*Corresponding author: gustavo.jaimes2@unipamplona.edu.co

Gustavo Adolfo Jaimes Flórez

Dixon Fabián Flórez Delgado

César Villamizar Quiñonez

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234002

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v40.n1.02

Socioeconomics

Associate editor: Dra. Fatima Urdaneta

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Keywords:

Characterization

Indicators

Sheep farming

Critical point

Sustainability evaluation of sheep production in the páramo ecosystem of Cerrito

Santander municipality, Colombia

Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de la producción ovina en el ecosistema de páramo del municipio

Cerrito Santander, Colombia

Avaliação da sustentabilidade da produção ovina no ecossistema páramo no município de Cerrito

Santander, Colombia

Zootecnista, Especialista en Planeación para la Educación

Ambiental, Maestría en Extensión y Desarrollo Rural.

Docente Departamento de Zootecnia. Grupo de investigación

GIAS. Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia.

Zootecnista, Magister en Sistemas sostenibles de

producción, Docente Departamento de Zootecnia. Grupo de

Investigación GIAS. Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona,

Colombia.

Ingeniero Agrónomo, Magister en Ciencias agropecuarias,

Grupo de investigación GIAS. Profesor Asociado

Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia.

Received: 24-06-2022

Accepted:

22-11-2022

Published: 19-12-2022

Abstract

The preservation of natural resources and the production of enough

food to meet the demands of a growing human population will be one of

the most important challenges that the world will have to face in the coming

years, hence the need to promote the sustainable use of the resources. The

objective of this research was to evaluate the sustainability of the sheep

production system in the páramo ecosystem, municipality of Cerrito-

Santander, Colombia. A survey was applied to 15 sheep farmers, allowing

the characterization of the production system and the georeferencing of

farms. This information was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics,

using SPSS software, version 24, this allowed to present the most relevant

aspects of sheep production in the sector. Participatory workshops were held

with the producers, to select and evaluate the sustainability indicators of

sheep production systems in the páramo area, which were visualized by a

biogram or spider web graph. Finally, strategic guidelines were formulated

to respond to the critical points of sheep production. Most producers prefer

the commercialization of wool and the use of the animal’s discarded stages

to obtain economic income from the sale of meat. Critical points (food

supplements, type of state support received, use of veterinary services and

use of energy sources) and favorable points (cost of raw materials, food

security and water sources) were evidenced for the economic, social and

environmental dimensions. It is necessary to focus attention on the critical

points and apply the strategic guidelines, since together with the favorable

points they will allow generation and establishment of more sustainable

sheep production systems.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234002. Enero-Marzo. ISSN 2477-9407.

2-7 |

Resumen

La preservación de los recursos naturales y la producción de

alimentos sucientes para satisfacer las demandas de una población

humana en crecimiento será uno de los retos más importantes que

el mundo tendrá que enfrentar en los próximos años, de allí la

necesidad de fomentar el uso sostenible de los recursos. El objetivo

de este trabajo fue evaluar la sostenibilidad del sistema ovino en el

ecosistema de páramo, municipio de Cerrito-Santander, Colombia.

Se aplicó un cuestionario a 15 ovinocultores, permitiendo realizar

la caracterización del sistema de producción y la georreferenciación

de los predios. Esta información se analizó aplicando estadística

descriptiva mediante el software SPSS, versión 24. Se efectuaron

talleres participativos con los productores, para seleccionar y

evaluar los indicadores de sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos

ovinos en zona de páramo, los cuales fueron visualizados por medio

de un biograma o gráco de telaraña. Finalmente se formularon

lineamientos estratégicos para responder a los puntos críticos de

la producción ovina. La mayoría de los productores le apuesta a la

comercialización de lana y a aprovechar las etapas de descarte del

animal para obtener ingresos económicos por la venta de carne. Se

evidenciaron puntos críticos (suplementos alimenticios, tipo de apoyo

estatal recibido, uso de servicios veterinarios y uso de fuentes de

energía) y favorables (costo materias primas, seguridad alimentaria

y fuentes de agua). Es necesario centrar la atención sobre los puntos

críticos y aplicar los lineamientos estratégicos, ya que junto con los

puntos favorables permitirá generar y establecer sistemas productivos

ovinos más sostenibles.

