*Corresponding author: avalverde@unheval.edu.pe

Keywords:

Environmental impact

Insecticides

Fruit trees

Pests

Ecacy

Alternative products with insecticidal eect in the control of Aulacaspis tubercularis; Newstead,

1906 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in mango cultivation

Productos alternativos con efecto insecticida en el control de Aulacaspis tubercularis

; Newstead,

1906 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en el cultivo de mango

Produtos alternativos com efeito inseticida no controle de Aulacaspis tubercularis; Newstead, 1906

(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) no cultivo de manga

Yaneth Isabel Ramos Vega

Agustina Valverde-Rodríguez

Antonio Cornejo y Maldonado

Fleli Ricardo Jara Claudio

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(2): e234017

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v40.n2.07

Crop Production

Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Peréz-Peréz

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional

Hermilio Valdizán. Huanuco, Huanuco, Perú.

Centro de Investigación Frutícola Olerícola, Universidad

Nacional Hermilio Valdizán. Huanuco, Huanuco, Perú.

Received: 18-12-2022

Accepted: 24-04-2023

Published: 23-05-2023

Abstract

The predominant microclimates of the coast and the inter-Andean

valleys of Peru have favored the production and export of mango (Mangifera

indica L.) to more than 30 countries in the years 2020 - 2021. In this

process, phytosanitary support was of vital importance, however, the species

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a pest

that aects the resulting crop, increasing costs due to cleaning the fruits

for marketing. Control with insecticides contaminates the environment;

hence the objective of the study was to evaluate alternative products with

insecticidal eect and low environmental impact. The use of mineral oil (7.5

mL.L

-1

), azadirachtin (3.2 %, 5 mL.L

-1

), commercial powder detergent (20

g.L

-1

) and potassium soap (10 mL.L

-1

) in the eld and laboratory. In the eld,

9 trees were sprayed per treatment, every seven days at an interval of 15 days

and in the laboratory the individuals per bottle. The four evaluated products

had a signicant impact on the colonies in the eld (95.31 %, 88.89 %, 77.38

% and 68.04 %, respectively) in the rst three moments of application. In

the laboratory, commercial detergent and 3.2 % azadirachtin exerted high

mortality (100 %) on the third day post-application, followed by 100 %

mineral oil on the fourth day. The four products evaluated are recommended

for the management of A. tubercularis.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(2): e234017. Abril-Junio. ISSN 2477-9407.2-4 |

Resumen

Los microclimas predominantes de la costa y los valles

interandinos de Perú han favorecido la producción y la exportación

de mango (Mangifera indica L.) a más de 30 países en los años

2020 – 2021, en este proceso el respaldo tosanitario fue de vital

importancia, sin embargo, la especie Aulacaspis tubercularis

Newstead, 1906 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) es una plaga que afecta el

cultivo al incrementar los costos, debido a la limpieza de los frutos

para la comercialización. El control con insecticidas contamina el

ambiente; de allí que el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar productos

alternativos con efecto insecticida y de bajo impacto ambiental.

Se evaluó el uso de aceite mineral (7,5 mL.L

-1

), azadiractina (3,2

%, 5 mL.L

-1

), detergente comercial en polvo (20 g.L

-1

) y jabón

potásico (10 mL.L

-1

) en campo y laboratorio. En campo se asperjó

9 árboles por tratamiento, cada siete días a intervalo de 15 días y en

laboratorio los individuos por frasco. Los cuatro productos evaluados

incidieron signicativamente sobre las colonias en campo (95,31 %,

88,89 %, 77,38 % y 68,04 %, respectivamente) en los tres primeros

momentos de aplicación. En laboratorio el detergente comercial y la

azadiractina 3,2 %, ejercieron alta mortalidad (100 %) al tercer día

pos-aplicación, seguido por aceite mineral con 100 % al cuarto día.

Los cuatro productos evaluados son recomendables para el manejo de

A. tubercularis.

Palabras clave: Impacto ambiental, frutales, plagas, ecacia.

