© The Authors, 2024, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author: fjrincon@espam.edu.ec
Keywords:
Dietary ber
Hydrocolloids
Animal production
Alternative growth promoters
Review
Gums exudates of Prosopis spp. located in Ecuador: prebiotic potential in animal feed
Exudados gomosos de Prosopis spp. localizados en Ecuador: potencial prebióticos en la alimentación
animal
Exsudados gomosos de Prosopis spp. localizados no Equador: potencial prebiótico na alimentação
animal
Fernando Rincón-Acosta
*
Ernesto Antonio Hurtado
Cesar Robalino-Briones
Paul Aguilar-Camba
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(4): e244139
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v41.n4.08
Crop production
Associate editor: Dr. Jorge Vilchez-Perozo
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria. Escuela Superior Politécnica
Agropecuaria de Manabí. Manuel Félix López, ESPAM-MFL,
Campus Politécnico El Limón, vía Calceta-El Morro, Ecuador.
Received: 29-08-2024
Accepted: 18-10-2024
Published: 04-11-2024
Abstract
Fiber-rich plant foods have been tested as prebiotics (adjuvant
to the growth and activity of the gut microbiota) in animal
production, due to their high inulin and ber content, in order to
reduce the use of antibiotics and microbial resistance. The gum
exudate produced by Acacia senegal is a source of nutritional
ber that has been tested as a prebiotic in animal feed. The
objective of this study was to analyze the potential use of novel
sources of Prosopis spp. gums exudates as prebiotics in animals
of zootechnical interest based on a systematic literature review in
indexed journals of the use of gum-hydrocolloids as an alternative
supplement in animal feed. The scientic articles reviewed show
the benets of using the gum exudate of Acacia senegal as a
prebiotic in the production of broilers, turkeys, rabbits, and pigs.
The gums obtained from Prosopis spp. present physicochemical
and nutritional characteristics analogous to those published for gum
arabic. Therefore, based on the bibliographic reports consulted, the
gum exudate obtained from Prosopis spp. trees located in Ecuador
could present a nutritional prole with excellent ber content,
oligosaccharides, essential minerals, and phenolic compounds,
which would enhance its use as a promising prebiotic in animal
feed, enhancing intestinal barrier function, promoting the growth
of benecial microbiota, signicantly reducing pathogenic bacterial
populations, and optimizing animal welfare and productivity.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(4): e244139 October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.
2-5 |
Resumen
Alimentos de origen vegetal ricos en bras se han ensayado como
prebióticos (coadyuvante del crecimiento y actividad de la microbiota
intestinal) en la producción animal, por su alto contenido en inulina
y bra, con la nalidad de disminuir el uso de antibióticos y la
resistencia microbiana. El exudado gomoso producido por Acacia
senegal, es una fuente de bra nutricional que se ha ensayado como
prebiótico en alimentación animal. El objeto de estudio fue analizar
el potencial uso de fuentes noveles de exudados gomosos de Prosopis
spp. como prebióticos en animales de interés zootécnico con base
a una revisión literaria sistemática en revistas indizadas del uso de
gomas-hidrocoloides como suplemento alternativo en la alimentación
animal. Los artículos cientícos revisados evidencian los benecios
del uso del exudado gomoso de Acacia senegal como prebiótico en la
producción de pollos de engorde, pavos, conejos y cerdos. Las gomas
obtenidas de Prosopis spp. presentan características sicoquímicas y
nutricionales análogas a las publicadas para la goma arábiga. Por lo
tanto, con base a los reportes bibliográcos consultados el exudado
gomoso obtenido de árboles de Prosopis spp. localizados en Ecuador,
podrían presentar un perl nutricional con excelente contenido en
bra, oligosacáridos, minerales esenciales y compuestos fenólicos,
lo cual potenciaría su uso como prebiótico promisorio en la
alimentación animal, mejorando la función de la barrera intestinal,
favoreciendo el crecimiento de la microbiota beneciosa, reduciendo
signicativamente las poblaciones de bacterias patógenas,
optimizando el bienestar y la producción animal.
Palabras clave: bra dietaría, hidrocoloides, producción animal,
promotores de crecimiento alternativos.
