© The Authors, 2024, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author:jaime.hg@vguadiana.tecnm.mx
Keywords:
Aagave bagasse
Antioxidant
Medicinal mushrooms
Biological eciency and evaluation of bioactive compounds of wild mexican strains of Hericium
erinaceus
Eciencia biológica y evaluación de los compuestos bioactivos de cepas silvestres mexicanas de
Hericium erinaceus
Eciência biológica e avaliação de compostos bioativos de cepas selvagens mexicanas de Hericium
erinaceus
Laura Anabel Páez-Olivan
1
Carmen Zulema Quiñones Pérez
1
Néstor Naranjo Jiménez
2
René Torres Ricario
2
Miguel Correa-Ramírez
2
Jaime Herrera Gamboa
1
*
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244120
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v41.n2.10
Crop production
Associate editor: Dra. Lilia Urdaneta
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1
Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus ValleGHO*XDGLDQD
Km. 22,5 Carretera Durango-México, Villa0RQWHPRUHORV
Durango0H[LFR.
2
Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo
Integral Regional Unidad Durango-Instituto Politécnico
Nacional, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de noviembre II,
Durango, Dgo, México.
Received: 19-04-2024
Accepted: 30-05-2024
Published: 11-06-2024
Abstract
The basidiomycete Hericium erinaceus is one of the most
consumed edibles and medicinal mushrooms in the world and
appreciated in traditional Chinese medicine. In Mexico it is known
as lion’s mane. The biological eciency of wild strains of H.
erinaceus cultivated in dierent substrates in the Durango region,
mainly agave bagasse, a waste from mezcal production, was
evaluated. The CCH003 strain from Espinazo del diablo showed the
highest biological eciency of 42.33 % and a productivity rate of
0.47 %, with a total cultivation period of 90 days and three harvests.
Regarding the evaluation of bioactive compounds, the same strain
obtained signicant dierences compared to the others, it presented
the highest values for all determinations; 60 ± 0.018 mg EAG.g ES
-1
in phenolic content, 4.21 ± 0.013 mg EQ.g ES
-1
for avonoids, 71.16
± 0.002 mg EAA.g ES
-1
in CAT, 0.0012 ± 0.001 mg AA.g ES
-1
for
by ABTS and 121 ± 0.107 µg EAG.mL
-1
by DPPH. The variability
of the results in the tests carried out provides information on how
the type of substrate, climatological and geographical conditions
and stage of maturity inuence the development of the fungus,
including the production of secondary metabolites, even if it is the
same species. It is expected that this information will be useful to
promote the use of agave bagasse as a substrate in the cultivation of
H. erinaceus and thereby diversify rural activities in the region, and
in the future generate new studies on the eect of conditions on the
production of bioactive compounds.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244120 April-June. ISSN 2477-9407.
2-6 |
Resumen
El basidiomiceto Hericium erinaceus es uno de los hongos
comestibles y medicinales más consumido en el mundo y apreciado en
la medicina tradicional China, en México es conocido como melena
de león. Se evaluó la eciencia biológica de cepas silvestres de H.
erinaceus cultivado en distintos sustratos de la región de Durango,
principalmente bagazo de agave, un desecho de la producción de
mezcal. La cepa CCH003 proveniente del Espinazo del diablo mostró
la mayor eciencia biológica de 42,33 % y una tasa de productividad
de 0,47 %, con un periodo total de cultivo de 90 días y tres cosechas.
Con respecto a la evaluación de los compuestos bioactivos, la misma
cepa obtuvo diferencias signicativas en comparación con las demás,
presentó los mayores valores para todas las determinaciones; 60 ±
0,018 mg EAG.g ES
-1
en contenido fenólico, 4,21 ± 0,013 mg EQ.g
ES
-1
para avonoides, 71,16 ± 0,002 mg EAA.g ES
-1
en CAT, 157
± 0,089 µg EAG.mL
-1
por ABTS y 121 ± 0,107 µg EAG.mL
-1
por
DPPH. La variabilidad de los resultados en los ensayos realizados
aporta información sobre cómo el tipo de sustrato, las condiciones
climatológicas y geográcas, y el estado de madurez inuencian
el desarrollo del hongo incluyendo la producción de metabolitos
secundarios, aun tratándose de la misma especie. Se espera que esta
información sea útil para promover el aprovechamiento del bagazo
de agave como sustrato en el cultivo de H. erinaceus y con ello,
diversicar las actividades rurales de la región, y en un futuro generar
nuevos estudios sobre el efecto de las condiciones en la producción
de compuestos bioactivos.
