*Corresponding author: chilo0602@hotmail.com

Carlos Ernesto Aguilar Jiménez

Franklin B. Martínez Aguilar

Isidro Zapata Hernández

José Roberto Aguilar Jiménez

Juan Francisco Zamora Natera

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234009

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v40.n1.09

Crop Production

Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Peréz-Peréz

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Keywords:

Degradation

Soil fertility

Nitrogen

Zea mays L.

Milky-doughy

Plant nutrition

Soil

Evaluation of organic amendment in corn production in Villaores, Chiapas, Mexico

Evaluación de abono orgánico en la producción de maíz en Villaores, Chiapas, México

Avaliação de alteração orgânico na produção de milho em Villaores, Chiapas, México

Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Facultad de Ciencias

Agronómicas Campus V. Km 87 Carret. Tuxtla Gutiérrez-

Villaores, Chiapas. C.P. 30470. Villaores, Chiapas,

México.

Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Facultad de Medicina

Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus II. Carr. Emiliano Zapata

Km 8. CP. 29060. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México.

Universidad de Guadalajara. Departamento de Botánica

y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y

Agropecuarias, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las

Agujas, CP. 44600, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.

Received: 28-09-2022

Accepted: 15-02-2022

Published: 27-02-2023

Abstract

The use of organic fertilizers contributes to the improvement of the

fertility of agricultural soils. The objective was to evaluate three doses

of organic fertilizer incorporated into the soil (10, 20 and 30 t.ha

-1

) and a

control, in corn production. The management of the crop was conventional,

after the preparation of the soil with agricultural machinery, the doses of

compost were incorporated. Planting was manual with a density of 66,500

plants.ha

-1

. A completely randomized design and three replicates per

treatment were used. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, tests of

means, correlation analysis, and economic evaluation. The results indicated

that the incorporation of organic fertilizer to the soil beneted the height of

the plant and ear, leaf area, stem diameter, number and yield of cobs.ha

-1

. A

direct and positive relationship was found between the dose of amendment

incorporated into the soil and the production of cobs in the milky-dough state.

The application of 30 t.ha

-1

of organic fertilizer showed the best results for

the indicated agronomic variables and presented the best economic benets.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234009. Enero-Marzo. ISSN 2477-9408.2-6 |

Resumen

El uso de los abonos orgánicos contribuye con el mejoramiento de

la fertilidad de los suelos agrícolas. El objetivo fue evaluar tres dosis

de abono orgánico incorporado al suelo (10, 20 y 30 t.ha

-1

) y un testigo,

en la producción de maíz. El manejo del cultivo fue convencional,

después de la preparación del suelo con maquinaria agrícola, se

incorporaron las dosis de compost. La siembra fue manual con una

densidad de 66.500 plantas.ha

-1

. Se utilizó un diseño completamente

al azar y tres replicas por tratamiento. Los datos se analizaron con

análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias, análisis de correlación y

evaluación económica. Los resultados indicaron que la incorporación

de abono orgánico al suelo beneció la altura de planta y mazorca,

área foliar, diámetro de tallo, número y rendimiento de mazorcas.

-1

. Se encontró una relación directa y positiva entre la dosis de

enmienda incorporada al suelo y la producción de mazorcas en estado

lechoso-masoso. La aplicación de 30 t.ha

-1

de abono orgánico mostró

los mejores resultados para las variables agronómicas señaladas y

presentó los mejores benecios económicos.

Palabras clave: degradación, fertilidad del suelo, nitrógeno, Zea

mays, lechoso-masoso, nutrición vegetal, suelo

Resumo

A utilização de adubos orgânicos contribui para a melhoria da

fertilidade dos solos agrícolas. Objetivou-se avaliar três doses de adubo

orgânico incorporado ao solo (10, 20 e 30 t.ha

-1

) e uma testemunha,

na produção de milho. O manejo da lavoura foi convencional, após

o preparo do solo com maquinário agrícola, foram incorporadas as

doses de composto. O plantio foi manual com densidade de 66.500

plantas.ha

-1

. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado

e três repetições por tratamento. Os dados foram analisados com

análise de variância, testes de médias, análise de correlação e

avaliação econômica. Os resultados indicaram que a incorporação

de adubo orgânico ao solo beneciou a altura da planta e espiga,

área foliar, diâmetro do caule, número e produtividade de espigas.