Resumo
Os alimentos vegetais ricos em bra têm sido testados como
prebióticos (adjuvantes do crescimento e da atividade da microbiota
intestinal) na produção animal, devido ao seu elevado teor de inulina
e bra, com o objetivo de reduzir o uso de antibióticos e a resistência
microbiana. O exsudado gomoso produzido pela Acacia senegal é
uma fonte de bra nutricional que tem sido testada como prebiótico
na alimentação animal. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o potencial
de utilização de novas fontes de exsudados gomosos de Prosopis
spp. como prebióticos em animais de interesse zootécnico, com base
numa revisão sistemática da literatura em revistas indexadas sobre
a utilização de gomas-hidrocolóides como suplemento alternativo
na alimentação animal. Os artigos cientícos revisados mostram
os benefícios da utilização do exsudato gomoso da Acacia senegal
como prebiótico na produção de frangos de corte, perus, coelhos
e suínos. As gomas obtidas de Prosopis spp. têm caraterísticas
físico-químicas e nutricionais semelhantes às publicadas para a
goma-arábica. Portanto, com base nos relatórios bibliográcos
consultados, o exsudado gomoso obtido das árvores de Prosopis
spp. localizadas no Equador, poderia ter um perl nutricional com
excelente bra, oligossacarídeos, minerais essenciais e compostos
fenólicos, o que potenciaria a sua utilização como um prebiótico
promissor na alimentação animal, melhorando a função da barreira
intestinal, favorecendo o crescimento da microbiota benéca,
reduzindo signicativamente as populações de bactérias patogénicas,
optimizando o bem-estar e a produção animal.
Palavras-chave: bra alimentar, hidrocolóides, produção animal,
promotores de crescimento alternativos.
Introduction
In recent years, research on the use of bioactive compounds
obtained from tree and plant species in animal production has been
encouraged to develop a positive correlation between feed, an optimal
microbiota, and a healthy digestive tract, because it has been shown
that supplementation with antibiotics to promote weight gain, increase
feed eciency and prevent or control pathogenic microorganisms in
broilers (Xiong et al., 2018; Smith, 2019), pigs (Bosco, 2019), and
turkeys (Mohammadigheisar et al., 2019) have originated the increase
of germs resistant to these medications.
Foods of vegetable origin rich in ber and inulin such as
artichokes; chicory; garlic, and onion, among others, have been
tested as prebiotics (adjuvant of growth and activity of the gut
microbiota) in animal feed in order to reduce the use of antibiotics,
these have contributed to decrease the pathogenic ora and increase
probiotic bacteria, and as a consequence, they maintain excellent
gastrointestinal health (Gibson et al., 2017).
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognized that
the gum exudate produced by Acacia senegal, a species native to
Africa, is a source of nutritional ber that is safe for human and animal
food (Babiker et al., 2012). This natural polymer has been shown to
be fermented by gut microbiota and acts as a prebiotic, boosting the
growth of benecial gut ora and nutrient absorption (Khalid et al.,
2014). Various studies have shown the benets of using gum arabic
as a prebiotic in animal feed (Gibson et al., 2017; Abd-Razig et al.,
2010, Al-Fadil et al., 2013).
There are dierent genera of tree species widely distributed in
South America that produce gums exudates with physicochemical
characteristics analogous to the gum arabic produced by A. senegal
(Clamens et al., 2000). Prosopis juliora, a species widely spread in
Venezuela and Mexico, exudes gum that is high in essential minerals
and dietary ber (Rincón
et al., 2020; López-Franco et al., 2012).
Prosopis alba located in Brazil has antioxidant activity (high phenol
content) (Vasile et al., 2019), the benets described by these authors
suggest that these natural products could be used in the formulation
of functional feeds in animal production.
It has been reported that tree species of the genus Prosopis
growing in Ecuador produce gums exudates (Burghardt et al., 2010),
which could be tested as prebiotics in animal feed, after determining
their nutritional and toxicological composition.
The purpose of the study was to discuss the potential use of novel
sources of gums exudates of Prosopis spp., located in Ecuador, as
prebiotics in animals of zootechnical interest based on literature
reviews of the use of gum-hydrocolloids as an alternative supplement
in animal feed.