Palabras clave: bagazo de agave, antioxidantes, hongos medicinales.
Resumo
O basidiomiceto Hericium erinaceus é um dos cogumelos
comestíveis e medicinais mais consumidos no mundo e apreciado na
medicina tradicional chinesa, sendo conhecido no México como juba
de leão. Foi avaliada a eciência biológica de cepas selvagens de H.
erinaceus cultivadas em diferentes substratos na região de Durango,
principalmente bagaço de agave, resíduo da produção de mezcal. A
cepa CCH003 de Espinazo del diablo apresentou a maior eciência
biológica de 42,33 % e produtividade de 0,47 %, com período total de
cultivo de 90 dias e três colheitas. Quanto à avaliação de compostos
bioativos, a mesma cepa obteve diferenças signicativas em relação
às demais, apresentou os maiores valores para todas as determinações;
60 ± 0,018 mg EAG.g ES
-1
em conteúdo fenólico, 4,21 ± 0,013 mg
EQ.g ES
-1
para avonóides, 71,16 ± 0,002 mg EAA.g ES
-1
em CAT,
157 ± 0,089 µg EAG.mL
-1
pela ABTS e 121 ± 0,107 µg EAG.mL
-1
pela DPPH. A variabilidade dos resultados nos testes realizados
fornece informações sobre como o tipo de substrato, as condições
climatológicas e geográcas e o estágio de maturidade inuenciam
o desenvolvimento do fungo, incluindo a produção de metabólitos
secundários, mesmo tratando-se da mesma espécie. Espera-se que
estas informações sejam úteis para promover a utilização do bagaço de
agave como substrato no cultivo de H. erinaceus e assim diversicar
as atividades rurais na região, e futuramente gerar novos estudos
sobre o efeito das condições na produção de compostos bioativos.
Palavras-chave: bagaço de agave, antioxidante, cogumelos
medicinais.
Introduction
White rot fungi are basidiomycetes that can be cultivated on
lignocellulosic substrates; within the cultivable fungi, there are
edible genera such as fungi of the genus Pleurotus and also medicinal
ones, such as Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., known in Mexico as
lion’s mane mushroom; it has been reported in Oaxaca, Chihuahua
and Durango (Quiñónez-Martínez et al., 2014; Páez-Olivan et al.,
2022). H. erinaceus was domesticated in Shanghai, and from there
the cultivation technique was spread to other places, currently it is
cultivated on a wide variety of substrates such as: oak sawdust, corn
tazole and wheat straw, sometimes these substrates are supplemented
with wheat bran, sucrose and gypsum (Sobieralski
et al., 2009).
In China, 2,800 tons of H. erinaceus production were estimated
for 1998 and 9,547 tons for 2001. It was also established that the
developmental stage of the fungus inuences its biological activity,
and it was mentioned that there are dierences in the composition
of basidiomes with respect to the substrate that is administered to
them (Nieto & Chegwin, 2010). This fungus is one of the most
appreciated in traditional Chinese medicine, as it is attributed multiple
properties thanks to the bioactive compounds it possesses (Kozarski
et al., 2015). In Mexico, there are studies on the evaluation of the
biological eciency and bioactive compounds of commercial strains
of H. erinaceus, but not of wild strains; hence the importance of this
work, whose objective was to evaluate the biological eciency and
the potential of bioactive compounds of H. erinaceus cultivated on
dierent substrates in the Durango region, mainly on agave bagasse,
which is a waste product of mezcal production. With the development
of this research, we seek to diversify the productive activities of the
forest and, at the same time, promote the cultivation of this fungus in
Durango, Mexico.
Materials and methods
Collection and identication of biological material
Specimens were collected at sites belonging to the region of
El Salto, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, Mexico; La peña (CCH005),
Coscomate (CCH008), La gallina (CCH007), Los túneles (CCH001),
Puentecillas (CCH002), Espinazo del diablo (CCH003) and
Puentecillas M (CCH006). The collected specimens of Hericium spp.
were herborized for preservation and deposited in the Mycological
collection of the Herbario Micológico del Instituto de Botánica,
Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México (IBUG) and the strains
in the Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Hongos del CIIDIR-IPN-DGO
(CLBH-CIIDIR-DGO). The taxonomic and molecular identication
of the collected specimens is shown in the previous work published
by Páez-Olivan et al. (2022).
