This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Hernández et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e2239475-6 |
formation of globose tyloses in the conducting cells of the xylem was
also noticeable (Figures 2E, 2F). The systemic invasion of bacteria of
the Pectobacterium and Dickeya genus through the xylem has been
documented by several authors (Kastelein et al., 2020; Czajkowski et
al., 2010; Pérombelon, 2002).
Regarding the presence of tyloses in the xylem of plants affected
by P. carotovorum, there are no previous reports in the available
literature; however, it is assumed that it is possibly a defense reaction
of the plants of the potato variety studied to the attack of the bacterium,
as occurs with R. solanacearum and other vascular pathogens (Yadeta
and Tomma, 2013). It should be noted that the fact that tylosis is due
to a reaction to mechanical damage is ruled out since these were not
observed in the plants of the control treatment.
Conclusions
R. solanacearum and P. carotovorum caused histological changes
in the stem of S. tuberosum of the Kennebec variety. In the case of
R. solanacearum, obstruction was predominantly observed in the
secondary xylem due to the formation of tyloses, which explains the
wilting of the plants, while in the case of P. carotovorum, the most
noticeable anatomical change was maceration of the stem tissues, in
addition to the obstruction in the conducting cells of the xylem due
to tylosis.
Acknowledgment
The authors express their gratitude to the Council for Scientic
and Humanistic Development of the Central University of Venezuela
(CDCH-UCV), for funding this research through Project No. PG- 01-
8720-2013/1.
Literature cited
Agyemang, P. A., Niamul, M. D., Kersey, C. M., & Korsi, C. (2020). The bacterial
soft rot pathogens, Pectobacterium carotovorum and P. atrosepticum,
respond to different classes of virulence-inducing host chemical signals.
Horticulturae, 6 (13), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6010013
Artschwager, E. R. (1920). Pathological anatomy of potato blackleg. Journal of
Agricultural Research, 20, 325-330. https://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/
IND43966302
Álvarez, B., Biosca E. G., & López, M. M. (2010). On the life of Ralstonia
solanacearum, a destructive bacterial plant pathogen. En: Mendez-Vilas,
A. (Ed.), Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied
Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (pp. 267-279). Formatex
Research Center. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267772811
Barras, F., Van Gijsegem, F., & Chatterjee, A. K. (1994). Extracellular enzymes
and pathogenesis of soft-rot Erwinia. Annual Review of Phytopathology,
32, 201–234. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234838093
Buddenhagen, I. and Kelman, A. (1964). Biological and physiological aspect
of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annual
Review of Phytopathology, 2, 203-230. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
py.02.090164.001223
Charkowski, A. O. (2015). Biology and control of Pectobacterium in potato.
American Journal of Potato Research, 92, 223-229. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12230-015-9447-7
Charkowski, A. O. (2018). The changing face of bacterial soft-rot diseases.
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 56, 269-288. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-
phyto-080417- 045906
Charkowski A., Sharma, K., Parker, M. L., Secor, G. A., & Elphinstone, J. (2020).
Bacterial diseases of potato. En: Campos, H. y Ortiz, O. (Eds.), The
Potato Crop (pp. 351-388). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-
28683-5_10
Czajkowski R., De Boer, W. J., Van Veen, J. A., & Van der Wolf, J. M. (2010).
Downward vascular translocation of a green uorescent protein-tagged
strain of Dickeya sp. (Biovar 3) from stem and leaf inoculation sites on
potato. Phytopathology, 100 (11), 1128–1137. https://doi.org/10.1094/
PHYTO-03-10-0093
Czajkowski, R., Grabe, G. J., & Van der Wolf, J. M. (2009). Distribution of
Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in
naturally infected seed potatoes. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125, 263–275.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-009-9480-9
FAOSTAT Food and agriculture data. (2022) Database update on August https://
www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize
Ferreira V., Pianzzola, M. J., Vilaró, F. L., Galván, G. A., Tondo, M. L., Rodriguez,
M. V., Orellano, E. G., Valls, M., & Siri M. I. (2017). Interspecic potato
breeding lines display differential colonization patterns and induced
defense responses after Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Frontiers in
Plant Science, 8, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01424
Fiers, M., Edel-Hermann, V., Chatot, C., Le Hingrat, Y., Alaboivette, C., &
Steinberg, C. (2012). Potato soil-borne diseases. A review. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development, 32, 93-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-
011-0035-z
Genin, S., and Denny, T. P. (2012). Pathogenomics of the Ralstonia solanacearum
species Complex. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 50(1), 67-89. https://
doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173000
Gayathiri, F., Bharathi B., & Priya K. (2018). Study of the enumeration of twelve
clinical important bacterial populations at 0.5 McFarland Standard.