-1

. Encontrouse relação direta e positiva entre a dose de corretivo

incorporado ao solo e a produção de espigas em estado pastoso. A

aplicação de 30 t.ha

-1

de adubo orgânico apresentou os melhores

resultados para as variáveis agronômicas indicadas e apresentou os

melhores benefícios econômicos.

Palavras-chave: degradação, fertilidade do solo, nitrogênio, Zea

mays, leitoso-pastoso, nutrição de plantas, solo

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the main crop in Mexico, both in terms

of cultivated area and per capita consumption (Cuevas, 2014). In

2021 in the country, 27,503,477 t were harvested in 7,139,620 ha,

with a production value of 148,601,480 thousand pesos; for the

state of Chiapas the numbers were 1,288,651 t, in 688,517 ha and

5,792,809 thousand pesos, respectively. In the socioeconomic region

La Frailesca, Villaores municipality, 214,481 t were harvested in

60,596 ha, with a production of 1,088,818 thousand pesos; for this

territory, corn produced as a vegetable accumulated 784 ha (SIAP,

2021).

The consumption of corn in an immature state, with high moisture

content and called elote, jojoto, choclo or baby corn, in other

countries, is one of the most traditional and popular forms (boiled,

roasted, in regional dishes or canned); this type of corn is categorized

as a fresh vegetable or vegetable because they are sweeter and tender

(Fernández-González et al., 2014). Corn production has several

advantages over mature grain corn, since the crop cycle is shorter and

favors the opportunity to plant new crops in less time (Espejel-García

et al., 2020), reduces the risk of pests and diseases during post-harvest

(Ortíz-Torres et al., 2013), and allows generating additional income

by marketing the plant as fodder.

In the La Frailesca region, systematic management with

technied agriculture led to negative consequences in the medium

term, particularly on soils (López et al., 2018; López et al., 2019).

This problem demand agroecological alternatives that allow the

improvement and conservation of soils to improve their agroproductive

capacity. Organic amendment is a relevant agrotechnology in the

rehabilitation of the productive capacity of degraded soils (Fortis-

Hernández et al., 2009), because they improve soil structure and

provide nutrients to plants (Acevedo-Alcalá et al., 2020).

The implementation of production models with environmentally

friendly technologies, such as the use of organic fertilizers, can

improve crop yields, as well as plant health, since it implies the

incorporation of new factors, such as: biological, nutritional

and physical factors that improve soil properties (Morales and

Hernández, 2021). The use of organic residues increases pH in acid

soils, phosphorus in alkaline soils, as well as organic matter content

in both soil conditions mentioned above, thus improving nitrogen

concentration in the biomass and increasing grain yield in the crop

(Arrieche & Mora, 2005).

The use of compost improves soil fertility, and therefore the

yield of the corn crop, due to the improvement in the availability of

nutrients for the plant (De Luna-Vega et al., 2016). Álvarez-Solís

et al. (2010), reported increases of 17.7 % in maize grain yield by

incorporating 6 t.ha

-1

of compost in combination with inorganic

fertilization. Lagunes-Domínguez et al. (2018), concluded that the

use of compost in doses of 18.5, 37 and 55.5 t.ha

-1

, reected results,

statistically similar to inorganic fertilization for corn grain mass,

quantifying higher volumes in the higher doses of use of the organic

amendment.

Based on these premises and the availability of ruminant manure,

including bovine manure and vegetable residues in La Frailesca of

Chiapas, as well as literature that reviews the benecial eect of

organic amendments, the objective of the research was to evaluate the

eect of incorporating organic fertilizer in the soil on the production

of corn for vegetables.

Materials and Methods

Location of the study area

The trial was carried out in the municipality of Villaores,

Chiapas, Mexico, located at 16°32’ North Latitude, 93°45’ West

Longitude, mean altitude of 610 masl; warm-sub-humid climate AW

(w”) (i) g, mean annual temperature of 22 ºC, accumulated rainfall

of 1,200 mm (García, 1987) and alluvial soil, locally known as vega

terrain.