Isolation of strains
Isolation of wild strains was carried out by cloning from live
tissue samples (Stamets & Chilton, 1983). In culture medium malt
agar and 1 % oak sawdust at acid pH (4.7), it was incubated for ten
days at 24 ± 2 °C.
Cultivation of the fungus Hericium erinaceus
Preparation of inoculum and substrate
Sorghum seed was used for the inoculum, prepared according to
the methodology proposed by Omarini et al. (2009) for each of the
previously isolated strains. Subsequently, they were incubated for 21
days, in darkness, at a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C. Ten 5 kg (wet weight)
bags of substrate were prepared for each treatment with a mixture of
=
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Páez-Olivan et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(2): e244120
3-6 |
oak sawdust, corn tazole and agave bagasse (previously washed and
crushed to a size of 3 to 5 cm) at dierent concentrations. Treatments
A, B and C were composed individually (100 %) of oak sawdust, corn
stover and agave bagasse, respectively. Treatment D was a mixture
of 50 % oak sawdust, 25 % corn tazole and 25 % agave bagasse,
treatment E contained 25 % oak sawdust, 50 % corn tazole and 25 %
agave bagasse. Treatment F was composed of 25 % oak sawdust, 25
% corn tazole and 50 % agave bagasse.
Seeding and incubation
The bags with each of the treatments were inoculated with 500 g
of fungus inoculum and subsequently incubated at a temperature of
23 ± 2 °C. The bags with more than 80 % of the substrate colonized
by mycelium were transferred to the production area.
Induction and harvesting
During the induction period, a temperature of 16 °C and a relative
humidity of more than 80 % were maintained. Two automated
sprinkler irrigations were carried out every 12 hours, the lighting
conditions were 10 h.day
-1
using white light LED tubes (16 W).
Calculation of biological eciency and productivity
The calculation of biological eciency and total productivity was
performed using the formulas published by Beelman et al. (2003),
taking as total production period, between 60 and 90 days depending
on the capacity of each strain. Data were analyzed with a one-way
ANOVA and Tukey’s test with 95 % reliability in GraphPad Prism Vs
5 software, ©2014.
Preparation of ethanolic extracts of the wild H. erinaceus
strains
Three hundred grams of dehydrated basidioma from each of the
specimens from which the wild H. erinaceus strains used for the
culture were obtained were macerated separately for ve days with
1.5 L of solvent (ethanol). The ethanolic phase of each extract was
recovered and concentrated in a rotary evaporator at a temperature
of 30 °C (this process was repeated three times), the nal concentrate
was lyophilized for ve days.
Quantication of bioactive compounds
Quantication of total phenols
Quantication of total phenols was performed using the Folin-
Ciocalteu method (Nurmi et al. 1996). The reading was performed
in a spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientic Genesys 105 UV-VIS), at
a wavelength of 760 nm and a correlation coecient r= 0.9997, the
calibration curve of gallic acid (GA) (Sigma-Aldrich) with a purity of
99.9 %, was prepared from a solution with 0.01 mg and the content of
total phenols was expressed in milligram equivalents of GA per gram
of dry sample (DM) (mg EAG.g MS
-1
).
Quantication of total avonoids
Quantication of total avonoids was performed by the
technique proposed by Woisky & Salatino (1998). Using a quercetin
standard curve constructed with aliquots from 1 to 140 µL.mL
-1
(r=0.9999), readings were performed in a spectrophotometer
(Thermo Scientic Genesys 105 UV-VIS), at an absorbance of 420
nm and a correlation coecient r=0.9993. Total avonoid content
was expressed as milligram quercetin equivalents (QE) per gram
of dry sample (mg QE.g MS
-1
).
Total antioxidant capacity
Total antioxidant capacity was determined using the
phosphomolybdenum reagent following the technique proposed
by Prieto & Aguilar (1999), the absorbance of each sample was
measured at 695 nm (r=0.9999). Ascorbic acid (AA, 1 mg.mL
-1
) was
used as a reference to construct the ascorbic acid calibration curve
(Sigma-Aldrich) using six concentrations between 0.1 and 1 mg
AA.mL
-1
with a correlation coecient r= 0.9921. Sample results were
expressed as mg ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract
(mg EAA.g ES
-1
).
Determination of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl free radical
(DPPH) blocking activity
The inhibitory capacity of DPPH of H. erinaceus extracts was
measured using the method described by Xu & Chang (2007).
The absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a microplate
spectrophotometer (Multiskan Go Thermo Scientic). A calibration
curve was prepared with ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) at 99.9 %
purity with concentrations from 1.4 to 10.4 μg.mL
-1
. The experiments
were performed in triplicate. The obtained EC50 values were
expressed in µg EAG.mL
-1
.
