,

and plastic curtains for block separators were sprayed with water.

Temperature and humidity were measured with a KTJ® TA218C

manual thermo-hygrometer, both in the laboratory environment and

in the blocks.

Six plants per cultivar were randomly placed in each of three

blocks separated with plastic curtains (to avoid cross contamination),

corresponding to the three H. vastratix strains. Three velvet leaves

(young and suave texture) were selected per plant and cultivar and

inoculated with one drop of 10 µl of uredospore suspension on

each of eight spots on the underside of the leaves. Leaves were then

sprayed with a small amount (to avoid wash o) of distilled water,

plants covered with transparent plastic bags and kept under complete

darkness for 72 h. After incubation time, plastic bags were removed

and the inoculated leaves were cleaned with moistened cotton to

remove non-germinated spores (Capucho et al., 2009).

Once the rst symptoms appeared (10 d), inoculated leaves were

observed daily, herein starting evaluation of the variables, following

Lizardo-Chávez et al. (2022) methodology, which used leaf discs.

Variables taken were as follows: infection period (PI) was determined

by counting the days from inoculation to the appearance of the

chlorotic lesions; latency period (PL), the days from inoculation to

pustule formation (26 d). For infection grade (GI), at the moment of

the rst pustules shown, a six class scale used by Cohelo de Sousa

et al. (2020) was utilized; the number of initial lesions (NLi), and

number of sporulating lesions (NLe), were taken from 26 to 60 days

after inoculation, counting the number of lesions individually for

each leaf; in the same period of time, length and width of the lesions

were measured and used to calculate lesion area (AL) and sporulated

lesion area (Ale).

A complete random design was used to analyze data for each

separate strain. Leaf was the experimental unit; three leaves per plant,

six plants per cultivar and ve cultivars were used in the analysis for

each of the three H. vastratix strains. Analysis of variance and the

Tukey media test were run using Infostat (2020) program.

Results and discussion

The separate analysis of cultivar reaction to each H. vastratix strain

showed that race XXXIX induced signicant dierence between

cultivars for most of the variables (table 1). Monteclaro cultivar

did not show any reaction to this race. With regard to the number

of initial lesions (NLi) and the number of sporulated lesions (NLe),

in Castillo cultivar values were signicantly lower. No signicant

dierence was observed with respect to lesion area (AL) or to area of

sporulated lesion, although the latter was reduced in Castillo, Catuai

and Colombia 27 compared to the control Caturra. With respect to

incubation period (PI) and latency period (PL), cultivar Colombia

27 had a later reaction to the race than the other cultivars; however,

no signicant dierence was observed for infection grade (GI). In

summary, Monteclaro and Castillo were the cultivars with better

resistance or tolerance response against race XXXIX.

With regard to the reaction of materials to pathotype Hv01ve, all

the cultivars showed to be susceptible (table 2). All the materials had

similar PI, except Catuai which had a longer period (33 d), as well as

for PL. However, for GI there was little dierence among cultivars.

With respect to NLi, the lowest value was shown by Catuai, followed

by Colombia 27 and Castillo, whereas for NLe, Catuai and Colombia

27 had the lowest values. As to AL, cultivars Catuai, Colombia 27,

Caturra and Monteclaro were statistically similar, but Castillo had

higher value. Regarding to ALe, Castillo, Catuai and Colombia 27

showed lower values than the control Caturra, which indicate the

presence of certain resistance in Castillo, Catuai, Colombia 27 and

Monteclaro to Hv01ve.

When cultivar reaction was evaluated against pathotype Hv02ve,

it was found also dierences among them in the variables (table 3).

Colombia 27 cultivar did not show infection during the trial. Again,

the most important variables to observe signicant dierences were

NLi, NLe and Ale, in which Monteclaro stood out from the other

materials, suggesting possible gene resistance in those cultivars. In

the combined analysis of the interaction strain x cultivar, variables

NLi, NLe, and Ale showed signicant dierence among cultivars.

Caturra was the most susceptible to the three fungal strains for

the three variables (gure 1).The other cultivars showed variable

reaction depending on the strain; Catuai and Castillo had higher

values for these variables against strain Hv02ve than against the

other two strains. On the other hand, Colombia 27 and Monteclaro

demonstrated, in general, to be more resistant to this strain, followed

by the reaction to Hv01ve, for the three variables (gure 1).

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(1): e254210 January-March. ISSN 2477-9409.