Composting

The compost was made at the experimental site, using local

materials. Dried and mechanically ground cattle manure and Cynodon

plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. grass (Azteca

) were mixed in

a 3:1 ratio, placed in piles, watered and stirred for 90 days, with a

frequency of 5 days, to favor aeration. The physical and chemical

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Aguilar et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(1): e234009

3-6 |

characteristics of the compost were determined at the Soil Science

laboratory of the Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas,

Montecillos Campus. The determinations indicated pH 9.30, total N

1.47 %, M.O. 13.19 %, C 7.63 %, C/N 5.19, P 0.49 %, K 0.40 Cmol.

-1

, Ca 0.38 Cmol.kg

-1

, Fe 769.00 ppm, Mn 252.00 Cmol.kg

-1

, Cu

15.50 Cmol.kg

-1

and B 29.70 ppm.

Agronomic management of the crop

The crop was managed similarly to regional sowing for vegetable

production, including the use of the components of modern agriculture

(FIRA, 2022). Soil preparation was carried out with two passes of

mechanical harrowing. In the management of weeds, 15 days before

planting, 10 mL.L

-1

of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine-isopropylamine

acid (1:1) were sprayed with a knapsack sprayer (20 L capacity). The

organic fertilizer was applied and incorporated, manually, with tillage

implements (hoe). For the 10 t.ha

-1

treatment, 25 kg of compost were

used per experimental unit, for the 20 t.ha

-1

treatment, 50 kg, and for

the 30 t.ha

-1

treatment, 75 kg were applied.

Planting was done manually, with a distance of 75 cm between

rows and 20 cm between plants, depositing one hybrid corn seed

(Sorento

NK800) per planting point (66,500 seedlings.ha

-1

Fertilizer 216-16-00 was applied to all treatments, at a rate of 3.50

g.plant

-1

: 15 days after planting (dap) all the phosphorus and half

of the nitrogen was applied, and 30 days after the rst fertilization,

the rest of the nitrogen was applied. The sources of N and P were

ammonium sulfate and phosphonitrate. Additionally, four sprays of foliar

fertilizer were made, at 18 days with Push

(25 mL.L

-1

), at 21 days with

foliar fertilizer 20-30-10 (5 g.L

-1

) plus Boron 9% (5 mL.L

-1

); at 35 and

43 days, Biozime® (5 mL.L

-1

) was added to the foliar fertilization.

Post-emergence weeds were controlled manually and with the

application of non-selective herbicides; at 27 dap with Paraquat

(10 mL.L

-1

), and at 50 dap, Glufosinate Ammonium (10 mL.L

-1

The predominant weeds were: Cyperus rotundus, L., Melampodiem

divaricatum L. C. Rich. DC, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.,

Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers.) and Cynodon plectostachius K. Schum.

The crop was aected by Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith and

Diabrotica balteata Le Conte, for which insecticide applications were

made, at 21 dap Lambdacyhalothrin + Chlorantraniliprole was applied

at a rate of 1.25 mL.L

-1

, and at 35 and 43 dds Chlorpyrifos Ethyl +

Permethrin was applied at a rate of 3.37 mL.L

-1

, nally at 73 dap

Fenpyroximate was sprayed at a rate of 1.00 mL.L

-1

. Twenty sprinkler

irrigations were carried out with the help of a two-inch cannon, fed

with a 6 hp electric pump (Hyundai®). At 88 dap, harvesting (manual)

was carried out, for which the milky-massy grain stage, called corn,

was considered.

Variables evaluated

The variables evaluated were: plant height and height of cob

insertion, measured with the help of a stadial, leaf area (length x

width x 0.75) measured with a tape measure, stem diameter at the

base of the cob insertion, measured with the help of a vernier, number

of cobs, yield of cobs with and without bracts (totomoxtle), ear length

determined with a tape measure and cob diameter measured with

the help of a vernier. For the economic analysis, the methodology of

CIMMyT (1988) was used, including the partial budget and marginal

analysis, for which the commercial yield (kg.ha

-1

) and the costs of

production of corn for vegetables ($) per unit area (ha) in the year

2021 were considered.

Experimental design and analysis

The design used was completely randomized, with three doses

of compost (10, 20 and 30 t.ha

-1

), and a control (0 t.ha

-1

), with three

replicates, for a total of 12 treatments or experimental plots. Plots

measured 5 m wide × 5 m long and 1 m apart, between replicates and

treatments.