Palabras clave: caracterización, indicadores, ovinocultura, nudos

críticos.

Resumo

A preservação dos recursos naturais e a produção de alimentos

sucientes para atender as demandas de uma população humana

crescente será um dos desaos mais importantes que o mundo terá

que enfrentar nos próximos anos, daí a necessidade de promover o

uso sustentável dos recursos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a

sustentabilidade do sistema ovino no ecossistema páramo, município

de Cerrito-Santander, Colômbia. Foi aplicado um inquérito a 15

criadores de ovinos, permitindo a caracterização do sistema de

produção e o georreferenciamento das explorações. Essas informações

foram analisadas por meio da aplicação de estatística descritiva,

apresentando os aspectos mais relevantes da produção de ovinos

no setor, utilizando o software SPSS, versão 24. Foram realizadas

ocinas participativas com os produtores, para selecionar e avaliar os

indicadores de sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção de ovinos

na área do páramo, que foram visualizados por meio de um biograma

ou gráco de teia de aranha. Por m, foram formuladas diretrizes

estratégicas para responder aos pontos críticos da produção ovina. A

maioria dos produtores aposta na comercialização da lã e aproveita

as etapas de descarte do animal para obter uma renda econômica com

a venda da carne. Pontos críticos (suplementos alimentares, tipo de

apoio estatal recebido, uso de serviços veterinários e uso de fontes

de energia) e pontos favoráveis (custo de matérias-primas, segurança

alimentar e fontes hídricas) foram evidenciados para a dimensão

econômica, social e ambiental. É necessário focar a atenção nos

pontos críticos e aplicar as diretrizes estratégicas, pois juntamente

com os pontos favoráveis permitirá a geração e implantação de

sistemas de produção ovina mais sustentáveis.

Palabras-chave: caracterização, indicadores, ovinocultura, ponto

crítico.

Introduction

One of the most important challenges that the world will have

to face in the coming years is related to the preservation of natural

resources and the production of enough food to meet the demands

of a growing human population (Contreras, 2021). The United

Nations Organization (UN, 2018), states that by 2030, sustainable

consumption and production consist of promoting the ecient use

of resources, energy and the construction of environmental friendly

infrastructure.

For a long time, some countries have developed environmental,

economic and social indicators, since they have served as the basis for

future research, where it is intended to achieve that balance between

each and every one of the factors that inuence sustainability, creating

a synergistic and binding environment for all sectors (Quiroga, 2001).

Sustainable agriculture refers to the need to minimize the degradation

of agricultural land, while maximizing production. Thus, dierent

activities are considered, such as soil, water and crop management,

biodiversity conservation, food supply and raw materials. (Martínez-

Castillo, 2009).

The management of sheep production systems varies according

to the agricultural region in which they are developed and involves

multiple factors associated with the animal’s management and with

the environment where the activity is carried out. (Dutruel and De

Caro, 2019). Thus, the environmental component is one of the most

important factors, since a balance must be sought between the use

of water, land and waste management, as in the case of greenhouse

gas emissions (caused by these ruminants), in order to contribute to

the sustainability of agricultural production. (Pulido, et al., 2018).

However, it should be noted, that production systems based on grazing

are more sustainable than those based on having large numbers of

animals in stables, because the presence of pastures and in some cases

trees, allows carbon sequestration produced by animals. (Contreras et

al., 2019; Chávez-Espinoza et al., 2022).

In recent years, sheep production conditions have changed

substantially, inuenced by factors such as climate risk, new

approaches to animal health and welfare, the crisis of raw materials

and/or the perception that consumers have of the livestock (Chávez-

Espinoza et al., 2022; Avendaño and Navarro, 2020).