Methods
A systematic search of the scientic literature on gum-hydrocolloids
and their potential use as prebiotics in animal feed was carried
out, with special emphasis on gummy exudates obtained from tree
species disseminated in South America. The keywords used included:
«gummy exudates», «prebiotics», «animal feed», «hydrocolloids»,
«gut microbiota», «gut fermentation», «digestibility» and «functional
properties». A variety of high-impact scientic databases were used,
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rincón-Acosta et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(4): e244139
3-5 |
such as Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, Science Direct, Taylor
& Francis, and PubMed, as well as Google Scholar. Seventy-two
relevant sources were selected for this review, which included original
research articles, scientic reviews, and specialized texts, published
in a time range from 2004 to 2024. The selected studies provide key
information on the bioactive properties of gums exudates, their ability
to act as prebiotics, and their potential benecial eects on improving
gut health and digestive eciency in animals of zootechnical interest.
This review also assesses the potential of such exudates in reducing
metabolic stress and modulating the gut microbiota, crucial elements
in modern animal nutrition.
Discussion
The gum exudate of Acacia senegal (gum arabic, GA) has been
tested as a prebiotic with excellent results in animal production.
The inclusion of gum arabic and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the
feed ration supplied in Ross 308 chickens has benecial eects on
the weight of visceral and lymphoid organs, improves intestinal
histomorphology and decreases the growth of pathogenic ora, which
evidences the synergistic eect of the joint use of hydrocolloids as
prebiotics and probiotic bacteria (Bayoumi et al., 2024). Likewise, it
has been reported that broilers fed with gum arabic at concentrations
between 5 % and 7.5 % showed a signicant increase in total protein,
productive parameters, and decreased serum levels of cholesterol,
creatinine, and triglyceride (Abdalla et al., 2015). On the other hand,
feed rations with GA in the range of 20-60 g.kg
-1
reduced uric acid in
broilers, additionally increased fecal nitrogen secretion and reduced
serum nitrogen concentration; it has been shown that increased
growth and bacterial activity in the intestine depend on these factors
(Al-Fadil et al., 2013).
Al-Baadani et al. (2022) described that chickens fed with GA
(0.25 % to 1.0 %) had a higher population of Lactobacillus spp.
compared to those observed for Salmonella spp. and Escherichia
coli in the intestinal tract; prebiotics are an important source of ber
for the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which exponentially increases
the obtaining of lactic acid by signicantly reducing pH, and as a
consequence, the development of pathogenic microorganisms is
lower. The addition of GA produced an increase in the count of
probiotic bacteria such as Bidobacterium and Lactobacillus, as
well as the secretion of goblet cells at the intestinal level, which
contributes to avoiding the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria in the
intestinal epithelium, decreasing the populations of these non-
benecial microorganisms (Khan et al., 2022).
Likewise, Khan et al., (2022) argued that supplementation with
gum arabic reduced mortality in broilers, due to the prebiotic property
of promoting the growth of the benecial microbiota, eradicating
toxins produced by harmful bacteria, results that are in accordance
with those reported by Park et al., (2020), who evidenced the
decrease in mortality in broilers supplemented with GA and Bacillus
subtilis, due to increased intestinal immunity and strengthened
epithelial barrier integrity. The combination of probiotic bacteria
with prebiotics in animal feed enhances gut health and productive
performance by improving the gut microbiota, promoting the
growth of benecial bacteria, increasing the production of short-
chain fatty acids, and facilitating the digestion and absorption of
nutrients, ultimately leading to enhanced feed eciency and weight
gain (Wang et al., 2016).
Consumption of 4 g.kg
-1
for four weeks of insoluble dietary ber-
rich GA in laying hens increased the number of genera Bidobacterium
and Lactobacillus compared to inulin, and had positive eects on
mineral absorption (Gultermirian et al., 2014; Abd-Razig et al.,
2010).
Phillips and Phillips (2011) described that ber obtained from A.
senegal exudates has benecial eects on renal and hepatic metabolic
processes. It has been reported that dietary ber present in GA
decreased the in vitro absorption of fat and glucose in rats (Ahmed
et al., 2016).
Gum arabic applied individually and in conjunction with probiotic
bacteria in feed rations in chickens of the COBB-500 and ROSS-308
genetic line, has shown antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp.,
Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli (Al-Baadani et al., 2022;
Hu et al. 2016). Furthermore, Al-Baadani
et al., (2021) concluded
that bacteria present in the animal intestine can ferment gum arabic
and convert it into short-chain fatty acids, which play a fundamental
role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the
intestine by inhibiting the colonization of pathogens by causing a
decrease in pH. Likewise, it has been shown that the ber of the gum
exudate of Acacia senegal improves the immune response through
the production of anti-inammatory cytokines and the regulation of
the production of pro-inammatory cytokines by immune cells (Al-
Baadani et al., 2022).