An analysis of variance was performed using the Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 19. The Tukey multiple

range test (p<0.05) was applied for the comparison of means and

Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed.

Results and discussion

Agronomic variables

The variables plant and ear height, leaf area and stalk diameter

of corn presented the highest values and were higher and dierent

(p<0.05) when organic fertilizer was applied compared to the control

(Table 1). This indicated a positive eect of organic manure on corn

cob production and biomass for forage. Osuna-Ceja et al. (2015)

reported increases of 50 % in corn forage production in the North

Central zone of Mexico, by application of organic amendments.

The benets of the use of organic fertilizers for corn production

in the immature stage are based on the benet to the solid phase of

the soil, by improving the structure and regulating the temperature;

from the liquid phase, these promote adequate water inltration

and moisture retention, favoring the growth and development of

corn, especially in the grain lling stage, which is fundamental in

the production of the vegetable (Giménez, 2017). Finally, although

it was not measured in this study, compost improves air circulation,

because it improves the total pore space, beneting the gas phase and

collaterally soil microbiology (García Mendívil et al., 2014).

Table 1. Eect of compost on plant height, cob height, leaf area

and stalk diameter of corn.

Organic fertilizer

(t.ha

-1

)

Plant height

(m)

Cob height

(m)

Leaf area

(cm

)

Stem diameter

(cm)

Control (0) 2.07 ± 0.18

1.04 ± 0.13

6.548.80 ± 827

1.67 ± 0.06

10 2.27 ± 0.07

1.21 ± 0.04

7.192.45 ± 860

1.84 ± 0.07

20 2.29 ± 0.07

1.23 ± 0.04

7.235.01 ± 491

1.84 ± 0.06

30 2.30 ± 0.11

1.28 ± 0.09

7.683.27 ± 139

1.85 ± 0.11

C.V. (%)

6.84 10.78 9.94 5.64

a, b

Dierent letters in the same column indicate a signicant statistical dierence,

according to Tukey’s test (p<0.05).

The total number of cobs.ha

-1

was higher and dierent (p<0.05)

in the 30 t.ha

-1

compost treatment compared to the control treatment

which was lower (Table 2). This indicator is of great importance

to arm the positive eect of the use of compost, compared to the

control treatment typically used by producers in the Frailesca region,

Chiapas, Mexico. Similar results were reported by Daza-Torrez

(2014), who experimented the use of compost in corn production

and concluded that its use in combination with inorganic fertilizers,

signicantly improve soil characteristics, such as pH, exchangeable

acidity, available phosphorus, organic matter and C/N and C/P ratios

at the beginning of its application, as well as the concentration of

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234009. Enero-Marzo. ISSN 2477-9408.4-6 |

nutrient elements in corn plants, ten weeks after planting. This

behavior supports the present research with vegetable corn, where

both sources were combined for plant nutrition.

Table 2. Eect of organic fertilizer on number of cobs, yield of

corn cobs with and without bracts.

Organic

fertilizer

(t.ha

-1

)

Number of cobs.

-1

Yield of cobs

with bracts

(kg.ha

-1

)

Yield of cobs

without bracts

(kg.ha-

)

Control (0) 41,200 ±5,381

14,765 ± 1,775

9,785 ± 1,559

10 42,933 ± 4,277

16,528 ± 941

11,381 ± 661

20 44,533 ±1,285

16,533 ± 935

11,615 ± 488

30 49,067 ± 1,514

20,049 ± 1,786

13,098 ± 1,340

C.V. (%) 15.67 19.49 20.97

a, b

Dierent letters in the same column indicate a signicant statistical dierence,

according to Tukey’s test (p<0.05).

The total yield of cobs.ha

-1

with and without bracts was higher

and dierent (p<0.05) with the treatment of greater volume of

compost incorporation (30 t.ha

-1

). The response of maize, to the

treatments of greater amount of organic fertilizer applied, constitutes

a fundamental indicator to infer that the agricultural soils of the

Frailesca region, with high soil degradation, respond positively to

the incorporation of organic amendments. Grageda-Cabrera et al.