The municipality of Cerrito Santander is not an exempt from

these problems that are generated in livestock production systems in

páramo areas, since sheep production systems are mainly made up of

small and medium-sized producers who have traditionally focused on

extensive management, without grazing control, genetic and sanitary

component, reecting low zootechnical indexes, and generating

environmental problems, mainly due to the ignorance of the impact

that this activity is generating on the agroecosystem. However, from

the municipal government, this productive sector is promoted by

a development plan, with an economic, social and environmental

approach, through the implementation of strategies and programs to

overcome the problems of the rural population, seeking to improve

the working, productive and competitive conditions that will lead to

an environment of growth and well-being (Alcaldía Municipal, 2020).

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

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Nevertheless, it is important to carry out more in-depth studies to

identify and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the sustainability

of each production system (economic, social and environmental), thus

facilitating the adoption of changes or the most appropriate corrective

measures according to the problems detected. Given the foregoing, it

was proposed to evaluate the sheep production system in the Páramo

ecosystem in the municipality of Cerrito, Santander, Colombia; In

order to achieve this objective, it was necessary to 1) Characterize the

sheep production system by applying a holistic approach that seeks

to address the reality of sheep farmers, in the páramo ecosystem of

the Cerrito Santander municipality, from dierent areas (Sarandón,

2021). 2) Evaluate the dimensions and critical points through the

selected sustainability variables and 3) Formulate strategies for

sheep production in the páramo ecosystem of the Cerrito Santander

municipality, Colombia.

Materials and methods

Study population

The research was carried out in the area of the Almorzadero

páramo at the Cerrito municipality, which is located in the eastern

part of Santander department, located to the Northeast of the García

Rovira Province and approximately 22 km from the city of Malaga,

capital of the province; 188 km from Bucaramanga, capital of the

Department, and 390 km from the city of Bogotá, capital of the

country. It is located at an altitude of 2,500 meters above sea level,

at 73° and 0.3 minutes east longitude, 6° and 0.1 minutes north

longitude.

A satellite image was developed with the help of the mobile

application “GPS coordinate”, which allowed a map preparation

and also nd the satellite location in Google Earth of each of the

properties at the páramo agroecosystem. These farms were delimited

with a perimeter of 51.25 km and a total area of 120.87 km

(gure 1).

Figure 1. Location of Cerrito municipality in Santander and in

Colombia.

Data collection techniques

Using a participatory action methodology, a questionnaire was

applied to 15 sheep farmers selected by intentional non-probabilistic

sampling, in which three dimensions were taken into account:

economic, social and environmental. Questionnaire was validated by

two experts in the area of animal husbandry and productive projects.

Then, with the participation of sheep farmers, sustainability

variables were selected, through a participatory workshop and

application of diagnostic tools, under a focus group technique, which

Jaimes

et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(1): e234002

seeks to collect data through a semi-structured group survey that

revolves around around a theme proposed by the researcher (Rodas

and Pacheco, 2020).

Data analysis techniques

Univariate statistical techniques: frequency distribution and

measures of central tendency (according to the nature of the data)

were used through the SPSS V24 program, which allowed the initial

characterization of the sheep production system to be carried out.

Before the sustainability evaluation, sheep farmers selected by

consensus the variables that they considered most important, and

then, they proceeded to rank them and these results were represented

in a biogram or spider web graph, which shows a multidimensional

diagram with the representation of the respective indices, and indicate

the “state” of the agricultural production systems, since each radius

(axis) represents a calculation indicator. The diagram was made using

Excel 365 V16 program. In this case, each radius had a maximum value

of 10, so each indicator ranged from 0 to 10, which were assigned in

consensus by the producers during the development of the workshops

(Barrantes et al., 2018). In this way, according to the shaded area in

the graph, it was possible to identify indicators in collapse (values less

than 2), in a critical situation (between 2 and 4), unstable (between

4 and 6), stable (between 6 and 8) and optimal situation (between 8

and 10). Finally, strategic guidelines were proposed to respond to the

critical points of sustainability in these systems.

Results y discusion

Figure 2 shows the “veredas” or villages located in the páramo

ecosystem, False Corral is the one that predominates with the greatest

number of sheep production systems in the Mortiño sector, followed

by Tierra Negra sector, which its heights above sea level range from

2,865 to 4,150 meters, this implies a strong adaptation and resilience

of the sheep species to climatic and altitude conditions (Petryna and

Bayer, 2011).