International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 6(2), 880-
893. https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1807341.pdf
Grimault, V., Gelie, B., Lemattre, M., Prior, P., & Schmit, J. (1994). Comparative
histology of resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars infected
by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Physiological and Molecular Plant
Pathology 44, 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-5765(05)80105-5
Hayward, A. C. (1991). Biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by
Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 29, 65–
87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.29.090191.000433
Hernández, Y., Mariño, N., Trujillo, G., & Urbina, T. (2005) Invasión
de Ralstonia solanacearum en tejidos de tallos de tomate. Revista de la
Facultad de Agronomía (LUZ), 22, 181-190. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.
php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0378-78182005000200008
Karim, Z., Hossain, M. S., & Begum, M. M. (2018). Ralstonia solanacearum:
A threat to potato production in Bangladesh. Fundamental and Applied
Agriculture 3(1), 407–421. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.280361
Kashyap, A., Planas-Marqués, M., Capellades, M., Valls, M., & Coll, N. (2021).
Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant
vascular wilt pathogens. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72(2), 184–
198. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa444
Kastelein, P., Förch, M. G., Krijger, M. C., van der Zouwen, P.S., van den Berg,
W., & van der Wolf, J.M. (2020). Systemic colonization of potato
plants resulting from potato haulm inoculation with Dickeya solani or
Pectobacterium parmentieri. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
43(1),1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2020.1777465
Khokhani D, Lowe-Power, T. M., Tran, T.M., & Allen, C. (2017). A single
regulator mediates strategic switching between attachment/spread
and growth/virulence in the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.
American Society for Microbiology 8(5): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/
mBio.00895-17
Lowe-Power, T. M., Hendrich, C. G., von Roepenack-Lahaye, E., Li, B., Wu, D.,
Mitra, R., Dalsing, B. L., Ricca, P., Naidoo, J., Cook, D., Jancewicz, A.,
Masson, P., Thomma, B., Lahaye, T., Michael, A. J., & Allen, C. (2018a).
Metabolomics of tomato xylem sap during bacterial wilt reveals Ralstonia
solanacearum produces abundant putrescine, a metabolite that accelerates
wilt disease. Environmental Microbiology, 20(4), 1330–1349. https://doi.
org/10.1111/1462-2920.14020
Lowe-Power, T. M., Khokhani, D., & Allen, C. (2018b) How Ralstonia
solanacearum exploits and thrives in the owing plant xylem environment.
Trends in Microbiology, 26(11), 929-942. https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/325941527
Metcalfe, C., and Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the dicotyledons (Vol. II).
Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1950.tb13008.x
Moleleki, L. N., Pretorius, R. G., Tanui, C. K., Mosina, G., & Theron, J. (2017).
A quorum sensing-defective mutant of Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp.
brasiliense 1692 is attenuated in virulence and unable to occlude xylem
tissue of susceptible potato plant stems. Molec. Plant Pathol., 18, 32–44.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12372
Nakaho, K., Hibino, H., & Miyawa, H. (2000). Possible mechanisms movement
of Ralstonia solanacearum in resistant tomato tissues. Journal of
Phytopathology, 148(3), 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-
0434.2000.00476.x
Olivares, B. O., and Hernández, R. A. (2019). Sectorización ecoterritorial para la
producción agrícola sostenible del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum
L.) en Carabobo, Venezuela. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 20 (2),
323-338. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol20_num2_art:1462
Pérombelon, M. C. (2002). Potato diseases caused by soft rot erwinias: an
overview of pathogenesis. Plant Pathology, 51, 1–12. https://doi.
org/10.1046/j.0032-0862.2001.Shorttitle.doc.x
Planas-Marquès, M., Kressin, J. P., Kashyap, A., Panthee, D., Louws, F. J., Coll, N.
S., & Valls, M. (2020). Four bottlenecks restrict colonization and invasion
by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in resistant tomato, Journal of
Experimental Botany, 71(6), 2157–2171. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/
erz562