(2012), pointed out that one of the benets of biofertilizers is the

increase in plant yield, with a positive response of most crops to

the application of organic fertilizers, due to their nutrient supply.

Organic fertilizers improve soil structure, particularly in soils under

intensive cultivation, compared to chemical fertilization.

Previous research conducted by Aguilar-Jiménez et al. (2019),

on the use of compost in sorghum production in rainfed crops,

reported results similar to those obtained in the present research,

by determining that the best treatments were those with the highest

volume of organic fertilizer incorporation into the soil. As in studies

conducted by Fortis-Hernández et al. (2009), who reported higher

green forage yields when using compost compared to conventional

management.

These elements lead to arm that the use of organic fertilizers

constitutes a relevant agroecological practice for the Frailesca

region, since the basic organic materials for their production are

available to local farmers, being a useful practice for soil recovery,

given the current state of degradation of soils in the territory

(Martínez-Aguilar et al., 2020).

The analysis of the correlation matrix of the main maize growth

variables, reected that plant height, stalk diameter and cob length

and diameter without bracts, were signicantly correlated (p<0.05)

with the response component, cob yield (Table 3).

Table 3. Correlation analysis between variables.

Variables

Plant

height

Stem

diameter

Length

of cobs

without

bracts

Diameter of

cobs without

bracts

Stem diameter 0.691

Length of cobs

without bracts

0.623

0.613

Diameter of cobs

without bracts

0.858

0.770

0.811

Cob yield 0.748

0.513 0.488 0.688

*: Signicant (p<0.05), **Highly signicant (p<0.001).

Cob yield was the most important indicator of maize productivity,

when grown for sale as a vegetable (Ortíz-Torres et al., 2013). The

correlation of plant height with corn cobs diameter also stood out,

which indicated that the higher the plant height, the better the corn

cobs will be obtained for marketing.

It should be noted that the highest productivity of the maize

system for sale in its immature state is the number of cobs

harvested, since its regional marketing is typically done by number

of cobs, so it is desirable to have a high population density and a

high number of cobs per plant. In this regard, Espinosa-Trujillo et

al. (2004), pointed out that higher population densities result in a

greater number of cobs, which has repercussions on the higher yield

of cobs.ha

-1

Economic analysis

Table 4 shows the partial budget, which was based on the

temporary costs for the inputs used and the sale price of corn cobs

per loaf (bag with approximately 120 immature corn cobs) in the

Frailesca region of Chiapas.

Table 4. Partial budget for the use of organic fertilizer.

Concepts

Unit cost

($)

Organic fertilizer (t.ha

-1

)

Control 10 20 30

Yield (tarpaulins per ha) 343 358 371 409

Gross prot ($ ha

-1

) 130 44,633 46,540 48,230 53,170

Compost production ($ t

-1

) 100 0 1.000 2,000 3,000

Compost application ($ ha

-1

) 200 0 200 400 600

Total costs varying ($ ha

-1

) 1,200 2,400 3,600

Total production costs ($ ha

-1

) 13,392 14,592 15,792 16,992

Net Prot ($ ha

-1

) 31,241 31,948 32,438 36,178

Benet/Cost Ratio 2.33 2.19 2.05 2.13

The cost for compost production was considered taking into

account only labor, reusing local inputs, complying with one of the

principles of agroecology (Iermanó et al., 2020). The net benets

were positive in all treatments and were correlated with the doses

of organic fertilizer used, determining as the best treatment, the

incorporation of 30 t.ha

-1

. In addition, it should be noted that the

eect of the incorporation of organic amendments in agricultural

soils, under dierent forms and degrees of decomposition,

constitutes an ecotechnology that subsequently benets soil fertility

and crop nutrition, since soil improvement remains for a prolonged

time beneting the system as a whole (Peralta-Antonio et al., 2019).

The durability of the benets of organic amendments will be

determined by their degree of degradation (Rodríguez et al., 2010).