4-6 |

Table 1. Coee cultivars reaction to Hemileia vastatrix race XXXIX under controlled conditions.

Cultivar PI PL GI NLi NLe AL ALe

Castillo 26.67 b 44.00 b 3.67 a 6.44 c 2.67 b 26.25 a 0.04 ab

Catuai 26.00 b 44.67 b 4.00 a 17.43 ab 6.10 a 29.30 a 0.03 ab

Caturra 26.00 b 47.20 b 3.86 a 21.29 a 7.87 a 31.05 a 0.08 a

Colombia 27 36.67 a 58.00 a 4.00 a 12.50 b 6.00 a 33.08 a 0.04 ab

Monteclaro 0.00 c 0.00 c 0.00 b 0.00 d 0.00 c 0.00 b 0.00 b

0.97** 0.97** 0.98** 0.94** 0.92** 0.94** 0.62**

C.V. (%) 9.42 10.05 8.53 17.85 10.57 11.14 1.14

Means with same letter in the columns are not signicantly dierent (p > 0,05) (Tukey test). PI = Incubation period (d), (PL) Latency period (d), GI = Infection grade or type of reaction (scale

class), NLi = Number of initial lesions, NLe = Number of sporulated lesions, AL = Lesion area (cm

), ALe = sporulated lesion area (cm

Table 2. Coee cultivars reaction to Hemileia vastatrix pathotype Hv01ve under controlled conditions.

Cultivar PI PL GI NLi NLe AL ALe

Castillo 26.00 b 44.50 bc 4.00 a 6.42 bc 2.21 bc 40.31 a 0.02 c

Catuai 33.00 a 48.00 a 3.00 a 3.33 c 1.67 c 28.00 b 0.02 c

Caturra 26.00 b 46.67 ab 4.00 a 24.87 a 9.33 a 27.30 b 0.09 a

Colombia 27 26.00 b 44.00 c 3.75 a 4.5 bc 1.25 c 28.00 b 0.01 c

Monteclaro 26.00 b 46.22abc 3.61 a 9.61 b 3.78 b 26.83 b 0.04 b

0.70** 0.63** 0.36ns 0.92** 0.94** 0.67** 0.94**

C.V. (%) 6.80 2.55 13.35 24.51 20.76 13.43 20.88

Means with same letter in the columns are not signicantly dierent (p > 0,05) Tukey test. PI = Incubation period (d), (PL) Latency period (d), GI = Infection grade or type of reaction (scale class),

NLi = Number of initial lesions, NLe = Number of sporulated lesions, AL = Lesion area (cm

), ALe = sporulated lesion area (cm

Table 3. Coee cultivars reaction to Hemileia vastatrix pathotype Hv02ve under controlled conditions.

Cultivar PI PL GI NLi NLe AL ALe

Castillo 26.00 a 46.40 ab 3.90 a 12.80 c 6.60 a 38.70 a 0.07 a

Catuai 26.67 a 44.67 b 3.95 a 22.22 b 9.78 a 27.95 b 0.10 a

Caturra 26.17 a 46.67 ab 3.95 a 28.11 a 9.72 a 26.22 c 0.10 a

Colombia 27 0.00 b 0.00 c 0.00 b 0.00 e 0.00 b 0.00 d 0.00 b

Monteclaro 26.00 a 48.00 a 3.93 a 6.33 d 1.83 b 26.26 c 0.02 b

R2 0.99** 0.99** 0.99** 0.93** 0.83** 0.99** 0.83**

C.V. (%) 3.69 4.07 3.36 22.16 36.7 0.22 37.07

NLi = Number of initial lesions, NLe = Number of sporulated lesions, AL = Lesion area (cm

), ALe = sporulated lesion area (cm

These results suggest that when pathotype Hv01ve prevails, the

most indicated cultivars to crop would be Castillo, Catuai or Colombia

27, whereas with the Hv02ve pathotype present, the recommended

cultivars would be Colombia 27 and Monteclaro. Finally, if the

dominant strain in a region is race XXXIX, the indicated cultivars

would be Castillo and Monteclaro. All this leads to the need to study

the geographic distribution of the H. vastratix strains found in this

study. In the absence of this information, in endemic areas of coee

rust, it is recommended to combine cultivars Castillo, Colombia 27

and Monteclaro.