Analysis of the selective scavenging activity of the ABTS
radical
The protocol specications proposed by Re et al. (1999) were
used for the evaluation of the ABTS radical. The reading was
performed on a microplate spectrophotometer (Multiskan Go Thermo
Scientic) at an absorbance of 734 nm using gallic acid as standard
(y = 3.6338x - 0.0805, r =0.9997) and the concentrations of the results
were expressed as µg EAG.mL
-1
.
Statistical analysis for antioxidants
The determinations of bioactive compounds were processed in the
XLSTAT software, a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey test with 95 %
condence were performed.
Results and discussion
The total culture period (incubation plus production) of H.
erinaceus was 60 days except for strains CCH002, CCH003,
CCH007, which covered 90 days, during which time a maximum
of three harvests were performed. The three substrates evaluated
individually for basidiome growth showed a low biological eciency
and productivity rate (treatment A and C) except for the corn tazole
substrate (B), which did not show fruiting body development. Table 1
shows the values obtained for the biological eciency and productivity
rate of the strains analyzed. Strain CCH003 showed signicant
dierences with all strains and treatments (P<0.01); it also presented
the highest values of biological eciency for all treatments, the best
being treatment D with 42.33 % and a productivity rate of 0.47 %.
In contrast, strain CCH006 showed the lowest biological eciency
values of 0.46 % and a productivity rate of 0.01 % (treatment E).
It has been reported that the lion’s mane fungus grows mainly on
the bark of coniferous trees. Hassan (2007) mentioned that the most
economical substrate for growing H. erinaceus is coniferous sawdust
and yields of 29.3 % are obtained. Thus, a great diversity of substrates
and mixtures of substrates have been reported for the cultivation of H.
erinaceus; Karadžić (2006) obtained an EB of 52 % with a mixture
of beech sawdust enriched with wheat bran (20 %), rye grain (25 %)
and soybean meal (7 %); Hassan (2007) reported yields of 50.3 %
using oak sawdust, 20 % wheat bran, 1 % CaCO
3
+ 1 % sugar as
substrate. In this study, a BS of 42.3 % was obtained using a mixture
=
=
ℎ (ℎ ℎ)
( ℎ)
100
1
=
=
+
1
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244120 April-June. ISSN 2477-9407.
4-6 |
of 50 % oak sawdust, 25 % agave bagasse and 25 % corn tazole. Thus,
the highest EB percentages were obtained in the treatments where
an additional carbon source is added, as is the case of the dierent
types of our; in this case, agave bagasse has high percentages of
lignin and hemicellulose in its composition (Tello-Balderas & García-
Moya, 1988), compounds that are more accessible as a substrate for
the fungus, in addition to the addition of molasses, which provides
an extra carbon source. In the case of humic acids, these compounds
present modied lignins (Vaca-Paulín et al. 2006) that are easier to
use as substrate for fungi; this could explain the high values of EB for
the fungus H. erinaceus. Strains CCH003 and CCH007 represent the
best option to promote the cultivation of H. erinaceus in the region,
since being the fastest strains to colonize the substrate, the risk of
contamination would be reduced by presenting a greater competition
of the mycelium with respect to the contaminating microorganisms
that could be present in the substrate during sowing, as mentioned
by Colavolpe et al. (2014), added to the fact that they were the
strains with the highest biological eciency. Treatment F was able
to sustain the growth and production of all strains, compared to the
other substrates.
Table 2 shows the results for the determination of bioactive
compounds in the wild basidiomata of H. erinaceus. The highest
concentrations of antioxidants were found in the specimen collected
at the Espinazo del Diablo site (CCHOO3), and the lowest in the
specimen belonging to the Puentecillas M. collection site (CCH006).
Table 1. Biological eciency and productivity rate of wild strains of Hericium erinaceus grown on dierent substrates.