In this sense, Tlelo-Cuautle et al. (2020) stated that a fundamental

aspect to be analyzed when incorporating organic fertilizers to

degraded agricultural soils is that the agroecological benets

they provide on the system are very broad. In the rst place, the

restoration of soil fertility, through the improvement of its properties

of agronomic interest. Secondly, they improve immediate nutrition,

favoring crop production. Both aspects have a positive impact on

the environmental conditions of the site, and in turn on the family

economy. Although a slight decrease in the Benet/Cost (B/C) ratio

was observed in the three organic manure treatments (due to the

higher cost compared to the control), there are great intangible

benets for the agroecosystem.

The marginal analysis is shown in Table 5. The organic manure

treatments showed positive marginal rates of return, which indicated

that the farmer will obtain benets by investing nancial resources

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Aguilar et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(1): e234009

5-6 |

with the incorporation of organic manure. Thus, going from the control

treatment to incorporating 10, 20 or 30 t.ha

-1

, the agroecosystem

operator would recover the investment, and additionally would have

$ 0.28, $ 0.40 and $ 3.11 additional pesos for each peso invested,

respectively.

Table 5. Marginal analysis of the use of three doses of compost for

corn production.

Treatment (t.ha

-1

)

Cost of production

($.ha)

Net prot

($.ha)

Marginal rate of

return (%)

Control (0,0) 13,392 31,241

10 14,592 31,948 28.91

20 15,792 32,438 40.83

30 16,992 36,178 311.66

Espejel-García et al. (2020), mentioned that corn production oers

economic advantages with respect to dry grain, which accompanied

by agroecological innovations improves the competitiveness of

producers, as happened in the present research with the ecotechnology

related to the application of organic fertilizer. In addition, it is

appropriate to rearm that the application of organic amendments is

a fundamental practice for the ecological management of agricultural

soils, the benets of which will be reected in subsequent crop cycles.

Composting is not a regional limitation, since in the typical

agricultural systems of Frailesca, Chiapas, Mexico, farmers combine

the planting of basic crops and the raising of ruminants, which means

that the basic materials for composting are available.

Conclusions

The agronomic variables of the maize crop harvested in its immature

stage, plant height, cobs height, leaf area, stalk diameter, number of

cobs and cobs yield, were favored by the eect of the incorporation

of compost-type organic fertilizer, correlating positively with the

highest doses of incorporation. From the economic perspective, the

three doses of compost use achieved economic benets. The use

of compost at a dose of 30 t.ha

-1

constitutes a viable alternative to

improve the productivity of corn harvested as a vegetable crop in the

Frailesca region, Chiapas, Mexico.

Literature cited

Acevedo-Alcalá, P., Cruz-Hernández, J. y Taboada-Gaytán, O. R. (2020). Abonos

orgánicos comerciales, estiércoles locales y fertilización química en la

producción de plántula de chile poblano. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana,

43(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2020.1.35

Aguilar-Jiménez, C. E., Toalá-Salas, A., Galdámez-Galdámez, J., Gutiérrez-

Martínez, A., Martínez-Aguilar, F. B., Gómez-Padilla, E., Llaven-

Martínez, J. y Vázquez-Solís, H. (2019). Efecto de la incorporación de

diferentes dosis de abono orgánico en el cultivo de sorgo. En: Huerta

de la, Peña. A., García González. F., Villarreal Manzo. L. A. y Salazar

Magallón. J. A. (Eds.). Agricultura Sostenible. Por la vida por la tierra.

(pp. 30-37). Universidad Autónoma Chapingo-Sociedad Mexicana de

Agricultura Sostenible A. C. https://www.academia.edu/41010698/

Libro_SOMAS

Álvarez-Solís, J. D., Gómez-Velasco, D. A., León-Martínez, N. S. y Gutiérrez-

Miceli, F. A. (2010). Manejo integrado de fertilizantes y abonos orgánicos

en el cultivo de maíz. Agrociencia, 44(5), 575-586. https://agrociencia-

colpos.org/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/821

Arrieche, I. y Mora, O. (2005). Efecto de la aplicación de residuos orgánicos

sobre el cultivo de maíz en suelos degradados del estado de Yaracuy,

Venezuela. Bioagro, 17(3), 155-159. http://www.ucla.edu.ve/bioagro/

Rev17(3)/5.%20Efecto%20de%20la%20aplicacion%20de%20residuos.

