This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(1): e223922. January - March. ISSN 2477-9407.6-7 |
Trichoderma, which is used as a biocontrol agent against many
phytopathogenic fungi. (Citrus, 2005). In addition, in V. corymbosum,
species of Lasiodiplodia (Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2020), Nigrospora
sphaerica (Wright et al., 2007), Alternaria alternata (Nadziakiewicz
et al., 2018), Cladosporium tenuiussimum were identied as
pathogens. (Lei et al., 2019), Stemphylium sp. (Flores and Medina,
2012) and Fusarium oxysporum (Moya-Elizondo et al., 2019) with
the exception of the Aspergillus, Ulocladium and Trichoderma genera
that do not cause disease in blueberry plants. On the contrary, these
genera have antifungal activity against phytopathogens (XiaoXue
et al., 2018). There are reports indicating that strains of the same
species have a great diversity of responses to their host. Thus, some
pathogens, before showing disease symptoms, are in a latent phase
within the host tissue (Photita et al, 2004), such is the case of L.
theobromae that behaves as a latent pathogen (Mohali et al., 2005) and
as an endophytic antagonist (Vásquez et al., 2018); likewise, certain
endophytes can become pathogens when the host plant is stressed,
due to excessive humidity or nutrient deciency, which induce the
transition from one way of life to another (Fisher and Petrini, 1992).
In addition, in this research it was found that endophytic fungi
colonized less than 20% of blueberry plant tissues, because the
plants are grown in non-sterile conditions, which means that there
is competition for other microorganisms (De Souza et al. ,2008).
Likewise, the presence of species of endophytic fungi in plants can
be affected by many factors, such as the type of culture, type of tissue
sampled, age of the plants, climate and location in which they were
grown (Impullitti and Malvick, 2013; Russo et al., 2016).
The species of the genus Trichoderma are a group of
microorganisms most investigated for the control of fungal plant
diseases, they colonize the root surface or live as endophytes within
the tissues and have the ability to reduce diseases through their
mechanisms of action (mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition and
induced systemic resistance), promote plant growth and improve
plant productivity (Bailey and Melnick, 2013). Similarly, Aspergillus
versicolor, an endophyte of Vaccinium dunalianum, has inhibitory
effects on phytopathogenic fungi (XiaoXue et al., 2018) and has
insecticidal activity (Senthilkumar et al., 2014). Also, Alternaria
species as a potential biocontrol agent for plant pathogens (Lou et
al., 2013) and against some agricultural pests (Sharma and Sharma,
2014). On the other hand, Cladosporium omanense has recently been
described as a new endophytic fungus that has the ability to suppress
Pythium aphanidermatum (Halo et al., 2021). Therefore, the isolated
strains of V. corymbosum in the Cañete valley could be possible
biological control agents for pests and diseases of blueberries and
other crops.
Conclusions
For the rst time, nine genera of endophytic fungi (Trichoderma,
Aspergillus, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Cladosporium, Fusarium,
Nigrospora, Lasiodiplodia and Stemphylium) and a group of fungi
called sterile mycelium were isolated and identied by taxonomic
classication in leaves and stems of healthy plants of blueberry variety
biloxi from the Cañete valley in Lima, Peru, the leaves being the ones
that obtained the highest frequency of strains. The genera Alternaria
and Cladosporium turned out to be the most frequent and with the
highest colonization in plant tissues, while Aspergillus, Ulocladium
and Lasiodiplodia were the least frequent.
Acknowledgment
Our thanks to Richard Jorge Yactayo Yactayo and José María
Espinosa Astorayme for their help with samples collection for the
research, and to Yasmin Carmen Arestegui Cantoral and Thalia
Esthepany del Pilar Sarmiento Ruiz for their support in isolating
fungi.
Funding source
Financial support from the Universidad Nacional de Cañete- Perú
through the Minor Experimental Research Project No. 019 (Contract
No. 01-2020-UNDC-PIEM).
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