Resumo

Os microclimas predominantes da costa e dos vales interandinos

do Peru favoreceram a produção e exportação de manga (Mangifera

indica L.) para mais de 30 países nos anos 2020 - 2021. Nesse

processo, o apoio tossanitário foi de vital importância , no entanto,

a espécie Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906 (Hemiptera:

Diaspididae) é uma praga que afeta a cultura resultante, aumentando

os custos devido à limpeza dos frutos para comercialização. O controle

com inseticidas contamina o meio ambiente; portanto, o objetivo

do estudo foi avaliar produtos alternativos com efeito inseticida e

baixo impacto ambiental. A utilização de óleo mineral (7,5 mL.L

-1

azadiractina (3,2 %, 5 mL.L

-1

), detergente em pó comercial (20 g.L

-1

)

e sabão de potássio (10 mL.L

-1

) no campo e laboratório. No campo

foram pulverizadas 9 árvores por tratamento, a cada sete dias com

intervalo de 15 dias e no laboratório os indivíduos por frasco. Os

quatro produtos avaliados tiveram impacto signicativo nas colônias

no campo (95,31 %, 88,89 %, 77,38 % e 68,04 %, respectivamente)

nos três primeiros momentos de aplicação. Em laboratório, o

detergente comercial e azadiractina 3,2 % exerceram alta mortalidade

(100 %) no terceiro dia pós-aplicação, seguido do óleo mineral 100 %

no quarto dia. Os quatro produtos avaliados são recomendados para o

manejo de A. tubercularis.

Palavras-chave: Impacto ambiental, inseticidas, árvores frutíferas,

pragas, ecácia.

Introduction

Peru allocates approximately 29 thousand hectares of land for the

cultivation of mango (Mangifera indica L.). During the 2018 season,

Peru was positioned in third place among exporting countries, and in

the 2019-2020 season, it dropped to fth place (International Trade

Centre [ITC Trademap], 2021), with a production of approximately

535 thousand tons and 41.6 % for export as fresh fruit.

The decline in exports, for the most part, was subject to

international export standards, which require phytosanitary quality of

the fruit, without damage by agricultural pests (Food and Agricultural

Organization, & World Health Organization [FAO-WHO], 2005).

Among the most frequent pests in the crop, the species Ceratitis

capitata, Aulacaspis tubercularis, the genus Anastrepha, mites and

queresas stand out (Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria [SENASA],

2018). The species A. tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

whose common name is white mealybug, is the most important

pest worldwide (Boyero et al., 2017; Del Pino et al., 2021; López-

Guillen et al., 2018), is highly polyphagous on various fruit trees

and wild vegetation, as well as on ornamental plants (Amún et al.,

2012). A. tubercularis is an emerging pest, which has accelerated its

infestations at an alarming rate and to date is of economic importance

from a phytosanitary point of view (Guillén et al., 2017). Its peculiar

behavior is the invasion of foliage and fruits (Abate and Dechassa,

2021; Noriega-Cantú et al., 2016; Walters, 2015) depreciating the

commercial value (Del Pino et al., 2020), with higher incidence in

summer seasons and in some cases present throughout the year and

the overlapping of generations (Joubert et al., 2000) that causes losses

of more than 50 %, by generating lesions with yellow spots of orange

hue on the fruit peel (Juárez-Hernández, 2014). The nymph stage

proves to be the most damaging as it feeds on the leaves and fruit of

the crop, causing premature fruit drop (Chiguachi et al., 2020).

In Peru, the pest has positioned itself in all mango producing

regions (SENASA, 2018) and controls are directed to the use of

highly polluting chemicals, and with limited ecacy (Ayalew et al.,

2015; Del Pino et al., 2020).

Taking into account the requirements of the ocial agency that

regulates the sanitary aspects of exports, with emphasis on the use

of chemical substances and pesticides (Ministry of Health [MINSA],

2023), it is necessary to search for new control alternatives. Although,

there is scarce information, with signicant eect, on the control of

A. tubercularis, as well as environmentally friendly and benecial

entomofauna, there are the studies of López-Guillén et al. (2018), on

the eect of phytosanitary pruning and the use of natural biological

controllers in the reduction of A. tubercularis in M. indica, similarly

Bienvenido et al. (2017), who determined the ecacy of eco-

compatible active principles with the sex pheromones of the species

A. tubercularis, considering them as active materials with low impact

on benecial entomofauna and reduced induction of resistance.