pdf

CIMMYT. (1988). La formulación de recomendaciones a partir de datos

agronómicos: un manual metodológico de evaluación económica. Edición

completamente revisada. CIMMYT. https://repository.cimmyt.org/xmlui/

bitstream/handle/10883/1063/9031.pdf

Cuevas Mejía, J. de J. (2014). Maíz: Alimento fundamental en las tradiciones

y costumbres mexicanas. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio

Cultural, 12(2), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2014.12.030

Daza-Torrez, M. C. (2014). Aplicación de compost de residuos de ores en

suelos ácidos cultivados con maíz (Zea mays). Revista Ciencias

Técnicas Agropecuarias, 23(3), 22-29. https://www.redalyc.org/

pdf/932/93231384004.pdf

De Luna-Vega, A., García-Sahagún, M. L., Rodríguez-Guzmán, E. y Pimienta-

Barrios, E. (2016). Evaluación de composta, vermicomposta y excreta de

bovino en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L.). Naturales y Agropecuarias,

3(8), 46-52. https://www.ecorfan.org/bolivia/researchjournals/Ciencias_

Naturales_y_Agropecuarias/vol3num8/Revista_Ciencias_Naturales_

V3_N8_7.pdf

Espejel-García, A., Jauregui García, C. Z. y Hernández Montes, A. (2020).

Caracterización, innovación y competitividad de la producción de elotes

en el Estado de Jalisco, México. ECONÓMICAS CUC, 41(2), 49-64.

https://doi.org/10.17981/econcuc.41.2.2020.Org.3

Espinosa-Trujillo, E., Mendoza-Castillo, M. del Carmen y Ortiz-Cereceres, J.

(2004). Rendimiento de grano y sus componentes en poblaciones prolícas

de maíz, en dos densidades de siembra. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana,

27(Especial_1), 39-41. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/610/61009908.pdf

Fernández-González, I., Jaramillo-Villanueva, J. L., Hernández-Guzmán, J.

A. y Cadena-Iñiguez, P. (2014). Evaluación agronómica y sensorial

de ocho genotipos de maíz (Zea mays L.) para la producción de elote.

Agroproductividad, 7(6), 47-51. https://revista-agroproductividad.org/

index.php/agroproductividad/article/view/565

Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relación con la Agricultura (FIRA). (2022).

Agrocostos. Dirección de Investigación y Evaluación Económica y

Sectorial. https://www.ra.gob.mx/InfEspDtoXML/TemasUsuario.jps.

Fortis-Hernández, M., Leos-Rodríguez, J. A., Preciado-Rangel, P., Orona-Castillo,

I., García-Salazar, J. A., García-Hernández, J. L. y Orozco-Vidal, J.

A. (2009). Aplicación de abonos orgánicos en la producción de maíz

forrajero con riego por goteo. Terra Latinoamericana, 27(4), 329-336.

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/573/57313040007.pdf

García, E. (1987). Modicación al sistema de clasicación climática de Koppen

2ª ed. Instituto de geografía. Universidad Autónoma de México. http://

www.publicaciones.igg.unam.mx/index.php/ig/catalog/view/83/82/251-1

García Mendívil, H. A., Balderrama Corona, P. J., Castro Espinoza, L., Mungarro

Ibarra, C., Arellano Gil, M., Martínez, J. L., & Gutiérrez Coronado, M.

A. (2014). Efecto del abono de sustrato gastado de champiñón en el

rendimiento de frijol Phaseolus vulgaris L. Terra latinoamericana, 32(1),

69-76. https://www.terralatinoamericana.org.mx/index.php/terra/article/

view/20/18

Giménez, L. (2017). Respuesta del maíz y la soja a diferentes disponibilidades

hídricas en distintas etapas de desarrollo. Agrociencia Uruguay, 21(2),

77-90. http://agrocienciauruguay.uy/index.php/agrociencia/article/

view/160/142

Grageda-Cabrera, O. A., Díaz-Franco, A., Peña-Cabriales, J. J. y Vera-Nuñez, J. A.