Figure 2. Number of farms or properties by each villages in the

Cerrito municipality, department of Santander.

Characterization of Sheep Production System

Social dimension

The 93 % of respondents are male and their average age is 47±12

years. 47 % of the farms can be reached by road and the rest by tertiary

roads and bridle paths, because the accesses to the farms cannot be

intervened due toit is a protected páramo area. It stands out that 60 %

of the sheep farmers are owners of their houses, the average number

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234002. Enero-Marzo. ISSN 2477-9407.

4-7 |

of people who share the house is approximately 4. The school level

of the majority is primary and secondary (67 %), aliated to the

Potential Identication System Beneciaries of Social Programs of

Colombia (SISBEN), classied in levels I and II. The source of

income comes from agricultural and livestock activities (66 %);

93 % state that they have not received any support from entities or

organizations. An advantage of the production systems in the study

area is that most of them are owners of their farms, so they take

care of animal welfare and the environment where they live as an

integral approach to the production system. The level of schooling

observed is important when it comes to developing income-

generating activities.

Economic dimensión

Most of the production systems (74 %) of the Cerrito sheep

farmers developed a mixed production activity (table 1), that is,

they combine several production purposes such as wool, meat and

breeding. Likewise, it was observed that the sheep breeds that are

handled the most are Romney marsh, Hampshire and Moro, which

are characteristic of this moorland area because they are resilient

to the climate and also provide wool and meat, as well as for sale

as breeding stock, contributing to the food security of the área; by

tradition, they carry out this activity in the dierent stages of the

species, generating meat for sale and consumption, and wool that

they market for further processing.

Table 1. Production systems in Cerrito municipality.

Tipe of productive system Frecuency % Acumulative %

Mixed (Wool, Meat, Breed) 11 74 74

Double Purpose 2 13 87

Integral 2 13 100

Total 15 100

The average farm size of the sheep farmers was registered in

47±53 ha, however, this variability is an indication that more than

half of these producers have small extensions of land, consistent

information with the fact that 53 % of the participants have less

than 32 sheep/farm, 20 % have between 45 and 60 animals and

only the remaining (27 %) have more than 150 sheep/farm with a

maximum of 398 animals (table 2). Likewise, it is highlighted that

a large extension of each property is used for livestock based on

natural pastures.

In this sense, it was observed that natural pastures area

predominates, data consistent with (Aristizábal, 2019), who states

that most of the mountainous areas of the national territory are

suitable for raising sheep and goats. On the other hand, it was

observed that the existence of improved pastures is reduced or

minimal due to the climatic and agroecological conditions of the

páramo sector, likewise, because of the traditional culture that

they maintain in the sheep activity of the región, sheep production

in this region is combined with other livestock species and some

agricultural activities, contributing to the food security of families

and the territory (table 2).

Environmental dimension

In this dimension, the availability and use of water resources

was addressed, observing that four out of ve sheep farmers have

the culture of managing water reserves for human consumption,

only few producers are supplied by the aqueduct. The streams are

the main source of water in the majority of sheep farms, giving

domestic use as human and animal consumption, including during

the summer periods. As a second alternative they have springs,

wells and “Jagüeyes” or supercial water reservoirs that are used

mainly for animal management (table 3). 80 % of the producers

implement dierent mechanisms to conserve and preserve the water

sources that are used for animal consumption.

Table 2. Distribution of land use for properties in the

municipality of Cerrito.

Land use Average area (ha)

Total 47 ± 53

Natural pastures 19 ± 16

Improved pastures 5 ± 4

Livestock 24 ± 14

Others species 10 ± 9

Crops 7 ± 9

Conservation 17 ± 10

Table 3. Sources of water used by sheep farmers in Cerrito

municipality for human and animal consumption and

for agricultural activities.