In Spain, among the products authorized by the phytosanitary

registry for mealybug control are azadirachtin (3.2 %) and kerosene

mineral oil (54.6 %) (Bienvenido et al., 2017; Chaudhary et al., 2017).

The eect of citroline (mineral oil) has also been studied, at the rate

of 50 mL.L

-1

and 75 mL.L

-1

with 91.3 % and 97.5 % mortality of A.

tubercularis colonies, respectively; likewise, sprays of pyriproxyfen

(0.3 mL.L

-1

) and dimethoate (2 mL.L

-1

) have been made with 100 %

ecacy (Urías-López et al., 2013).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the eectiveness

of alternative products with insecticidal eect in the control of A.

tubercularis in mango crop. It was considered to work with pesticides

of low environmental impact and proven ecacy.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was carried out in the mango germplasm bank of

the Centro de Investigación Frutícola y Olericola (CIFO) and in the

Laboratorio de Fitopatología of the Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Ramos et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(2): e234017

3-4 |

Agronómica, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan-Perú (S

09°45’; W 76°26’, 1,920 m.a.s.l.).

The products used as insecticide were mineral oil (7.5 mL.L

-1

azadirachtin (3.2 %, 5 mL.L

-1

), commercial detergent (Ariel®,

20 g.L

-1

) and potassium soap (10 mL.L

-1

), plus the absolute control,

with three replicates per treatment under a randomized complete

block design.

Nine trees of uniform size, ve years old and with high infestations

of A. tubercularis were selected as a sample for each treatment.

Field phase

Before applying the treatments, a blank test was carried out by

determining 27 L of water to be sprayed per treatment.

The spraying was done manually with a 20 L sprayer (Jacto PJHA,

Peru). The rst three applications were made in July 2021, with a

frequency every 7 days, followed by a rest interval of 15 days without

application and then resuming the second stage of three applications.

With a replication of the trial in August 2021.

Ten leaves per tree were randomly selected (8 leaves from the

lower and middle third, and 2 leaves from the upper third). The

samples infested with A. tubercularis were collected three days after

each application, in airtight vials with sealing facility and taken to the

Laboratorio de Fitopatología of the Universidad Hermilio Valdizán.

Counting of colonies with live and dead individuals per leaf was done

with a stereoscopic microscope. The colonies included females, males

and immature stages of the species. A total of six evaluations were

made during the trial, plus one in the 15-day rest interval between

applications and two at the end of the treatment.

Laboratory phase

During the laboratory phase, 27 leaves infested with A. tubercularis

were collected from the plants in the eld, containing ve colonies

each, which were washed with sterile distilled water to remove dust

and other particles. In the laboratory, 60 mL of each treatment was

applied to the samples, with daily evaluations of ecacy for seven

days.

Data analysis

Data were processed with InfoStat statistical software, version

2013 (Di-Rienzo et al., 2013) and the results subjected to analysis

of variance and LSD Fisher mean comparison test (p<0.05). The

formula of Henderson and Tilton (1955) and Abbot (1925) was used

to calculate ecacy.

Results and discussion

Prior to the application of the eld treatments, the density of A.

tubercularis was eight individuals per leaf. When the products were

applied, signicant dierences were found in the four evaluations

(p=0.0001; <0.05), from that moment on, the populations of A.

tubercularis remained at low densities without expressing any

dierence until the end of the trial, as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Mortality of Aulacaspis tubercularis after application under eld conditions.

Treataments

Previous colonies

per leaf

Days after application

7 15 22 30 37 45

% Mort. Med. Sign.**

Detergent 8.4 a 38.8±4.9 a 78.9±1.6 a 95.3±0.4 a 99.6±0.03 a 100±0.0 a 100±0.0 a

Mineral oil 8.67 a 21.5±8.0 b 55.6±4.2 a 88.8±2.3 a 94.9±1.1 a 100±0.0 a 100±0.0 a

Potassium soap 8.57 a 9.5±7.3 bc 39.7±4.7 b 68.0±3.2 b 84.8±1.4 ab 91.1±0.9 a 91.1±0.9 a

Azadirachtin 3.2 %. 8.63 a 1.9±6.4 c 46.1±3.5 a 77.3±1.1 a 87.8±0.4 a 99.2±0.3 a 99.7±0.08 a

**Percentage mortality adjusted by the Henderson and Tilton (1955) formula and the average number of previous colonies per leaf.