(2012). Impacto de los biofertilizantes en la agricultura. Revista Mexicana

de Ciencias Agrícolas, 3(6), 1261-1274. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/

remexca/v3n6/v3n6a15.pdf

Iermanó, M. J., Paleologos, M. F. y Sarandón, S. J. (2020). Biodiversidad funcional:

comprensión y evaluación para el manejo agroecológico. En: Sarandón,

S. J. (ed.). Biodiversidad, agroecología y agricultura sustentable.

(pp. 268-293). Universidad Nacional de La Plata. EDULP. https://

www.agroecologia.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/biodiversidad-

agroecologia-santiago-sarandon.pdf

Lagunes-Domínguez, A., Vilaboa-Arroniz, J., Platas-Rosado, D. E., López-

Romero, G. y Alonso-López, A. (2018). Evaluación de diferentes niveles

de composta como estrategia de fertilización en el cultivo de maíz

(Zea mays L.). Agro Productividad, 11(1), 32-36. https://www.revista-

agroproductividad.org/index.php/agroproductividad/article/view/147

López Báez, W., Reynoso Santos, R., López Martínez, J., Camas Gómez, R. y

Tasistro, A. (2018). Diagnóstico de la compactación en suelos cultivados

con maíz en la Región Fraylesca, Chiapas. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias

Agrícolas, 9(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i1.848

López Báez, W., Reynoso Santos, R., López Martínez, J., Villar Sánchez, B.,

Camas Gómez, R. y García Santiago, J. O. (2019). Caracterización

físico-química de suelos cultivados con maíz en Villaores, Chiapas.

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 10(4), 897-910. https://doi.

org/10.29312/remexca.v10i4.1764

Martínez-Aguilar, F. B., Guevara-Hernández, F., Aguilar-Jiménez, C. E.,

Rodríguez-Larramendi, L. A. y Reyes-Sosa, M. B. (2020). Características

sicoquímicas y biológicas del suelo cultivado con maíz en sistemas

convencionales, agroecológicos y mixtos en la Frailesca, Chiapas.

Terra Latinoamericana, 38(4), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.

v38i4.793

Morales, V. E. y Hernández, A. (2021). Epitiología de la pudrición carbónica

causada por Macrophomina phaseolina en soja fertilizada con biol y

biosol. Bioagro, 33(2), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.51372/bioagro332.3

Ortíz-Torres, E., Antonio-López, P., Gil-Muñoz, A., Guerrero-Rodríguez, J. de

D., López-Sánchez, H., Taboada-Gaytán, O. R., Hernández-Guzmán,

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234009. Enero-Marzo. ISSN 2477-9408.6-6 |

J. A. y Valadez-Ramírez, M. (2013). Rendimiento y calidad de elote en

poblaciones nativas de maíz de Tehuacán, Puebla. Revista Chapingo, Serie

Horticultura, 19(2), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2012.02.006

Osuna-Ceja, E. S., Arias-Chávez, L. E., Núñez-Hernández, G. y González

Castañeda, F. (2015). Producción de forrajes de temporal con estiércol

bovino y captación de agua en siembra a triple hilera. Revista Mexicana

de Ciencias Agrícolas, 6(8), 1743-1756. https://doi.org/10.29312/

remexca.v6i8.492

Peralta-Antonio, N., Bernardo de Freitas, G., Watthier, M. y Silva-Santos, R. H.

(2019). Compost, bokashi y microorganismos ecientes: sus benecios en

cultivos sucesivos de brócolis. IDESIA. 37(2), 59-66. https://www.idesia.

cl/index.php?option=com_volumenes&view=d&aid=951&vid=87

Rodríguez Macías, R., Alcantar González, E. G.; Iñiguez Covarrubias, G.,

Zamora Natera, F., García López, P. M., Ruiz López, M. A. y Salcedo

Pérez, E. (2010) Caracterización física y química de sustratos agrícolas

a partir de bagazo de agave tequilero. Interciencia, 35(7), 515-520.

https://www.interciencia.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/515-c-

RODR%C3%8DGUEZ-MAC%C3%8DAS-7.pdf

Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP). (2021). Anuario

Estadístico de la Producción Agrícola. SAGARPA. https://nube.siap.gob.

mx/cierreagricola/

Tlelo-Cuautle, A. M., Taboada-Gaytán, O. R., Cruz-Hernández, J., López-

Sánchez, H. y López, P. A. (2020). Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y

química en el rendimiento de fruto de chile poblano. Revista Fitotecnia

Mexicana, 43(3), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2020.3.238