Uses Source Frecuency (%)

Preservation/conservation

of water sources

Yes

Domestic use

Aqueduct 2 14

River ravine 9 60

River source 2 13

Well 2 13

Animal use

River ravine 11 73

Supercial water

reservoirs

3 20

River ravine and

Supercial water

reservoirs

1 7

Summer use

Animals

River ravine 5 34

River source 5 33

Well 5 33

Irrigation

River ravine 5 33

River source 3 20

Well 3 20

Did not answer 4 27

Participatory identication of variables for the sustainability

evaluation

In the meetings with focus groups, a consensus was reached

together with the sheep farmers to determine the variables regarding

the three dimensions addressed

The sustainability evaluation in these three dimensions allowed

to approach the sheep production system from a holistic and integral

perspective and not only from the productive aspects or parameters.

This is how sustainability contemplates aspects of social order

that involve variables of the producer and his family, while the

environmental variable focuses on the rational use of available

natural resources. These two variables have a direct impact and are

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Jaimes et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(1): e234002

5-7 |

related to the economic dimension that is based on the indicators of

the production process.

Table 4. Dimensions and variables of sustainability.

Dimension Variable

Economical

Natural mating (NM) Record of information (RI)

Animal Supplements (AS)

Mixed production system de

(MPS)

Raw material costs for animal feed (RMC)

Social

Type of support received

(TSR)

Use of veterinary services (UVS)

Schooling grade (SG) Home ownership (HO)

Food safety (FS)

Ambiental

Water sources (WS) Use of energy sources (UES)

Soil conservation practices

(SCP)

Soil management-land use (SMLU)

Sustainability evaluation

Despite the fact, that dierent studies have been developed to

evaluate the sustainability of sheep production systems, a consensus

has not been generated in order to establishes a set of indicators

for universal use; Therefore, the use of indicators as a part of a

multicriteria analysis allows quantifying the dierent aspects related

to the productive systems (Vargas et al., 2022).

Figure 3 shows the spider web graph for the economic dimension.

Five variables were evaluated for this dimension and it was possible

general observe an optimal behavior for the development in this

dimensión, since most of the variables are in a state named “stable”

(RI, MPS, NM) and “optimal” (RMC). However, it is important

to pay attention to the food supplement variable (AS) that is in a

“critical” state, then a critical problem or knot is being evidenced for

the economic dimension in these productive systems.

Figure 3. Spider web graph for the economic dimension. NM:

natural mating; AS: animal supplements; RMC: raw

materials costs for animal feeding; RI: record of

information; MPS: mixed production system.

Velázquez (2019), evaluated sustainability of three sheep

production systems, indicating that the processes of productive

diversication and marketing are essential in the economic dimension

of the productive unit. The record of information is a key tool

that allows the producer to make the correct decision-making by

generating indicators that lead to constant monitoring, evaluation and

feedback of the productive system. At the nancial level, accounting

records will allow the producer to have solid foundations that direct

him to estimate real production costs and determine the prot margin

of the production system.

In the social dimension, ve variables were evaluated (gure

4) and it was possible to observe that most of the variables are in a

critical state named “unstable” (SG) and “collapse” (UVS, TSR). The

use of veterinary medicines becomes a limitation for many of these

production systems due to the high costs its represent, becoming a

problema, that in the long term can lead to health problems for the

animals and nally to economic losses that aect family income of

these producers. The type of support received by the producers is

limited, although, they have the help of goverment entities for the

provision of veterinary services, such as the UMATA (Municipal

Units of Agricultural Technical Assistance), the long distances

between their properties and the municipal head mean that they do not

go to them, taking as a solution to implement all kinds of of empirical

maneuvers to treat and save their cattle.

Velázquez (2019), mentions that the social sustainability of sheep

production systems represents a great impact on the quality of life of

both the producer and the people related to this economic sector. This

is how, knowledge transfer activities and incentives are fundamental

in order to lead to the improvement of the productive processes

themselves.

Figure 4. Spider web graph for the social dimensión. UVS: Use

of veterinary services; HO: Home ownership; TSR: type

of support received; SG: Schooling grade, FS: food safety.

There were four variables for the environmental dimension

(gure 5), one of them in a critical state named “unstable” (UES). The

current state of the variable related to the use of energy sources places

it in a condition that shows the limited access that sheep farmers have

to this, especially those that represent an environmental benet (solar

energy, wind energy, hydraulic power, etc.).