Treatments
A C D E F
CEPA EB TP EB TP EB TP EB TP EB TP
CCH001 2.76 ± 0.15
f
0.05 ± 0.01
a
5.63 ± 0.11
f
0.09 ± 0.01
a
14.10 ± 0.20
d
0.23 ± 0.01
f
1.37 ± 0.07
d
0.02 ± 0.01
b
16.89 ± 0.11
d
0.28 ± 0.01
c
CCH002 7.10 ± 0.20
c
0.08 ± 0.01
a
9.13 ± 0.15
c
0.40 ± 0.05
a
27.13 ± 0.25
c
0.30 ± 0.01
d
2.26 ± 0.15
bc
0.02 ± 0.01
b
18.96 ± 0.25
c
0.14 ± 0.01
d
CCH003 12.46 ± 0.25
a
0.13 ± 0.01
a
13.36 ± 0.15
a
0.14 ± 0.01
a
42.33 ± 0.73
a
0.47 ± 0.01
a
4.07 ± 0.20
a
0.04 ± 0.01
a
36.13 ± 0.25
a
0.40 ± 0.01
a
CCH005 5.06 ± 0.15
d
0.33 ± 0.10
a
7.63 ± 0.11
d
0.12 ± 0.01
a
26.13 ± 0.35
c
0.44 ± 0.01
b
1.96 ± 0.11
c
0.03 ± 0.01
b
19.10 ± 0.65
c
0.32 ± 0.01
ab
CCH006 1.38 ± 0.07
g
0.02 ± 0.01
a
3.26 ± 0.20
g
0.05 ± 0.01
a
11.76 ± 0.25
e
0.20 ± 0.01
g
0.46 ±0.05
e
0.01 ± 0.00
c
11.43 ± 0.40
e
0.18 ± 0.01
d
CCH007 8.00 ± 0.17
b
0.09 ± 0.01
a
11.26 ± 0.15
b
0.12 ± 0.05
a
33.06 ± 0.35
b
0.37 ± 0.01
c
2.56 ±0.15
b
0.03 ± 0.01
b
22.13 ± 0.29
b
0.23 ± 0.01
d
CCH008 4.26 ± 0.15
e
0.07 ± 0.01
a
6.80 ± 0.10
e
0.11 ± 0.05
a
14.96 ± 0.21
d
0.25 ± 0.01
e
1.24 ±0.05
d
0.02 ± 0.00
c
17.33 ± 0.30
d
0.29 ± 0.01
ab
a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Dierent letters in the same column indicate signicant dierences (P<0.05). EB= Biological eciency; TP= Total productivity.
Table 2. Antioxidant content evaluated for wild strains of Hericium erinaceus.
Técnicas
No. CBLH
CIIDIR-DGO
Place
Phenols
mg EAG.g
-1
ES
Flavonoids
mg EQ.g
-1
ES
CAT
mg EAA.g
-1
ES
ABTS EC50
µg EAG.g
-1
ES
DPPH
µg EAG.g
-1
ES
CCH001 Los túneles 21.33 ± 0.0186
a
1.61 ± 0.02157
b
40.31 ± 0.0005
b
396 ± 0.4727
f
382 ± 0.4799
h
CCH002 Puentecillas 51.03 ± 0.0324
d
1.84 ± 0.01851
c
48.96 ± 0.0096
d
364 ± 1.5271
e
192 ± 1.7143
e
CCH003 Espinazo del diablo 60.00 ± 0.0182
e
4.21 ± 0.0131
f
71.16 ± 0.0028
g
157 ± 0.0898
b
121 ± 0.1071
b
CCH008 Coscomate 36.66 ± 0.0079
c
1.79 ± 0.01567
c
40.64 ± 0.0099
b
371 ± 0.4870
e
299 ± 0.6477
g
CCH005 La peña 36.78 ± 0.0152
c
2.11 ± 0.01517
d
46.11 ± 0.0068
c
222 ± 0.3463
d
254 ± 0.6595
f
CCH006 Puentecillas M 20.31 ± 0.0132
a
0.69 ± 0.01957
a
24.52 ± 0.0004
a
522 ± 0.5204
g
455 ± 0.4683
i
CCH007 La gallina 53.20 ± 0.0126
d
4.01 ± 0.01211
f
51.48 ± 0.0015
e
164 ± 1401
c
175 ± 0.2026
d
a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i Dierent letters in the same column indicate signicant dierences (P<0.05).