Quiroga –Cardona (2021) indicated that environmental conditions

can aect signicantly resistance modulation; the eect of shade

and its relation with rust epidemic has been well documented and

diverse eects have been suggested, probably due to highly complex

interactions between crops, environment, pathogen biological factors

and physiological state of the plant. According to Várzea et al. (2023),

as the leaf surface is wet, temperature is one of the most important

factors to determine the amount of germinating and penetrating

spores. Optimum temperatures for uredospore germination are from

20 to 25 °C. In the present research, temperature was kept constant at

22 °C, which allowed optimal conditions for fungal spore germination

and penetration.

In this work, with controlled conditions, temperature and light

intensity could have inuenced in the infection process, coinciding

the results with those obtained by Eskes (1983), who conducted his

studies in the eld, in greenhouse and in laboratory, and concluded that

incomplete resistance, at dierent levels, apparently, can be specic

of a race and is aected by leaf age and light intensity. Therefore,

it is necessary to conrm results of the present work under natural

temperature and light.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Ramírez et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(1): e254210

5-6 |

Figure 1. Combined analysis of reaction of coee cultivars against Hemileia vastratix strains, with regard to the variables. (A) Number of

initial lesions, (B) Number of sporulated lesions, (C) Area of sporulated lesion (cm

). Bars: dark gray, pathotype Hv01ve; light gray,

pathotype Hv02ve; medium gray, race XXXIX. Same letters on bars are not signicantly dierent (p>0.05), Tukey test.

All the studied variables gave important information for the trial

and the interaction strain x cultivar, coinciding, partially, with what

was said by Várzea et al. (2023), who indicated that the components

of incomplete resistance that generate more information in the eld

are the number of lesion per leaf, or foliar area unit, or percentage

of leaf discs with lesions, latency period, incubation period and size

of the lesion. In the present study, the variables that better indicated

the grade of resistance were the number of initial lesions, number of

sporulated lesions and area of sporulated lesion.

Cultivars, in general, showed dierences (p>0.05) for incubation

period, the start of the rst symptoms occurred 26 and 40 days after

inoculation, agreeing with Bustamante et al. (2001), although some

of the lesions progressed, with the exception of Monteclaro and

Colombia 27, which did not show symptoms against race XXXIX and

Hv02ve, respectively, thus they are considered resistant. In this case,

in these two cultivars, probably, immunity activated by eectors (ETI)

was in place, which leads to complete resistance, without producing

any symptom to the disease (Burbano-Figueroa, 2020); this author

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(1): e254210 January-March. ISSN 2477-9409.

6-6 |

also indicates that ETI adjusts to the gene for gen theory present in

rust disease. In the coee-H. vastratix pathosystem, resistance in the

coee plants is conditioned by at least nine dominant genes with main

eects (SH1-SH9) (Pires et al., 2020).

Results of the trial did not show a direct relationship between

latency period (PL) and infection grade (GI), some low values of PL

and high of GI were observed for some materials. Várzea et al. (2023)

named this intermediate compatibility and suggested that this might

be due to an incomplete resistance of the coee plants or to a less

aggressiveness of H. vastratix. Most of the components of incomplete

resistance are a quantitative extension of the scale used for the type

of reaction or infection grade (GI). These components, as well as the

GI, are related with the same basic criteria, such as the size of the

lesion, sporulation intensity, and appearance of chlorosis or necrosis.

Latency period is related to the size of the lesion; when fungal growth

is slow, sporulation is, generally, delayed and lesions will be smaller.

The types of reaction “0” (chlorosis without sporulation) or necrotic

spots will reduce sporulation intensity and duration (Várzea et al.,

2023).

Conclusion

The present study showed dierences in the reaction of the tested

coee cultivars to the three strains of H. vastratix used, based on the

number of rust lesions produced on the leaves and on the sporulated

area. In addition, it demonstrated dierence among the strains on the

severity of the disease induced.

Recommendation

Lack of information about races and pathotypes present in the

coee producer states in the country, leads to recommend planting the

three cultivars Castillo, Colombia 27 y Monteclaro together, in rust

endemic areas, since they were the ones with better outcome against

dierent strains in this study. Also, it is recommended to continue

research to identify other races and pathotypes present in the country

Acknowledgment

Authors thank to Postgrado de Agronomia of Universidad

Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, for allowing the

facilities to install this research, as well as to Dr. Pastora Querales for

her valuable advice to reach the objectives; to Oscar David Delgado

Ramírez for his technical support in adapting the area to set up the

trial; to INIA Tachira, to Ing Miguel Arizaleta and Ing. Daunarima

Renaud for donation of seed.

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