Means with dierent letters are statistically dierent, LSD Fisher (p<0.05).

The treatments with commercial detergent, mineral oil and

azadirachtin 3.2 % exerted the greatest control in the rst three

moments of application, achieving an ecacy of 95.31 %, 88.89 %

and 77.38 %, respectively. Potassium soap achieved an intermediate

ecacy of 68.04 %.

In the second stage of intervention and evaluation, it was observed

that the treatments of commercial detergent and mineral oil reached

100 % mortality at 37 days post-application, followed by azadirachtin

3.2 % with 99.24 %, while potassium soap was in the nal position

according to the order of importance.

Similar results were recorded by Urías-López et al. (2013), when

evaluating the ecacy of insecticides, mineral oil and a readily

available commercial detergent, as well as the mixture of these,

in the control of white scale in the mango crop, where mineral oil

caused 91.3 % mortality and the commercial detergent (Ariel

) 75.5

% mortality, while Fita et al. (2020), when evaluating the ecacy of

Azadirachta indica seed extract in the management of A. tubercularis,

recorded 59.17 % ecacy at 20 days post-application.

Detergent Mineral oil

Potassium soap Azadirachtin 3.2 %

Efficacy (%)

Figure 1. Estimated ecacy in percentage, in the control of A.

tubercularis in the mango crop, at 7, 15, 22, 30, 37 and

45 days after application (Henderson and Tilton, 1955).

Means with dierent letters indicate signicant dierences

(p<0.05).

Table 2 shows the susceptibility data of the colonies to the

treatments. The commercial detergent treatment and azadirachtin

3.2 % exerted the greatest control with 100 % on the third day after

application of the product, followed by potassium soap with 87.5 %,

and mineral oil (79.12 %) with the lowest percentage of ecacy;

however, the latter reached 100 % ecacy on the fourth day after

application. No mortality was observed in the absolute control. With

some similarity, Mendoza-Montero et al. (2017), when evaluating the

toxicity of insecticides recorded that propylene glycol monolaurate

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(2): e234017. Abril-Junio. ISSN 2477-9407.4-4 |

and mineral oil had 100 % and 98 %, respectively, of ecacy in the

mortality of adult females of A. tubercularis. Gursha et al. (2021),

studying the ecacy of Azadirachta indica L. in the control of A.

tubercularis, recorded a signicant reduction in infestations and

89.06 % mortality of the insect with the third application.

Table 2. Mortality of A. tubercularis under laboratory conditions.

Treatments

colonies

Days after application

1 2 3 4

% Mortality**

Detergent 8.00 a 29.10± 5.6 a 95.8±0.3 a 100±0.0 a 100±0.0 a

Mineral oil 8.00 a 4.1±7.6 bc 58.3±3.3 ab 79.1±1.6 b 100±0.0 a

Potassium

soap

8.00 a 16.6±6.6 b 45.8±4.3 b 87.5±1.0 ab 95.8±0.3 a

Azadirachtin

3.2 %.

8.00 a 4.13±7.6 bc 83.3±1.3 ab 100±0.0 a 100±0.0 a

**Percent colony mortality adjusted by Abbott’s formula

(1925) and the average number of colonies per leaf. Means with

dierent letters are statistically dierent, LSD Fisher (p<0.05).

Conclusions

The present investigation allowed concluding that mineral oil,

commercial detergent and azadirachtin 3.2 %, have potential eect

on the control of A. tubercularis, so its use as an alternative product

of low environmental impact can be frequent in the phytosanitary

management of the crop. Potassium soap in the medium and long

term reduces populations, a characteristic that makes it a useful

strategy in integrated management programs.

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