Total phenolic content
Specimen CCH003 showed signicant statistical dierences
(P<0.01) compared to the other samples. As shown in table 2, the
phenolic content of the fruiting body of the fungus H. erinaceus
varies according to the place of collection, even in the same site. The
phenolic content is very variable, which coincides with that reported by
Almaraz-Abarca et al. (2013), who mentions that the phenolic content
in fungi varies due to the type of nutrients that make up the substrate
and the climatic conditions where they develop, thus inuencing their
metabolism to generate a wide variety of compounds. The highest
total phenolic content was obtained from the mature fruiting body
collected in the Espinazo del Diablo site (60.00 mg EAG.g ES
-1
), a
value lower than those reported in India by Puttaraju et al. (2006)
with 290.4 mg EAG.g ES
-1
for Lentinula edodes, considered as a
medicinal mushroom. The mushroom collected at the Puentecillas
M site (young specimen) yielded the lowest phenolic content (20.13
mg EAG.g ES
-1
) (table 2), a value similar to that estimated by Li et
al. (2012) for H. erinaceus (19.08 mg EAG.g ES
-1
), using n-hexane
as solvent. Similar values were also reported for Sparassis crispa
(19.0 mg EAG.g ES
-1
), a basidiomycete used in traditional Chinese
medicine and Flammulina velutipes (21 mg EAG.g ES
-1
) an edible
mushroom (Kim et al., 2008).
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Páez-Olivan et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(2): e244120
5-6 |
Total avonoid content
The strains from the Puentecillas and Coscomate areas did not
show signicant statistical dierences (P<0.01) between them (they
were found in shady places). The highest avonoid content was
obtained for the wild basidiomes belonging to Espinazo del Diablo
and La gallina (4.2 and 4.0 mg EQ.g ES
-1
). The highest avonoid
concentration reported in the literature for H. erinaceus is 1.46 mg
EQ.g ES
-1
by Li et al. (2012) extracted with chloroform, which is lower
than that obtained in this work. Wilkinson & Kasparbauer (1972)
mentioned that plants use avonoids as a defense mechanism against
oxidations promoted by UV light. This could explain the dierent
concentrations of avonoids present in wild mushrooms, since the
specimens with high concentrations of avonoids were exposed to
light, compared to those with lower concentrations growing inside
trunks or in shady places.
Total antioxidant capacity
The results obtained agree with the determination of total
phenolic content, suggesting a close relationship between these
compounds. Higher concentrations (table 2) were obtained than
those reported by Charumathy et al. (2016) in India for H. erinaceus
(11.93 mg EAA.g ES
-1
) using hot water as solvent, but lower than
those found by Kosanić et al. (2012) in other mushrooms such as
Agaricus campestris, Boletus edulis and Hydum repadum (187.73
mg EAA.g ES
-1
).
Eect of ABTS radical scavenging capacity
The generation of the ABTS+ radical cation involves the direct
production of the blue-green chromophore ABTS by the reaction
between ABTS and potassium persulfate. Addition of antioxidant
extracts (EHES) to the preformed radical reduces it to ABTS
(Wootton-Beard et al., 2011). Specimen CCH003 showed signicant
dierences compared to the other samples, as well as the most
prominent concentration (145 µg EAG.g ES
-1
) similar to that found
by Smolskaitė et al. (2015) in the fungus Inonotus hispidus (165 µg
EAG.g ES
-1
). Lower values have been reported by Rani et al. (2015)
in major commercial cultivated mushrooms such as the mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum (580 µg EAG.g ES
-1
).
Eect of DPPH radical scavenging capacity
Signicant dierences were obtained between all the wild-type
and cultivated strains that were analyzed. The highest DPPH radical
uptake was observed in strain CCH003 (121 µg EAG.g ES
-1
), lower
than that found in wild strains and Ganoderma lucidum (290 µg
EAG.g ES
-1
) by Rani et al., (2015); and higher than those reported
by Smolskaitė et al. (2015) for Phaeolus schweinitzii (8.89 µg
EAG.g ES
-1
).
Conclusions
The addition of agave bagasse, oak sawdust and corn tazole
allowed optimal growth of wild H. erinaceus strains with higher
biological eciency. These easily accessible substrates in the state of
Durango are considered agroindustrial wastes, mainly agave bagasse,
which results from mezcal production. So far, no specic use has
been reported. However, an alternative for its use is presented here,
which could promote the cultivation of H. erinaceus in the mezcal
zone of the state, thus diversifying rural activities in the region. With
respect to the bioactive compounds of wild basidioma evaluated, they
presented outstanding antioxidant activity in comparison with other
studies carried out for this species, and even higher than many of the
most consumed medicinal mushrooms in the world. The variability of
the results in the assays performed with respect to the concentrations
of antioxidant capacity provides information on how climatic,
geographical and maturity conditions inuence the production of
secondary metabolites, even for the same species. It is hoped that
this information will be useful to generate new materials on the eect
of conditions on the production of bioactive compounds and how
variations in these compounds can be adjusted through cultivation, so
that they can be used in the diet or as health promoters, with proper
and responsible management.
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