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(1): e234002. Enero-Marzo. ISSN 2477-9407.

6-7 |

Figure 5. Spider web graph for the environmental dimensión.

UES: use of energy sources; SMLU: Soil management-

land use; WS: water fsources, SCP; soil conservation

practices.

The environmental dimension (EnD) is especially oriented to

the process of management and conservation of resources such as

water sources and soil (Velázquez, 2019). Alternative energy sources

are necessary especially for small and medium farmers that lead to

optimize the use of resources and therefore to improve the prot

margin.

Finally, gure 6 shows the index obtained for each dimension,

showing that the economic (ED) and environmental dimensions are

generally in an optimal state, while the social dimension (SD) is in a

state of instability in the production systems. Thus, it is important to

focus attention on the variables of the SD since, in order to advance

towards the development of sustainable sheep production systems,

it is necessary to improve the aspects involved into the viability and

permanence of sheep producers (Chiappe, 2001).

Strategic guidelines for sustainable sheep production

In the environmental dimension, something very important to

note is that sheep are able to survive in a wide variety of climates and

environments and enhance agricultural production in both developed

and underdeveloped regions of the world (Redden and Thorne, 2020).

So a sustainable future for sheep and goat production is perceived

by promoting the utilization of grasses and forages, grazed in situ,

using resources such as hill land that cannot sustain other productive

enterprises (McCoard et al., 2019)

In the economic dimension, it is proposed to have sheep breeders

according to genetic plan (meat and wool); the implementation of

articial insemination protocols and early weaning to stimulate early

estrus in ewes; crossbreeding strategies in search of productivity and

added value; stabilization of the ow of ewes (inows = outows);

among others strategies. A signicant contribution that makes visible

the problems that the Agricultural and Rural Sector is going through,

is strictly related to the lack of protability in most productive

activities, and at a greater disadvantage for small and medium

producers. Therefore, it is proposed to develop productive projects

through the association of sheep farmers to bring resources to the

community in order to promote the improvement of productivity and

competitiveness of regional production.

Finally, the social dimension includes training to farmers on the

implementation of sanitary, nutritional and management plans with

the participation of the family nucleus; certication in good livestock

and animal welfare practices; and the promotion of rural tourism,

ecotourism and adventure tourism as a way to bring communities

closer together through activities of coexistence and interaction in all

social, cultural and productive expressions of daily life.

Conclusions

Characterization showed a low schooling grade and a lack of

support received from state entities for sheep farmers, a situation that

leads to a lack of technication in the production systems and has an

impact on the momentum of the production chain. On the other hand,

most producers focus on marketing wool and taking advantage of the

animal’s discard stages to obtain economic income from the sale of

meat. Optimal production parameters obtained in the breeding system

is related to the availability of water, which is obtained from water

sources such as streams. However, given the limited availability of

water resources, producers resort to using wells and supercial water

reservoirs in the soil.

The evaluation of the sustainability of sheep systems made it

possible to establish their critical points. In this case, critical points

were identied for the economic dimension (feed supplements and

animal housing systems), the social dimension (type of government

support received and use of veterinary services) and the environmental

dimension (use of energy sources).

It was also possible to establish the favorable points for the

sustainability of production systems in the economic dimension (cost

of raw materials), social dimension (food security) and environmental

dimension (soil conservation practices and water sources), showing

that sheep production in páramo agroecosystems is viable to generate

food security, taking into account the care of water sources and soil

conservation, while improving the quality of life and living conditions

of families. In this way, this system of small livestock production is a

signicant item for small and medium-sized producers, contributing

to social, economic and environmental development.

Figure 6. Web plots for economic dimension (ED), social

dimension (SD) and environmental dimension (EnD).

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Jaimes et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(1): e234002

7-7 |

It is necessary to focus attention on the critical points mentioned

above and apply the strategic guidelines generated for each of them,

since, together with the favorable points, they will make possible to

generate and establish more sustainable sheep production systems.

Literature cited

Alcaldía municipal (2020). Plan de desarrollo municipal Cerrito Santander. https://

cerritosantander.micolombiadigital.gov.co/sites/cerritosantander/content/

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