This eect is comparable to that observed when testing traditional
diets in broilers using Bacillus subtilis in combination with zinc,
which reduced the count of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens
and the decrease in coccidiosis (Wang et al., 2018); as well as when
testing Bacillus subtilis DSM 29784 (Ba) and enzymes (xylanase and
β-glucanases) in chicken diets (Wang et al., 2020).
It is important to note that in a study carried out in humans, it
was observed that the intake of gum arabic reduced inammatory
markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which is due to the
aerobic fermentation at the colon level of the ber of this natural
polymer, which produces butyrate, which has a powerful anti-
inammatory eect and contributes to the decrease in the production
of proinammatory cytokines (Kamal et al., 2018).
Therefore, based on documented reports, gums exudates are
potential antimicrobial and regulatory options for inammatory
processes such as those caused by Mycoplasma synoviae (exudative
tendinitis and synovitis) in chickens, turkeys and other poultry
species, acting as regulators of the production of proinammatory
cytokines.
On the other hand, diets supplemented with GA (2-20 g.kg
-1
diet)
increased the concentrations of total proteins, albumin, as well as
higher levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA), zinc, and
selenium content, which contributed to the strengthening of the
immune system in rabbits. Likewise, it did not alter the functioning
of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase in
blood (El-Ratel et al., 2019; Amber et al., 2017). This same behavior
was evidenced when giving GA to laboratory rats (Ali et al., 2013).
Documented scientic articles show the benets of using gum
exudate of Acacia senegal as a prebiotic in animal feed. The gums
obtained from Prosopis spp. have physicochemical and nutritional
characteristics similar to those published for gum arabic (Rincón-
Acosta et al., 2023; Rincón et al., 2020; Mubgil and Barak, 2020; Vasile
et al., 2019; López-Franco et al., 2015; López-Franco et al., 2012).
The high content of phenolic compounds in the gum exudate of
Prosopis alba has been reported (Vasile et al., 2019), which confers
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(4): e244139 October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.
4-5 |
antioxidant activity by inhibiting cellular biological oxidation, and as
a consequence, decreases the risks of suering from hypertension,
cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cellular aging
(McDougall, 2016). Likewise, a high content of essential minerals,
proteins, and insoluble dietary ber has been evidenced in the gums
of Prosopis juliora (Rincón-Acosta et al., 2023; Rincón et al., 2020),
Prosopis spp. (Mubgil and Barak, 2020; López-Franco et al., 2012).
It is worth noting that the high content of zinc contributes to the
strengthening of the immune system and potassium, which acts by
controlling the osmotic processes of the cardiovascular system (Oboh
et al., 2015).
The above shows that the gum exudate of Prosopis spp. has
great potential to be tested as a prebiotic, due to its high content of
insoluble dietary ber and oligosaccharides, which favors the growth
and activity of the benecial gut microbiota by inhibiting the growth
of pathogenic microorganisms, improving the intestinal immune
response. This ber is not digested in the gastrointestinal tract, which
allows it to reach the colon, where it serves as a substrate for probiotic
bacteria, promoting digestive health and the balance of gut ora.
Conclusions
Based on the ndings reported in the literature review and discussed
in this manuscript, it has been shown that the gum exudate of Acacia
senegal (gum arabic), which has physicochemical characteristics
analogous to those exhibited by Prosopis spp., has been tested with
excellent results, as a prebiotic, in the production of broilers, turkeys,
rabbits, and pigs. Therefore, the gum exudate obtained from Prosopis
spp. trees located in Ecuador could present a nutritional prole
with excellent content of insoluble ber, oligosaccharides, essential
minerals, and phenolic compounds, which would enhance its use as
a promising prebiotic in animal feed (growth promoter), favoring
the function of the intestinal barrier, the growth of the benecial
microbiota, contributing to signicantly decrease the populations
of pathogenic bacteria, mortality due to gastrointestinal infections,
optimizing animal welfare and production.
Acknowledgment
The authors express their gratitude to ESPAM-MFL for the
nancial support provided through the 2024 Research Project
Funding Call. This article was developed as part of the research
project Bioactive Compounds of Tree Species Disseminated in
Manabí, Ecuador: A Sustainable Alternative for Animal Feed, based
on an extensive literature review conducted within the scope of this
funding initiative.
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